高校教师完美主义与自尊的关系研究

目的 探讨高校教师完美主义与自尊的关系.方法 采用自编完美主义量表(SCPS)与自尊量表(SES)对320名高校教师进行了调查.结果 ①完美主义的自省、担心错误因子与自尊存在非常显著的负相关(t=-0.35,P＜0.01;t=-0.31,P＜0.05).②完美主义的条理性、自省因子对自尊都有非常显著的预测作用(t=-3.18,P＜0.05;t=2.52,P＜0.01).结论 完美主义与自尊存在密切关系.     

大学生完美主义对抑郁症状的预测研究

目的:在完美主义的双重过程模型的理论框架下,考察不同完美主义维度对抑郁的预测作用.方法:采用方便取样,选取湖南省某高校的在校大学生206名,每位参加者被要求先后参加两次测试,两次测试时间间隔4个月.第—次测试选用Frost多维完美主义量表(FMPS)、Hewitt多维完美主义量表(HMPS)、近乎完美主义量表(APS-R)、贝克抑郁问卷(BDI)、Rosenberg自尊量表(SES)、自我效能感量表(GSES)、状态焦虑问卷(S-AI)和正性负性情绪量表(PANAS).第二次测试选用贝克抑郁问卷(BDI).结果:偏相关分析显示,适应不良完美主义与心理症状学指标显著正相关(Pr=0.36,0.46,0.58;P＜0.001),而适应性完美主义与积极心理指标显著正相关(Pr=0.22,0.32,0.33;P＜0.01).横断面研究显示,适应不良完美主义中的差异性、社会决定完美主义因子能显著正向预测抑郁症状(β=0.372,P＜0.001;β=0.264,P＜0.01);适应性完美主义各因子均不能显著预测抑郁症状(P＞0.05).纵向研究结果显示,完美主义各因子均不能显著地预测4个月后抑郁水平的变化(P＞0.05).结论:本研究支持了完美主义的双重过程模型.适应不良完美主义中的差异性、社会决定完美主义因子能显著的正向预测抑郁水平.     

消极完美主义与自我效能感的关系研究

目的 探讨消极完美主义与自我效能感的关系.方法 采用消极完美主义量表自我效能感量表对500名大学生进行调查.结果 ①犹豫迟疑与自我效能呈负相关关系.过度谨慎仔细、过度计划和控制、极高目标和标准、消极完美主义总分均与自我效能感呈正相关关系(P＜0.05);②除害怕失败外,不同的自我效能感等级在其他因子及其总分上均存在显著...     

大学生完美主义与自尊的相关研究

目的 探讨大学生完美主义与自尊的关系.方法 采用FMPS完美主义量表与自尊量表(SES)对620名大学生进行了调查.结果 大学生的自尊与完美主义的担心错误、行为的迟疑、父母批评以及完美主义总分存在非常显著的相关,而与条理性、个人标准则存在非常显著的负相关(P＜0.05,P＜0.01);大学生完美主义的担心错误、条理性、个人标准以及完美主义总分对其自尊有非常显著的预测作用(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).结论 大学生的完美主义与自尊存在显著的相关.     

大学生完美主义与梦的关系研究

目的 探讨大学生完美主义与梦的关系.方法 采用自编完美主义量表与内容分析技术对525名大学生进行研究.结果 在梦的内容的正性情绪和异性上都存在显著的性别差异(P＜0.05,P＜0.01),完美主义的完美期待和高标准因子对梦的内容有着非常显著的预测(R2=0.24,P＜0.01).结论 大学生的完美主义与梦存在密切关系.     

大学生完美主义与孤独的相关研究

目的 探讨大学生完美主义与孤独的关系.方法 采用FMPS完美主义量表与孤独量表(UCLA)对620名大学生进行了调查.结果 不同孤独水平大学生在担心错误维度和完美主义总分上都存在看显著差异(P＜0.05,P＜0.01)和显著的相关;完美主义的担心错误对孤独有非常显著的预测作用(R2=0.064,P＜0.001).结论 大学生的完美主义与孤独密切相关.     

高校研究生完美主义与应对方式:自我效能的中介作用

目的:在高校样本中,探讨自我效能在完美主义与应对方式之间的中介作用.方法:采用应对量表(COPE)、Frost完美主义量表(FMPS)、一般自我效能量表对396名高校研究生进行测量,对数据进行了相关分析及回归统计.结果:①相关分析表明,适应性完美主义与自我效能呈正相关,非适应性完美主义中的行为迟疑维度与自我效能呈负相关,相关程度均在P<0.01水平达到显著;②回归分析显示完美主义和自我效能对应对方式有预测作用.在控制了完美主义及其子维度后,自我效能仍有显著的预测作用.结论:自我效能在完美主义及应对方式之间起着重要的中介作用,适应性的完美主义者自我效能感更高,更倾向于使用问题集中性应对方式.     

大学生完美主义与抑郁:自我效能感的中介作用和自尊的调节作用

目的:探讨自我效能感和自尊在大学生完美主义与抑郁之间的中介作用和调节作用。方法:采用近乎完美主义量表、抑郁问卷、一般自我效能感量表以及自尊量表对389名大学生进行测量。结果:1消极完美主义与抑郁之间呈现出显著的正相关(r=0.208,P0.001),与自我效能感之间呈现出显著的负相关(r=-0.194,P0.001);积极完美主义与抑郁之间呈现出显著的负相关(r=-0.307,P0.001);自我效能感和自尊均与抑郁呈现出显著的负相关(r=-0.585,-0.236;P0.001);2自我效能感在消极完美主义与抑郁之间起完全中介的作用(β=-0.557,P0.001);3自尊在积极完美主义与抑郁之间起调节作用(β=1.127,P0.05)。结论:完美主义对大学生心理健康可以产生积极的影响也可以产生消极的影响,其中消极完美主义通过影响自我效能感进而对抑郁产生促进作用,积极完美主义则在自尊的共同影响下对抑郁产生抑制作用。     

高中生完美主义研究

目的 研究高中生完美主义的现状.方法 采用自编青少年完美主义问卷对650名高中生进行调查.结果 ①高中生在完美主义的条理性和自省维度上存在显著的年级差异(t=2.56,P＜0.01).②在担心错误和条理性上有显著性别差异(t=2.15,P＜0.05;t=-3.08,P＜0.01).③高中生的完美主义可以聚类为健康型、障碍型和非完美型.结论 高中生的完美主义状况总体上较好.     

大学生自我效能感、完美主义及可能自我的关系

目的:探索大学生自我效能感、完美主义及其可能自我的关系。方法:从湖北省十堰市某师范学院中文系语文教育专业8个班级中随机抽取4个班级学生整体施测。发放问卷200份,回收198份,剔除回答不完整、不认真作答的问卷5份,有效问卷193份(96.5%)。自我效能感指标由一般自我效能感量表测得;完美主义指标采用狭义标准,由中文Frost多维度完美主义问卷中的个人标准以及消极完美主义问卷中的极高个人目标与标准部分项目测得;可能自我指标由希望分数及可能分数获得,分别表示为理想自我和可能自我(狭义)。结果:实际分数与可能分数相关显著(r=0.220,P0.01);实际分数与希望分数相关显著(r=0.227,P0.01);可能分数与希望分数相关显著(r=0.581,P0.001);可能分数与自我效能总分相关显著(r=0.291,P0.001);希望分数与自我效能总分相关显著(r=0.282,P0.001);希望分数与完美主义总分相关显著(r=0.222,P0.01);自我效能总分与完美主义总分(极高的个人标准)相关显著(r=0.530,P0.001)经探索性因子分析,一般自我效能量表细分为两个因子,分别命名为自信与坚持、冷静与变通;完美主义(极高的个人标准)量表细分为两个因子,分别命名为优于他人的标准和绝对观念倾向。经过独立样本t检验,班干或系干在可能分数、希望分数、自我效能总分、自信和坚持、优于他人的标准等指标上与普通同学差异显著(t值分别为2.579、2.035、2.967、3.339、2.898,P0.05);自我效能低分组被试在希望分数以及可能分数上比高分组被试差异显著(t值分别3.841和3.844,P0.001);完美主义(极高的个人标准)低分组被试在希望分数以及可能分数上比高分组被试差异显著(t值分别3.423和3.864,P0.001)。结论:班干部或系干部在可能自我、希望自我、自我效能、自信和坚持、优于他人的标准等指标上优于普通同学,大学生的自我效能感和完美主义(极高的个人标准)是个体可能自我与希望自我的主要影响因素。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.