对开颅术后血肿的一些感悟

开颅术后血肿是最为严重的手术合并症之一.几十年的手术生涯使我对此深有感悟,可以说每个手术都是“如履薄冰,如临深渊”,没有一个经验丰富的医生能说:“我从未发生过术后血肿”,但这并不表示术后血肿的出现是“合理”或“应该”的,只能说明止血的方法有待进一步提高. 一、术后血肿的危害 1.增加手术病死率、致残率. 2.增加了住院时间和医疗费用.     

神经内镜手术治疗老年慢性硬膜下血肿

目的 报告应用神经内镜技术治疗老年慢性硬膜下血肿的手术方法及治疗结果。方法 采用内镜监视器直视下行血肿清除术及血肿隔离假膜剪切沟通术并手术后头颅CT复查.结果 意识障碍患者均在术后12 h内清醒，肢体活动障碍者术后48 h内均有显著好转，术后CT复查脑组织均基本复位，未见血肿复发等病例.结论 神经内镜技术是治疗老年慢性硬膜下血肿有效、安全可靠的手术方法之一。     

微创颅内血肿清除术治疗颅内血肿

目的 探讨微创颅内血肿清除术治疗颅内血肿的效果.方法 对收治的46例颅内血肿患者采用微创颅内血肿清除术治疗.结果 46例均一次穿刺成功,39例术后3天复查CT证实原血肿已基本消失,5例术后5天复查CT证实血肿已基本消失,2例术后病情恶化而死亡.结论 用CT定位颅内血肿微创清除术治疗颅内血肿疗效明显、死亡率低、致残率下降,生存率及生存质量显著提高,住院周期缩短,减低了病员医疗费用,是治疗颅内血肿安全有效的手段.     

预防术后硬脑膜外血肿的方法

颅骨成形开颅术后的并发症之一是在原手术部位常出现硬膜外血肿。本文报道的125例外伤性硬膜外和硬膜下血肿病人,在清除血肿后有7例发生此并发症(5.6％)。作者指出,硬脑膜从颅骨上剥离将使导血管损伤,它是术后硬膜外血肿的主要出血来源。另外,常在颅内血肿和脑肿瘤开颅摘除术后,残留于硬脑膜与骨瓣之间的腔隙,能促使硬膜外血肿的形成。为了预防术后硬膜外血肿的产生,等主张     

复发性慢性硬膜下血肿的MRI和CT诊断比较及影响因素

目的 探讨复发性慢性硬膜下血肿（CDH）的磁共振（MRI）和计算机体层扫描（CT）诊断价值及影响因素.方法 收集我院2009-08-2013-08慢性硬膜下血肿CSDH术后复发患者共56例,其中双侧血肿23例;行MRI及CT检查比较其对复发血肿的诊断意义及复发血肿影响因素.结果 MRI及CT在复发血肿诊断上比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.Logistic回归分析结果提示患者的年龄、双侧血肿、脑萎缩及脑组织回弹速度、术后血肿残留量与术后再出血有相关性,而患者性别、口服阿司匹林及硫酸氢氯吡格雷片和引流时间与术后再出血无明显相关性.结论 MRI对慢性硬膜下血肿的复发诊断优于CT,高龄、双侧血肿、脑萎缩,脑组织回弹速度越慢、术后血肿残留量是术后血肿复发的相关因素.     

颅内肿瘤切除术后继发血肿分析及处理

目的 总结颅内肿瘤术后继发血肿的病例,探讨防治对策.方法 回顾性分析手术切除颅内肿瘤后继发血肿的临床资料.结果 702例颅内肿瘤病人术后19例(2.71%)继发颅内血肿;均发生于术后48 h内,16例发生于24 h内;12例病例出现脑疝或脑疝前期症状,7例为术后CT检查发现;继发血肿病例术中失血量平均为1102.63 ml;5例曾行脑室外引流;再次手术血肿清除后痊愈12例,部分神经功能障碍4例,植物生存1例,死亡2例.结论 术前、术中对患者危险因素的充分评估以及术后的密切监测是减少继发血肿的前提,治疗的关键在于早期发现、早期行血肿清除.     

钻颅血肿碎吸术治疗高血压脑出血术后再出血

目的评估钻颅血肿碎吸术,在高血压脑出血术后再出血的治疗效果.方法分析4例出血量大于30ml,病人年龄轻,病情进展快,甚至发生脑疝的患者行开颅血肿清除术、去骨瓣减压术后再出血的病例.结果经钻颅血肿碎吸术+尿激酶灌注引流治疗,全部存活,生活基本自理.结论高血压脑出血术后再出血,应用钻颅血肿碎吸术治疗是一种行之有效的治疗方法.     

多靶点微创颅内血肿抽吸治疗高血压脑出血42例分析

目的 多靶点微创颅内血肿抽吸治疗高血压脑出血方法.方法 将84例高血压脑出血患者随机分两组,多靶点组和单靶点对照组,进行血肿基本清除率、意识障碍恢复时间、3周内病死率和ADL评判比较.结果 多靶点组血肿消失快、意识恢复早、术后日常生活能力强.结论 多靶点微创颅内血肿抽吸是治疗高血压脑出血安全、有效方法之一.     

自发性脊髓硬膜外血肿2例

目的 总结自发性脊髓硬膜外血肿的诊治经验.方法 回顾性分析2例自发性脊髓硬膜外血肿的病例资料,MRI提示血肿位于脊髓腹侧、背侧各1例.1例发病后30 h行硬膜外血肿清除术+内固定术,1例发病12 h后行硬膜外血肿清除术.结果 术后诊断均为硬膜外血肿,血肿清除满意.术后2周病例1:双上肢肌力4级、双下肢肌力2级(Fran...     

钙化慢性硬膜下血肿的手术治疗

目的 探讨钙化慢性硬膜下血肿的治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析16例包膜钙化慢性硬膜下血肿的临床资料,并复习文献.结果 16例均行开颅清除血肿,并完整切除包膜,术后症状均缓解,1例巨大血肿患者术后有一过性失语,1月后恢复.结论 开颅手术清除血肿及其包膜是治疗钙化慢性硬膜下血肿的有效方法.     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.