CD10在甲状腺疾病中的表达及意义

目的研究CD10在甲状腺疾病中的表达及意义。方法收集70例甲状腺良、恶性病变组织,其中15例滤泡性腺瘤、15例腺瘤性甲状腺肿、30例乳头状癌和10例滤泡性癌。采用免疫组织化学的方法检测CD10在上述病变中的表达。结果9例滤泡型乳头状癌中,7例表达CD10,CD10阳性率为77％。10例滤泡性癌中,8例表达CD10,阳性率为80％。而在滤泡性腺瘤和腺瘤性甲状腺肿及21例普通型乳头状癌组织中CD10均不表达。CD10在滤泡型乳头状癌和滤泡性癌中的阳性率显著高于滤泡性腺瘤和腺瘤性甲状腺肿中的阳性率（P〈0．01）。结论对CD10表达的检测有助于对甲状腺滤泡性癌和滤泡型乳头状癌的诊断。     

CD10表达在甲状腺滤泡性癌和滤泡型乳头状癌诊断中的作用

目的研究CD10表达在甲状腺滤泡性癌和滤泡型乳头状癌诊断中的作用。方法收集70例甲状腺良、恶性病变组织，其中包括15例滤泡性腺瘤、15例腺瘤性甲状腺肿、30例乳头状癌（包括9例滤泡型乳头状癌）和10例滤泡性癌，采用免疫组织化学方法检测CD10在上述组织中的表达。结果9例滤泡型乳头状癌中，7例表达CD10（77．8％），10例滤泡性癌中8例表达CD10（80．0％）；CD10在非滤泡型乳头状癌、滤泡性腺瘤、腺瘤性甲状腺肿和正常甲状腺组织中均不表达。结论对CD10表达的检测有助于对甲状腺滤泡性癌和滤泡型乳头状癌的诊断。     

组织蛋白酶D在甲状腺乳头状腺癌中的表达及临床意义

目的:研究组织蛋白酶D在甲状腺乳头状腺癌中的表达并探讨其能否成为甲状腺乳头状腺癌独立的预后因素。方法:应用免疫组化方法,对40例甲状腺乳头状腺癌、10例甲状腺滤泡型腺瘤及10例甲状腺正常组织进行了组织蛋白酶D表达的研究,并对可能影响甲状腺癌病人预后的有关因素进行了时序检验单因素生存分析。结果:19例(47.5％)甲状腺乳头状腺癌的组织蛋白酶D表达阳性,而甲状腺滤泡型腺瘤及正常组织的表达均为阴性,差异有显著性(P<0.05)。肿瘤大于4cm及有腺外侵犯者的甲状腺癌组织蛋白酶D阳性表达率(69.23％)明显高于肿瘤小于4cm及无腺外侵犯者(37.04％)(P<0.05)。经时序检验,组织蛋白酶D与甲状腺癌病人的预后并未表现出明显的相关关系。但组织蛋白酶D表达阳性病人的术后复发率为26.3％,表达阴性者复发率为14.3％,有一定的差异。结论:组织蛋白酶D在甲状腺乳头状腺癌中有一定的阳性表达率;当肿瘤大于4cm时,发生转移和侵袭的可能性明显增加,组织蛋白酶D表达阳性者其复发率有升高趋势。     

Galectin-3 expression in hyalinizing trabecular tumors of the thyroid gland

Galectin-3, a beta-galactoside-binding lectin, is overexpressed in many neoplasms and may be useful when differentiating between benign and malignant thyroid neoplasms. Recently, interest has focused on the classification and biologic behavior of hyalinizing trabecular tumors (HTTs). In this study we compared galectin-3 expression in a number of different thyroid neoplasms to gain insight into the biologic behavior of HTT. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues from 153 thyroid neoplasms were stained with a monoclonal antibody to galectin-3. These tumors included 58 HTTs, 60 papillary carcinomas, 21 follicular carcinomas, and 14 follicular adenomas. Reactivity was graded as negative, weak, or strong by three observers. The average patient age was similar in the patients with HTTs, papillary carcinomas, and follicular adenomas. The patients with follicular carcinomas were approximately a decade older than all other groups of patients. All groups of thyroid neoplasms occurred more frequently in female patients. Follow-up revealed metastatic disease in patients with papillary (36.6%) and follicular carcinomas (19%) but not in patients with follicular adenomas or HTTs. Galectin-3 immunostaining showed that 60% of the HTTs were negative or had weak (H) (1+) staining and 40% had strong (2-3+) staining. In the majority of the reactive cases, staining was diffuse and predominantly cytoplasmic. Fifty of the 60 (83%) papillary carcinomas and 11 of the 21 (52%) follicular carcinomas showed strong immunostaining. The immunostaining was also diffuse in the majority of papillary and follicular carcinomas. The strong immunoreactivity seen in most of the carcinomas was in contrast to the relatively weak or negative immunostaining in the majority of follicular adenomas (93%). The immunophenotype of HTT, as characterized by galectin-3 expression, is intermediate between that of benign and malignant thyroid tumors, suggesting that some tumors with strong staining may behave like carcinomas, although this was not noted in our cases. Our study suggests that the variable pattern of galectin-3 expression may reflect a difference in biologic behavior between HTT and papillary thyroid carcinoma.     

Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Variants

Papillary thyroid carcinomas are the most common thyroid cancers and constitute more than 70% of thyroid malignancies. The most common etiologic factor is radiation, but genetic susceptibility and other factors also contribute to the development of papillary thyroid carcinoma. The most common variants include conventional, follicular variant and tall cell variant. However, many other uncommon variants have been described including oncocytic, columnar cell, diffuse sclerosing and solid forms. Immunohistochemical staining with TTF-1 and thyroglobulin is very useful in confirming the diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma especially in metastatic sites. Markers such as HBME-1 and CITED1 can assist in separating some difficult cases of follicular variants of papillary thyroid carcinomas from follicular adenomas. Molecular studies have shown that the BRAF V600E mutation is found mainly in papillary and anaplastic thyroid carcinomas. Other molecular markers such as HMGA2 and insulin-like growth factor II mRNA binding protein 3 have been used recently as molecular tests to separate papillary thyroid carcinoma and its variants from follicular adenomas and other benign thyroid nodules.     

PAX8-PPARgamma rearrangement in thyroid tumors: RT-PCR and immunohistochemical analyses

A PAX8-PPARgamma rearrangement has been recently identified in follicular thyroid carcinomas, but not in follicular adenomas or other thyroid tumors. We report here the analyses of PAX8-PPARgamma in a series of 118 thyroid tumors using a newly developed RT-PCR assay to detect this rearrangement in frozen and paraffin-embedded tissues and using immunostaining with a PPARgamma antibody. PAX8-PPARgamma was detected by RT-PCR in eight of 15 (53%) follicular carcinomas and two of 25 (8%) follicular adenomas but not in 35 papillary carcinomas (including 12 follicular variants), 12 Hurthle cell carcinomas, 12 Hurthle cell adenomas, two anaplastic carcinomas, one poorly differentiated carcinoma, or 16 hyperplastic nodules. The prevalence was higher in follicular carcinomas from patients with a history of radiation exposure (three of three). Strong, diffuse nuclear immunostaining with the PPARgamma antibody correlated with the presence of PAX8-PPARgamma detected by RT-PCR. Most sporadic follicular carcinomas positive for PAX8-PPARgamma were overtly invasive, whereas tumors lacking the rearrangement were predominantly minimally invasive. The two follicular adenomas positive for PAX8-PPARgamma had trabecular growth pattern and thick capsule, but no invasion, and thus may represent "pre-invasive" follicular carcinomas. The absence of PAX8-PPARgamma rearrangements in Hurthle cell tumors and papillary thyroid carcinomas highlights the differences in the molecular pathogenesis of these thyroid tumors.     

Clinical Relevance of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor for Thyroid Neoplasms

Angiogenesis is of vital importance during the development and progression of solid tumors. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a major regulator of angiogenesis and could be produced by some cancer cells. To investigate the clinical relevance of VEGF in the tumorigenesis of human thyroid, an immunohistochemical study was performed on archival materials of follicular adenomas (n= 13), Hürthle cell adenomas (n= 6), papillary carcinomas (n= 76), follicular carcinomas (n= 12), Hürthle cell carcinomas (n= 2), and anaplastic carcinomas (n= 8). Patterns of VEGF expression were analyzed in relation to histologic subtypes of thyroid tumors and were correlated to biologic indicators of papillary carcinoma. All papillary carcinomas and Hürthle cell neoplasms revealed a strong, diffuse staining reaction, whereas anaplastic carcinoma usually exhibited weak and infrequent immunoreactivity. VEGF levels were usually higher in follicular adenomas than in follicular carcinomas. With regard to prognostic value, VEGF expression did not correlate with tumor size, extent of invasion, or scores on the AGES system (i.e., patient age, tumor size, histologic grade, tumor extent, distant metastasis) or the MACIS system (i.e., metastasis, age, completeness of resection, invasion, tumor size) for papillary carcinomas (p > 0.05, respectively). The results of the current study indicate that VEGF may play a role in the development of human thyroid cancer. Determination of the angiogenic phenotype may have limited prognostic value for patients with papillary carcinoma.     

TSH binding correlates with TSH-stimulated thyroid adenylate cyclase activity in human thyroid tissues

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) stimulates adenylate cyclase (AC) activity and the growth and differentiation of thyroid cancers of follicular cell origin. Thyroid neoplasms generally have higher TSH-stimulated AC activity than normal thyroid tissue from the same patients. To determine whether differences in TSH receptors could account for the differences in AC activity, we studied the 8000 g membrane particulate fraction from 28 thyroid tissues (10 papillary carcinomas, 6 multinodular goiters, 4 follicular adenomas, 3 follicular carcinomas, 2 Graves, 1 normal, 1 Hürthle cell adenoma, and 1 thyroiditis). TSH receptors were measured by competitive inhibition using radioactive iodine-labeled bovine TSH (125I-bTSH). Maximal binding capacity (Bmax) and dissociation constant (Kd) were calculated by Scatchard analysis. AC activity was measured by the conversion of alpha-[32P]-ATP to [32P]-cAMP in the maximally (300 mU/ml) TSH-stimulated state. The basal and forskolin-stimulated (100 mmol/L) AC activity were also measured, and the ratios to TSH-stimulated AC activity were calculated (TSH/Basal ratio and TSH/Forskolin ratio). We found a strong correlation between the percent specific binding (%SB) of 125I-bTSH and TSH/Basal ratio (r = 0.70, p = 0.0001), between Bmax and the TSH/Basal ratio (r = 0.71, p = 0.001), between %SB and TSH/Forskolin ratio (r = 0.44, p = 0.02), and between Bmax and TSH/Forskolin ratio (r = 0.65, p = 0.0002). This strong correlation between TSH binding and the TSH-stimulated AC activity suggests that in some thyroid neoplasms the higher AC response to TSH may be due to an increased number of TSH receptors.     

p14ARF、p53及脆性组氨酸三联体蛋白在甲状腺肿瘤中的表达

目的探讨p14ARF、p53及脆性组氨酸三联体(FHIT)蛋白在甲状腺肿瘤组织中的表达及其意义。方法采用免疫组织化学法检测20例甲状腺腺瘤和28例甲状腺癌组织(其中包括11例甲状腺滤泡癌(FTC)、12例乳头状癌(PTC)、4例髓样癌(MTC)以及1例未分化癌(UDTC)中p14ARF、p53及FHIT蛋白的表达。结果p14ARF、p53及FHIT蛋白在甲状腺腺瘤和甲状腺癌中阳性率分别为90%、36%;15%、75%;90%、7%,这3种蛋白在甲状腺腺瘤及甲状腺癌的表达差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。p14ARF、p53及FHIT蛋白的表达在FTC与腺瘤之间,PTC与腺瘤之间有统计学意义(P<0.05),p53及FHIT的表达在MTC与腺瘤间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。p14ARF、p53及FHIT蛋白的表达与甲状腺肿瘤的恶性进程有关,与患者年龄、性别以及淋巴结转移无关。另外p14ARF与FHIT蛋白的表达正相关,并且它们与p53均负相关。结论肿瘤抑制蛋白p14ARF和FHIT的缺失以及癌蛋白p53的高表达是甲状腺肿瘤发生的重要原因之一;联合检测p14ARF、p53及FHIT蛋白有助于区分甲状腺腺瘤和甲状腺滤泡癌。     

Follicular Histotypes of Oncocytic Thyroid Carcinomas Do Not Carry Mutations of the <Emphasis Type="Italic">BRAF</Emphasis> Hot-spot

Background The BRAF V600E mutation is the most prevalent genetic aberration in papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs), and it is found exclusively in RET/PTC-negative tumors. In oncocytic (Hürthle cell, oxyphilic) thyroid tumors, the presence of RET/PTC rearrangements is associated with either the conventional papillary histotype or the “solid” Hürthle cell tumors, whereas all predominantly follicular oncocytic carcinomas do not harbor RET/PTC chimeras. Although 12% of tumors of the follicular variant of PTC carry BRAF mutations, none of the few oncocytic follicular thyroid adenomas (oncoAd) or carcinomas (oncoFTC) published worldwide tested positive. An aspired molecular-based classification of oncocytic thyroid tumors is in need of additional evidence on BRAF mutations in the follicular histotype. Methods A series of 44 oncocytic thyroid tumors with well-documented clinicopathological data was subjected to BRAF mutation analysis (complete exon 15) by automated sequencing. Results The series of oncocytic thyroid tumors consisted of 21 adenomas (oncoAds: 17 females, 4 males; mean age, 54.5 years; range, 27–80 years), 20 follicular carcinomas (oncoFTCs: 14 females, 6 males; mean age, 61.4 years; range, 39–80 years), and 3 “classic” papillary carcinomas (oncoPTCs: 3 females; mean age, 58.1 years; range, 46–70 years; 3x T2 tumors). The follicular variants of oncocytic cancers are divided into 11x T2, 5x T3, and 4x T4 tumor stages (International Union Against Cancer [UICC] TNM 5th edition). None of the 44 neoplasms of the presented series demonstrated genetic alterations in the BRAF hot-spot region (exon 15, codons 599–601). Congruently, 0/10 oncoAd and 0/20 oncoFTC described in the literature so far carried BRAF V600E mutations. Conclusions Our results add to the evidence that, in contrast to follicular variants of oncoPTCs, predominantly follicular oncocytic thyroid tumors harbor neither RET/PTC rearrangements nor BRAF mutations. Furthermore, the findings support the concept that oncocytic neoplasms of the thyroid gland are oncocytic counterparts of the respective histotype (adenoma, FTC, PTC, or poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma) rather than a separate tumor entity. Molecular characterization of oncocytic thyroid malignancies for RET/PTC or BRAF genetic alterations may help with (preoperative) classification and prognostic evaluation of these tumors.     

Fine needle aspiration biopsy of thyroid nodules

The clinical value of the fine needle aspiration of thyroid nodules was evaluated by comparing preoperative cytology to subsequent pathology in 109 patients undergoing thyroidectomy. Preoperative cytology was reported as insufficient cellular material (31 patients), benign goiter (27 patients), follicular neoplasm (22 patients), thyroiditis (12 patients), suspicious for papillary carcinoma (nine patients), Hurthle cell neoplasm (five patients), medullary carcinoma (one patient), lymphoma (one patient), and metastatic adenocarcinoma (one patient). Operative findings demonstrated that the overall sensitivity of fine needle aspiration in diagnosing thyroid neoplasia (carcinoma or adenoma) was 88% and its specificity was 80%. Operation verified the cytologic diagnosis of medullary carcinoma, lymphoma, metastatic adenocarcinoma, and seven of nine papillary carcinomas. Of the five patients with an aspiration biopsy diagnosis of Hurthle cell neoplasm, three patients had carcinoma and one had an adenoma. Four carcinomas and 12 follicular adenomas were found in patients with a cytologic diagnosis of follicular neoplasm. Thyroiditis was confirmed at operation in all 12 patients with this diagnosis on fine needle aspiration. One carcinoma was found in the 27 patients with benign goiter diagnosed on cytology. Fine needle aspiration is a valuable tool that can lead to earlier diagnosis and treatment of thyroid cancer. However, a negative aspiration does not supplant good clinical judgement in determining the need for thyroidectomy.     

Encapsulated papillary neoplasms of the thyroid. A study of 14 cases followed for a minimum of 10 years

Fourteen cases of encapsulated papillary thyroid neoplasm in which extracapsular extension was not observed and a minimum of 10 years follow-up was available are herein presented. The cases were divided into three categories: encapsulated papillary carcinomas (five cases), which had cytologic features typical of papillary thyroid carcinoma (vesicular or indented nuclei) and an entirely or predominantly thick capsule with capsular invasion; encapsulated papillary neoplasms of undetermined malignancy (seven cases), in which the cytologic features were also typical of papillary carcinoma but the capsule was predominantly thin (less than 0.1 mm thick) or was thick without capsular invasion; and follicular adenomas with papillae (two cases), which resembled follicular adenomas cytologically (rounded, stippled nuclei and Hürthle cell change) but contained a significant number of papillary structures (both cases had an entirely or predominantly thin capsule). The only evidence of malignant behavior in the entire series was a cervical lymph node metastasis in one case of encapsulated papillary carcinoma; the "encapsulated papillary neoplasms of undetermined malignancy" were so labeled because other authors have reported "encapsulated papillary carcinomas without capsular invasion" and it was therefore thought that the malignant potential of this category is as yet best considered undefined.     

Ornithine decarboxylase activity and polyamine levels in human thyroid tumor tissue

Production of polyamines such as putrescine (PUT), spermidine (SPD) and spermine (SPM) primarily from ornithine by ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) is correlated with cell proliferation. Polyamine levels and ODC activities were measured to determine the degree of biological malignancy in 186 thyroid tumor tissues. Carcinoma showed significantly higher ODC activity and higher levels of PUT, SPD and SPM than benign tumors. PUT levels showed 2.28 nmol/mg protein in anaplastic carcinoma, 0.66 in papillary carcinoma, 0.11 in follicular adenoma, 0.06 in adenomatous goiter and 0.04 in normal thyroid tissue. Anaplastic and papillary carcinomas showed higher PUT/SPD and SPD/SPM ratios than benign tumors. Poorly differentiated carcinoma showed significantly higher PUT level and PUT/SPD and SPD/SPM ratios than well differentiated carcinoma. No correlation was found among polyamine levels, ages and sex in papillary carcinoma. In female patients with papillary carcinoma, no significant difference in polyamine levels was observed between patients above and below 50 years old. These results suggest that ODC activity and polyamine levels may provide useful information to determine the degree of biological malignancy of thyroid tumors.     

Androgen receptors in human thyroid tissue

To evaluate the potential effect of androgens on human thyroid tumors, the incidence and distribution of cytosolic receptors for androgens were analyzed in thyroidectomy specimens from 31 patients. Fourteen specimens were from male and 17 from female patients. The specimens included five papillary carcinomas, five follicular adenomas, 15 colloid goiters, and six relatively normal thyroid tissues. All assays were performed by a protamine sulfate precipitation technique and analyzed by the method of Scatchard. Selected specimens were analyzed by sucrose density gradient. A receptor content greater than 1 fmol/mg cytosol protein was taken as positive if the dissociation constant was less than 1 nm. Seventeen of 31 specimens were positive for androgen receptors, with a dissociation constant of 0.26 +/- 0.09 X 10(-10) M and a receptor content of 11.20 +/- 4.77 fmol/mg cytosol protein. Four of five carcinomas, four of five adenomas, and nine of 21 benign thyroid tissues were positive for androgens. These androgen receptors are a single class with high affinity that are saturable and precipitate at the 6S (Svedberg unit) region similar to receptors in other androgen-dependent tissue. The data suggest that physiologic androgenic milieu may influence the growth of thyroid tumors.     

Diagnostic applicability of dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV activity in cytological samples for differentiating follicular thyroid carcinoma from follicular adenoma

HYPOTHESIS: Dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV (DPP IV) activity in cytological samples from a follicular thyroid tumor is the most sensitive and specific indicator for the detection of follicular carcinoma of the thyroid gland. Dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV activity is independent of cytological characteristics and superior to other clinical findings. DESIGN AND PATIENT SELECTION: Among the patients surgically treated for follicular thyroid tumors, we recruited approximately equal numbers of those with true-positive (n = 19), true-negative (n = 26), false-negative (n = 16), and false-positive (n = 18) cytological characteristics. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: We examined DPP IV activity using cytological specimens obtained from 35 patients with follicular thyroid carcinomas and 44 patients with follicular adenomas. Tumor size, patient age, serum thyroglobulin level, and ultrasonographic findings were also analyzed. RESULTS: The positive rate of DPP IV activity was 97% in 35 patients with follicular thyroid carcinomas and 5% in 44 patients with follicular adenomas, resulting in a sensitivity of 97%, a specificity of 95%, and an overall accuracy of 96%. This discriminating ability of DPP IV activity was far higher than that of tumor size, patient age, serum thyroglobulin level, or ultrasonographic findings. CONCLUSIONS: Positive DPP IV activity in cytological samples is the best discriminatory marker between follicular thyroid carcinoma and follicular adenoma. Its application could alter the clinical management of patients with follicular thyroid tumors.     

Solitary thyroid nodule: current management

Clinically, solitary thyroid nodules are common, being present in up to 50% of the elderly population. The majority are benign with thyroid cancer representing an uncommon clinical problem. Investigation should include careful history and examination and thyroid function tests. Toxic or autonomous nodules are rarely malignant and require radionuclide scan for assessment. If euthyroid, then fine needle biopsy provides direct specific information about the cytology of the nodule from which the histology can be inferred. Thyroid 'incidentalomas' are a common management problem. Non-palpable nodules greater than 1.0 to 1.5 cm represent an absolute indication to perform an ultrasound-guided fine needle biopsy. An atypical fine needle biopsy mandates formal diagnostic excision. Because it is not possible to distinguish a follicular carcinoma from a follicular adenoma on cytological grounds alone, this category must simply be interpreted as indicating a follicular tumour and up to 20% will be malignant. Hemithyroidectomy via a 'collar' incision, with submission of the specimen to formal pathological examination, remains the standard of care, with completion total thyroidectomy for cancers other than low risk papillary cancer and 'minimally invasive' follicular cancer without vascular invasion. The issue of whether follicular adenomas can potentially develop into follicular carcinomas has yet to be satisfactorily resolved. The major challenge in the management of the solitary thyroid nodule remains the assessment as to which nodules require surgical excision and which can be followed conservatively.     

Cytochemical assessments of the nuclear DNA distribution pattern by means of image and flow cytometry in thyroid neoplasms and in non-neoplastic thyroid lesions. A comparative methodological study

The two most prevalent techniques for cytochemical DNA assessment of the nuclear DNA distribution pattern in neoplastic cells are image cytometry (ICM) and flow cytometry (FCM). The aim of the present study was to compare the results of nuclear DNA assessments, obtained by means of these two methods, in fresh surgical biopsy specimens from the thyroid gland, both in neoplasms and in nonneoplastic lesions. Material for DNA analysis was taken preoperatively by fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy from 13 papillary thyroid carcinomas and analyzed by the two methods. Surgical specimens were taken from 48 papillary thyroid carcinomas (one of which showed low differentiated papillary and anaplastic giant cell formations at autopsy), 2 follicular carcinomas, 66 follicular adenomas, 7 medullary carcinomas as well as from the nodules of 17 non-toxic colloid goitres and 19 specimens from the diffusely hyperplastic thyroid parenchyma in patients with hyperthyroidism. For the ICM assessments, FNA biopsies or imprints were made from the macroscopically identified fresh thyroid biopsy specimens; for the FCM assessments FNA specimens from the same region were used. In 155 out of the 159 specimens the results obtained by means of the two methods were the same. The DNA distribution pattern in 106 of the neoplasms and in all the 36 non-neoplastic lesions were of the "euploid" type (i.e. "diploid" or diploid/tetraploid"), whereas that of 17 neoplasms were of the "aneuploid" type. Fifteen of the histopathologically benign follicular adenomas showed a cytochemical DNA distribution pattern that by means of FCM was of the "aneuploid" type.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

整合素β1在甲状腺乳头状癌组织中的表达及临床意义

目的：明确甲状腺乳头状癌（PTC）组织中整合素β1的表达情况,明确整合素β1在PTC发生发展中的作用。方法：免疫组织化学方法检测64例PTC组织、10例正常甲状腺组织和15例甲状腺瘤组织中整合素β1的表达情况,分析整合素β1与肿瘤分期、年龄、性别和淋巴结转移等的相关性。结果：整合素β1在正常组织和良性腺瘤中不表达或微量表达,在PTC组织中表达较强,并随着肿瘤分期的升高而升高,在伴有淋巴结转移的肿瘤组织中,整合素β1的表达较无淋巴结转移者明显增高（P〈0.05）;与年龄和性别无相关性（P〉0.05）。结论：PTC组织中整合素β1的表达与其恶性程度、转移有关。     

Histochemical determination of iodide peroxidase activity in various thyroid disorders

We developed a histochemical method to demonstrate iodide peroxidase activity in various thyroid disorders and compared it with the biochemical and ultrastructural-cytochemical methods. All of the 26 adenomatous goiters and 43 follicular adenomas were peroxidase-positive. In the 74 cases of thyroid carcinomas examined, about half of the follicular carcinomas (17 of 33 patients), and a few papillary carcinomas (3 of 41 patients) were peroxidase-positive. Peroxidase-negative cases were seen in 70% (52 of 74 patients) of the follicular and papillary carcinomas. All the non-tumorous thyroid tissues adjacent to various disorders were peroxidase-positive. Since our histochemically demonstrated peroxidase activities almost parallel those determined biochemically and ultrastructural-cytochemically, we conclude that histochemical examination is a simple and useful method for the detection of peroxidase activity. As for the relationships between histochemically proved peroxidase activity and the histology of tumors, the histological differentiation of tumors was not consistent with their functional differentiation classified according to peroxidase activity.