Atopic Dermatitis; Etio-Pathogenesis,An Overview

Atopic dermatitis is a well-recognized clinical entity, several facets of which continue to be mystified. Accordingly, its etio-pathogenesis is largely elusive. It appears to be an outcome of interplay of several undertones, namely: genetics, maternal factor and inheritance, pregnancy/intrauterine, environmental factors, immune dysregulation, immuno-globulins, role of diet, and infection. Besides, recent innovative breakthroughs consisting of nutritional supplementation, the highlights of which were considered worthwhile to take stock of to define its current status. An endeavor to enlighten the audience has been made for their benefit.     

玉泽皮肤屏障修护剂对儿童特应性皮炎的干预治疗

目的 观察玉泽皮肤屏障修护剂在儿童特应性皮炎治疗中作用.方法 将67例特应性皮炎患者随机分为治疗组和对照组.对照组34例,外涂糠酸莫米松乳膏1次/d,2周后隔日1次,治疗4周,观察8周;治疗组33例,同时将玉泽皮肤屏障修护剂涂于患处及皮肤特别干燥部位2次/d,连用8周.分别于治疗后第1、2、4和8周对患儿进行随访.结果 第1周2组比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,第2、4周,治疗组较对照组疗效显著,2组比较差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.治疗组患儿皮肤干燥程度均较治疗前明显好转,与对照组各时间段之间比较差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.第8周复诊时,2组临床治愈患者治疗组7例复发,对照组10例复发,2组比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）.结论 玉泽皮肤屏障修护剂在儿童特应性皮炎治疗中明显改善皮肤屏障功能,提高疗效,降低复发率。     

Personalized Immunomodulatory Therapy for Atopic Dermatitis: An Allergist's View

The current standard medical therapy for atopic dermatitis (AD) mainly focuses on symptomatic relief by controlling skin inflammation with topical corticosteroids and/or topical calcineurin inhibitors. However, the clinical efficacy of pharmacological therapy is often disappointing to both patients and physicians. The terminology of AD contains a historical meaning of eczematous dermatitis caused by hypersensitivity reaction to environmental inhalant or food allergen. Complex interrelationships among genetic abnormalities, environmental triggers, skin barrier defects, and immune dysfunction resulting in a vicious domino-circle seem to be involved in the development and maintenance of AD. In the viewpoint of AD as an allergic disease, complete avoidance of clinically relevant allergen or induction of specific immune tolerance through administrations of allergen (allergen immunotherapy) can provide clinical remission by breaking the vicious domino-circle maintaining a chronic disease state. In recent clinical studies, monoclonal antibodies including the anti-interleukin-4 receptor antibody and anti-B cell antibody induced significant clinical improvements in patients with AD. The detailed characteristics of immune dysfunction are heterogeneous among patients with AD. Therefore, a personalized combination of immunomodulatory therapies to reduce hypersensitivity (allergen immunotherapy) and correct immune dysfunction (monoclonal antibody therapy) could be a reasonable therapeutic approach for patients with AD. Future immunomodulatory therapies for AD should be developed to achieve long-term treatment-free clinical remission by induction of immune tolerance.     

Topical Therapy in Atopic Dermatitis in Children

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common, chronic childhood skin disorder caused by complex genetic, immunological, and environmental interactions. It significantly impairs quality of life for both child and family. Treatment is complex and must be tailored to the individual taking into account personal, social, and emotional factors, as well as disease severity. This review covers the management of AD in children with topical treatments, focusing on: education and empowerment of patients and caregivers, avoidance of trigger factors, repair and maintenance of the skin barrier by correct use of emollients, control of inflammation with topical corticosteroids and calcineurin inhibitors, minimizing infection, and the use of bandages and body suits.     

Atopic Dermatitis Symptoms Decreased in Children Following Massage Therapy

Abstract: Young children with atopic dermatitis were treated with standard topical care and massaged by their parents for 20 minutes daily for a 1 month period. A control group received standard topical care only. The children's affect and activity level significantly improved, and their parent's anxiety decreased immediately after the massage therapy sessions. Over the 1 month period, parents of massaged children reported lower anxiety levels in their children, and the children improved significantly on all clinical measures including redness, scaling, lichenification, excoriation, and pruritus. The control group only improved significantly on the scaling measure. These data suggest that massage therapy may be a cost-effective adjunct treatment for atopic dermatitis, since there is a one-time expense of $30 for the child to receive the massage and the parent to learn the technique.     

Alternative Treatments for Atopic Dermatitis: An Update

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic pruritic inflammatory skin disease in which management with topical anti-inflammatory agents during exacerbations remains the mainstay of treatment. With no cure in sight, a significant proportion of patients elect to incorporate complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) as an adjunct to conventional treatment. Many clinicians find it difficult to provide recommendations as the field covers an extensive number of very disparate therapies, with limited quality evidence to indicate efficacy. Since publication of the last review on this topic in the Journal that compiled and analyzed randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on CAMs in 2015, several new studies have surfaced. This update aims to aggregate and review these new data. A literature search was conducted in the PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Global Resource for EczemA Trials (GREAT) databases for RCTs on complementary and alternative therapies in AD from March 2015 through May 2018, resulting in 15 studies being included in this review. The preliminary results for many treatments such as vitamin E, East Indian Sandalwood Oil (EISO), melatonin, l-histidine, and Manuka honey show positive clinical effects, but there is currently not enough evidence to recommend their use in AD therapy. Future investigative efforts should focus on reproducing some of these studies with a larger sample size whose clinical characteristics and demographics are more reflective of the general AD population, and standardizing the process to produce reliable data.

     

JAK Inhibitors for Atopic Dermatitis: An Update

American Journal of Clinical Dermatology - Atopic dermatitis (AD) is one of the most common inflammatory skin diseases. AD is driven by barrier dysfunction and abnormal immune activation of...     

Atopic Dermatitis

Atopic dermatitis is a common, chronic, relapsing cutaneous disease with typical cellular and humoral immunologic abnormalities that can result in significant physical and psychological morbidity to the patient. Atopic dermatitis typically begins in childhood and can often persist through adolescence into adulthood. Although there are a variety of treatments for atopic dermatitis, many patients' symptoms do not improve or they have adverse reactions to medications, requiring the search for other, effective therapeutic agents. A number of inflammatory and immunological abnormalities have long been noted in patients with atopic dermatitis. Although great strides have been made in understanding the causes, the complex pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis is still not completely understood. Most notably, patients with atopic dermatitis often have an elevation of serum immunoglobulin (Ig) E levels, depressed cellular immunity, elevated blood eosinophilia, and increased interleukin (IL)-4 production. In addition, peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with atopic dermatitis produce reduced levels of interferon-gamma spontaneously and in response to stimuli. Due to this constellation of features, atopic dermatitis was initially viewed as a prototypical type 2 helper T lymphocyte (T(h2)) disease. These immunological findings led to a number of clinical trials with recombinant interferon-gamma in patients who had severe, unremitting atopic dermatitis. Treatment with recombinant interferon-gamma was postulated to be able to correct the immunological imbalances in patients with atopic dermatitis by decreasing serum IgE levels, IL-4 levels, restoring immune balance, and thereby leading to clinical improvement. Initial open-label studies, a double-blind placebo trial, and long-term open-label studies have demonstrated the clinical efficacy and tolerability of recombinant interferon-gamma in a subset of patients with severe, unremitting atopic dermatitis. Patients receiving treatment often had marked decreases in severity of clinical parameters: erythema, edema/indurations, pruritus, excoriations, dryness, lichenification and associated reduction in total body surface area involvement. Surprisingly, treatment with recombinant interferon-gamma did not lower serum IgE levels refuting the hypothesized mechanism by which interferon-gamma would bring about clinical improvement in patients with atopic dermatitis. Instead, decreases were noted in absolute white blood cell and eosinophil counts that tended to correlate with clinical improvement. Although the exact mechanism by which recombinant interferon-gamma brings about clinical changes in patients with atopic dermatitis is unknown, recombinant interferon-gamma should be considered a possible therapy for patients with atopic dermatitis.     

Atopic Dermatitis

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic and relapsing disease affecting an increasing number of patients. Usually starting in early childhood, AD can be the initial step of the so-called atopic march, i.e. followed by allergic rhinitis and allergic asthma. AD is a paradigmatic genetically complex disease involving gene-gene and gene-environment interactions. Genetic linkage analysis as well as association studies have identified several candidate genes linked to either the epidermal barrier function or to the immune system. Stress, bacterial or viral infections, the exposure to aero- or food-allergens as well as hygienic factors are discussed to aggravate symptoms of AD. Athough generalized Th2-deviated immune response is closely linked to the condition of AD, the skin disease itself is a biphasic inflammation with an initial Th2 phase and while chronic lesions harbour Th0/Th1 cells. Regulatory T cells have been shown to be altered in AD as well as the innate immune system in the skin. The main treatment-goals include the elimination of inflammation and infection, preserving and restoring the barrier function and controlling exacerbating factors. The overall future strategy in AD will be aimed to control skin inflammation by a more proactive management in order to potentially prevent the emergence of sensitization as well as to design customized management based on genetic and pathophysiologic information.     

Atopic Dermatitis

These hundred seventy-two Chinese patients with atopic dermatitis were compared with a Caucasian population for the basic features. Significant findings occurred: personal or family history of atopy, early age of onset, xerosis, ichthyosis, palmar hyperlinearity, and facial pallor. Laboratory findings of immunologic alteration and altered pharmacologic reactivity are relatively more important features for the diagnosis of atopic dermatitis.     

Atopic Dermatitis

ABSTRACT: Answers to a questionnaire on atopic dermatitis sent to clinicians in different countries—excluding Europe and North America—were evaluated. The questions included frequency as well as the possible role of special influencing/ aggravating factors in atopic dermatitis patients. According to the data from 19 different countries, climatologic/ geographic conditions, profession, and psychic stress have a decisive role, whereas food items have a smaller role in the course of atopic dermatitis.     

Atopic Dermatitis

<正>0001 Atopic dermatitis特应性皮炎Weidinger S,Novak N./Lancet.2015 Sep 11.doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00149-X.[Epub ahead of print]Review.PMID:263771420002 Pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis特应性皮炎的发病机制Peng W,Novak N.Clin Exp Allergy./2015 Mar;45(3):566574.doi:10.1111/cea.12495.Review.PMID:25610977