CPAP use in babies with respiratory distress in Australian special care nurseries

AIM: This study sought to identify the number of special care nurseries (SCNs) already using CPAP in 2004, and the number considering its use in the following 2 years, and to describe the characteristics of those hospitals. METHODS: All Australian hospitals with >200 registered deliveries in the year 2002, a SCN and at least one paediatrician were eligible (n = 157). Separate questionnaires were sent to the nurse unit manager (NUM) and the paediatrician responsible for the SCN in late 2004. RESULTS: Of 157 eligible SCNs, 143 (91%) responded. CPAP was being used in 24/143 (17%). Of those nurseries not already using CPAP a further 45/119 (38%) were considering doing so in 2005/2006. State/Territory, greater availability of junior medical staff, use of a helicopter/airplane for transferring infants to tertiary centres and number of paediatricians were significantly associated with use of CPAP (all P < 0.05). Consideration of use was significantly associated with greater availability of junior medical staff, larger numbers of births and time to nearest (tertiary) centre (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: There is a strong predisposition for the use of CPAP in SCNs despite the lack of evidence for its benefits or risks there. Studies are urgently required on the clinical benefits and risks of CPAP in a non-tertiary centre before the widespread introduction of CPAP takes place.     

Patient-triggered ventilation in premature neonates

Observed short-term benefits of patient-triggered ventilation include improvements in oxygenation and carbon dioxide elimination, reduced cerebral blood flow variability, more rapid weaning from ventilation and reduced adrenaline levels. The three multicentre randomized controlled trials in which longer term outcomes were investigated failed to demonstrate any consistent reductions in rates of pneumothorax, chronic lung disease, cranial ultrasound changes, duration of ventilation or mortality. Two of these studies were conducted wholly or predominantly using the SLE 2000 ventilator, with the Drager Babylog 8000 used in a minority of infants. The results therefore reflect only the performance of these ventilators, with the ventilation techniques used. As the degree to which synchrony was achieved was not measured in any of these studies, they provide no evidence for a lack of benefit from achieving synchronous ventilation. It is possible that the findings were influenced by the use of drugs, especially morphine and theophylline. In one study the pneumothorax rate was significantly lower in infants recruited within 3 mo of the first patient enrolled at that centre, and was seen with both modes of ventilation. This suggests that staff education in ventilation techniques may be important in reducing pneumothorax rates.     

Use of continuous positive airway pressure during stabilisation and retrieval of infants with suspected bronchiolitis

Aim: Infants with viral bronchiolitis are often hospitalised with a proportion requiring respiratory support. The aim of this review was to examine the use of nasal prong continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) as a management strategy for infants with a diagnosis of bronchiolitis, who required stabilisation and transport to a tertiary centre. Method: A retrospective audit of infants with bronchiolitis requiring CPAP during transport between January 2003 and June 2007. Results: Nasal CPAP was initiated in 54 infants with 51 of these (34 ex‐preterm, 17 term) subsequently continuing on CPAP during retrieval. Mean CPAP pressure was 7 cmH₂O. Oxygenation improved between stabilisation and the end of retrieval (P < 0.01). During retrieval, there was no significant increase in transcutaneous CO₂, no infant required endotracheal ventilation and no adverse events were noted. Five infants were intubated within the first 24 h of admission at the receiving hospital. Conclusion: This review demonstrated that use of nasal prong CPAP to transport infants with bronchiolitis was a safe management strategy in those with moderate to severe disease severity.     

Measurement of Ventilation and Respiratory Mechanics during Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Treatment in Infants

ABSTRACT. A new method has been evaluated for measuring ventilation and lung mechanics in spontaneously breathing infants by means of a face chamber. Airway flow is measured with a pneumotachograph inserted between the face chamber and a stable pressure source. Oesophageal pressure is measured via a water-filled oesophageal catheter. The method is suitable for use in conjunction with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment in neonatal intensive care. A flat frequency response curve up to 15 Hz for the two measuring systems (i.e., airway flow and oesophageal pressure), and a time shift between the two respective signals of less than 2 msec are prerequisites for correct evaluation of respiratory mechanics. In preterm infants with chest distortion, the inhomogeneity of pleural pressure affects the significance of resistance and compliance values, as calculated from oesophageal pressure. Supra-diaphragmatic pressure variations reflect the resistive and elastic load on the diaphragm exerted by the lungs and thorax. Thus, oesophageal pressure is still useful in studies of respiratory mechanics in preterm infants.     

Nasal CPAP and surfactant for treatment of respiratory distress syndrome and prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia

The Scandinavian approach is an effective combined treatment for respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) and prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). It is composed of many individual parts. Of significant importance is the early treatment with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) and surfactant treatment. The approach may be supplemented with caffeine citrate and non-invasive positive pressure ventilation for apnoea. The low incidence of BPD seen as a consequence of the treatment strategy is mainly due to a reduced need for mechanical ventilation (MV).
Conclusion:  Early-postnatal treatment with nCPAP and surfactant decreases the severity and mortality of RDS and BPD. This is mainly due to a diminished use of MV in the first days of life.     

经鼻同步间歇正压通气治疗早产儿呼吸暂停的临床研究

目的：比较经鼻同步间歇正压通气（NSIPPV）与经鼻持续气道正压通气（NCPAP）治疗早产儿呼吸暂停的疗效。方法：将2010年8月至2011年1月住院的80例呼吸暂停早产儿随机分为NSIPPV组与NCPAP组,每组40例,比较治疗前、治疗后2 h血气分析结果、上机时间、疗效和并发症。结果：治疗前两组血气分析结果的差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,治疗后2 h NSIPPV组的pH值、PaO2、PaCO2均明显优于NCPAP组（P＜0.05）;NSIPPV组上机时间（50±9 h）明显短于NCPAP组（91±11 h）,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）;两组治疗的总有效率（95% vs 85%）差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,但NSIPPV组3 d 内撤机的比例（23/40）明显高于NCPAP组（14/40）（P＜0.05）;两组并发症发生比率（22% vs 25%）差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论：NSIPPV治疗早产儿呼吸暂停比NCPAP更有优势。     

N-CPAP在早产儿RDS及新生儿呼吸衰竭中的临床应用

为探讨经鼻塞持续气道正压通气(N-CPAP)治疗早产儿呼吸窘迫综合征(RDS)及新生儿呼吸衰竭的效果,采用带有空氧混合器、加温湿化器的N-CPAP氧疗器对21例危重新生儿进行经鼻塞持续气道正压通气治疗,观察治疗前后临床症状、胸片及呼吸功能各指标的变化。结果:早产儿RDS应用N-CPAP后动脉血氧分压(PaO_2)由(42±4)升至(88±7)mmHg(P<0.01);动脉二氧化碳分压(PaCO_2)由(63.5±7.1)降至(38.2±4.9)mmHg(P<0.01);氧合指数(PaO_2/FiO_2)由(42±4)升至(420±58)mmHg(P<0.01);肺内分流量(Q_S/Q_T)由治疗初的(26.6%±3.1%)降至(5.4％±0.6%)、(1.5％±0.3％)(P<0.1)。N-CPAP治疗新生儿肺炎、先天性喉喘鸣合并呼吸衰竭及早产儿原发性呼吸暂停均有较好疗效。结果提示带空氧混合器、加温湿化器的N-CPAP治疗早产儿RDS及新生儿呼吸衰竭效果显著。是基层医院新生儿科的一种简便易行、无创安全、经济且疗效显著呼吸支持设备。     

新生儿无创辅助呼吸支持介绍

随着新生儿微创辅助通气时代的到来及“开肺策略”的提出,新生儿的无创通气技术理念在世界范围内的NICU得到普及。该文复习了近年来新生儿无创通气技术的有关文献并作简要综述。持续气道正压通气（CPAP）主要原理为在呼气末予以压力支持的一种通气模式,又称之为持续扩张压或呼气末正压通气,经过世界范围内多年的临床实践,CPAP已被证实是一种有效的对患有呼吸系统疾病的新生儿实施呼吸支持的辅助通气模式。由于CPAP价格相对便宜,且易于在临床应用,因此更适合于在发展中国家推广。CPAP辅助通气,除可显著地改善患儿机体的氧合外,对有不同程度气道阻塞的患儿,它可以减轻气道塌陷,因此有助于减少患儿呼吸暂停的发生。文献研究表明,对于32周以下的早产儿,早期应用CPAP可减少患儿气管插管机械通气的机率。该文将试图介绍几种不同的CPAP应用装置和几种不同的CPAP应用方法。虽然对于早期应用CPAP是否能够降低新生儿死亡率及患病率目前尚不十分清楚,但临床实践已经表明,与有创通气比较,CPAP对患儿的损伤小,是一种较为舒适的通气模式,早期应用CPAP还可减少肺泡表面活性物质的使用频率。另外,该文还介绍CPAP的应用指征、优点及其局限性,CPAP的衍生模式如经鼻间歇正压辅助通气以及infant flow CPAP装置等。     

经鼻间歇正压通气辅助呼吸治疗早产儿呼吸窘迫综合征

目的 探讨经鼻间歇正压通气(NIPPy)治疗早产儿呼吸窘迫综合征(RDS)的疗效及安全性.方法 将2010年1-12月本院收治的胎龄小于34周RDS早产儿30例设为NIPPV组,并将2009年3月-2010年11月随机抽取的胎龄小于34周RDS早产儿30例作为经鼻持续正压通气(NCPAP)组,2组患儿胎龄、出生体质量比较差异均无统计学意义.诊断RDSⅢ～Ⅳ级,无严重并发症,均接受肺表面活性物质治疗.结果 NIPPV组辅助通气时间较NCPAP组明显缩短(P＜0.05).机械通气率NIPPV组明显低于NCPAP组,且病死率及肺气漏无增加.2h时,2组呼吸机工作参数比较无统计学差异(P＞0.05),12h、24h和36h时比较差异均有统计学意义(Pa＜0.05),12h、24h和36h时吸氧体积分数比较差异均有统计学意义(Pa＜0.05).呼气末正压12h、24h和36h时比较差异均有统计学意义(Pa＜0.05).2组2h时pH比较无统计学差异(P＞0.05),而12h、24h和36h时pH的差异均有统计学意义.12h时动脉血氧分压比较无统计学差异(P＞0.05),而24h和36h均有统计学差异(Pa＜0.05).NIPPV组极低体质量儿及超极低出生体质量儿12例,NCPAP组10例,均未发生支气管肺发育不全.结论 与NCPAP比较,NIPPV治疗RDS有较好疗效,且可减少RDS患儿的气管再插管和机械通气.     

A review of non-invasive ventilation support in neonates

Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) is a mode of respiratory support commonly used on the neonatal unit. Since the advent of NIV, it has evolved from being used as a mode of respiratory support to wean infants from mechanical ventilation (MV) to a primary mode of respiratory support. Newer methods of NIV support such as nasal bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP) and humidified high flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy (HHFNC) have emerged in attempts to reduce intubation rates and subsequent MV in preterm infants. There is ongoing debate about the role of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) in reducing ventilator induced lung injury, its timing and use as a primary mode of ventilation in the very low birth weight and extreme preterm infants.This review gives an overview of the current understanding and practices of the different modes of NIV in the neonatal unit.     

无创通气在早产儿呼吸窘迫综合征中的应用进展

为了减少有创通气所带来的严重并发症,临床医生越来越多地在早产儿呼吸窘迫综合征(RDS)的初始治疗中采用无创通气(NIV)技术.在过去的40 年中,经鼻持续气道正压通气(NCPAP)一直是治疗RDS 的主要模式,甚至是唯一的NIV 模式.近十年来,随着传感器和人机连接界面的改进,产生了不少新的NIV 模式,如经鼻间歇正压通气(NIPPV)、双水平气道正压通气(BiPAP)等.随后的研究表明,有些新的模式在RDS 的治疗上可能较NCPAP 更为优越.为了让临床医生了解NIV 在早产儿RDS 初始治疗中应用的新进展,更好的运用NIV 技术,该文复习了近年来相关文献并作简要综述.     

Nasal flow-synchronized intermittent positive pressure ventilation to facilitate weaning in very low-birthweight infants: unmasked randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Nasal flow-synchronized intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NFSIPPV) is a new non-invasive ventilatory mode that delivers synchronized mechanical breaths through the nasal prongs. An unmasked, prospective randomized controlled trial was conducted to compare the efficacy of NFSIPPV and conventional nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) in increasing the likelihood for successful extubation in very low-birthweight infants. METHODS: Consecutive infants who weighed <1251 g at birth, required endotracheal intubation within 48 h of birth and met specific predetermined criteria for extubation by day 14 of life were recruited. Each infant was randomized to receive either NFSIPPV or NCPAP soon after extubation. Extubation was deemed successful if re-intubation was not needed for at least 72 h. Criteria for re-intubation were persistent severe respiratory acidosis (arterial pH <7.20 with pCO2 >70 mmHg), severe recurrent apneic episodes not responding to increased ventilatory settings and then requiring bag ventilation, and hypoxemia (SaO2 <90% or pO2 <60 mmHg with FiO2 > or =0.70). RESULTS: There were no significant differences in clinical characteristics between the two groups at randomization. Ninety-four percent (30/32) infants were successfully extubated to NFSIPPV but only 61% (19/31) to conventional NCPAP (P > 0.005). Infants assigned to NCPAP failed extubation mainly because of apnea and hypercapnia, and those assigned to NFSIPPV because of hypoxia. Neither procedure induced major adverse effects. CONCLUSIONS: NFSIPPV in the post-extubation period is safe and more effective than NCPAP in preventing re-ventilation.     

不同通气模式对呼吸窘迫综合征早产儿心功能的影响

目的探讨早产儿在相同呼气末正压(PEEP)水平下经鼻持续呼吸道正压(N-CPAP)模式和同步间歇正压通气(SIPPV)模式对心功能的影响。方法选择本院新生儿重症监护病房2009年3月-2011年5月收治的80例早产儿进行配对分析。其中N-CPAP治疗的20例急性呼吸窘迫综合征(RDS)患儿和SIPPV治疗的20例RDS患儿作为病例组(共40例),另外40例同期住院的一般疾病患儿按胎龄和日龄与病例组配成40对,应用彩色多普勒超声心动图检测所有患儿心脏泵血功能指标及各瓣口流速指标,比较2种通气模式对早产儿心功能指标的差异及2种不同通气方式下相同PEEP水平对早产儿心功能的影响。结果 N-CPAP组患儿肺动脉瓣口峰值流速,主动脉瓣口峰值流速,二、三尖瓣E/A值,射血分数,心排出量的均值均低于其配对组患儿,但差异均无统计学意义(Pa>0.05);SIPPV组患儿以上指标均值亦低于其配对组,其中肺动脉瓣口峰值流速,二、三尖瓣E/A值差异均有统计学意义(Pa<0.05);N-CPAP组与SIPPV组比较,SIPPV组各项心功能指标均值均低于N-CPAP组,其中对于三尖瓣E/A值的影响更明显,2组比较差异有统计学意义(0.71±0.05 vs 1.85±0.64,P<0.05)。结论 N-CPAP对早产儿心功能的影响不明显;SIPPV主要影响全心舒张功能、肺动脉及主动脉瓣峰值流速;相同PEEP水平下,SIPPV与N-CPAP相比,SIPPV主要影响早产儿的三尖瓣E/A值及右心室舒张功能。     

Successful use of BiPAP in infants with congenital myotonic dystrophy

Reported herein are two cases of severe phenotype of congenital myotonic dystrophy (CDM) with presentation of respiratory insufficiency at birth. The infants were successfully managed with bi‐level positive airway pressure (BiPAP) via nasal mask. The use of BiPAP in infants with CDM has not been reported before. The rationale for using BiPAP is discussed. BiPAP may be more effective than continuous positive airway pressure in managing respiratory insufficiency, especially in infants with the more severe phenotype of CDM.     

早产儿呼吸窘迫综合征的呼吸支持策略及研究进展

新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征（respiratory distress syndrome,RDS）多见于早产儿,胎龄越小,发病率越高。近年的大规模随机对照研究突出了产房内开始的持续气道正压通气（continuous positive airway pressure,CPAP）在RDS防治中的重要作用,对于生后有自主呼吸的早产儿,产房内应用CPAP优于气管插管,而顶防性应用肺表面活性物质（pulmonary surfactant,PS）不再具有优势。2013版欧洲新生儿RDS防治指南推荐有患RDS风险的早产儿生后均应立即接受CPAP支持,初设呼气末正压至少6cmH2O（1cmn20=0．098kPa）;对于患RDS的早产儿,最理想的处理是生后CPAP以及早期解救性PS应用。而需要气管插管的早产儿应尽早接受PS替代治疗。不能耐受CPAP的患儿更换通气模式为无创正压通气可能降低拔管失败率。目前有多种策略来缩短机械通气时间并增加无创通气的成功率。患RDS的极早产儿应常规接受咖啡因治疗以提高撤机成功率,并降低支气管肺发育不良的发生率。生后1～2周后仍不能脱离呼吸机者,需接受小剂量递减地塞米松治疗,但应避免生后1周内应用地塞米松以及较大剂量应用。     

氦氧混合气吸入联合经鼻间歇正压通气治疗新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征的随机对照研究

目的 评价氦氧混合气吸入联合经鼻间歇正压通气(NIPPV)对新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征(NRDS)的疗效及其对炎症因子和心肌损伤标志物的影响。方法 纳入2012年12月至2013年5月在第三军医大学大坪医院NICU住院的NRDS早产儿,随机分配进入试验组或对照组。试验组吸入氦氧混合气（70∶30）,3 h后更换气源为30%空氧混合气直至撤除NIPPV。对照组使用30%空氧混合气直至撤除NIPPV。在研究开始前(0 h)和开始后1、2及3 h测定经皮氧分压及经皮二氧化碳分压,于研究开始前（0 h）和开始后3 h留取血标本测定IL-6和心肌损伤标志物（肌酸激酶、肌酸激酶同工酶-MB）水平,3 h时点留取血标本测定炎症因子（丙二醛、髓过氧化物酶、TNF-α、诱导型一氧化氮合酶）水平,于患儿撤除NIPPV后记录其呼吸机使用时间。结果 试验组比对照组明显缩短了新生儿的NIPPV使用时间 (39.3 h  vs 57.8 h,P=0。02)。吸入后3 h时点,两组新生儿的经皮氧分压和二氧化碳分压较吸入前均明显改善(P<0.001)。试验组CO2清除率显著优于对照组(10.39 mmHg  vs 6.0 mmHg,P=0.03)。两组3 h时点IL-6、丙二醛、髓过氧化物酶、TNF-α及诱导型一氧化氮合酶水平差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。对照组肌酸激酶、肌酸激酶同工酶 MB水平高于试验组,但两组差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。新生儿NIPPV使用时间与基线IL-6水平呈正相关(r=0.474,P=0.006)。研究期间试验组未观察到低体温不良反应的发生。结论  氦氧混合气吸入联合NIPPV可提高NRDS早产儿的CO2清除率,缩短其NIPPV使用时间,且安全性较好。     

无创高频振荡通气与经鼻间歇正压通气作为早产儿拔管后呼吸支持疗效比较的Meta分析

目的 系统评估无创高频振荡通气(non-invasive high-frequency oscillatory ventilation,NHFOV)与经鼻间歇正压通气(nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation,NIPPV)作为早产儿拔管后呼吸支持的有效性及安全性。方法 全面检索中国知网、万方数据库、中国期刊全文数据库、中国生物医学文献数据库、PubMed、Web of Science、Cochrane Library等数据库中关于NHFOV与NIPPV作为早产儿拔管后呼吸支持的文献,检索时间从建库至2022年8月31日。采用RevMan 5.4软件及Stata 17.0软件进行Meta分析,比较NHFOV组和NIPPV组拔管后72 h内再插管率、改无创辅助通气后6～24 h的二氧化碳分压(partial pressure of carbon dioxide,PCO₂)及支气管肺发育不良(bronchopulmonary dysplasia,BPD)、气漏、鼻损伤、脑室周围白质软化(periventricula...     

新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征呼吸力学动态监测及临床意义

目的：探讨新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征（ＮＲＤＳ）呼吸力学特征及其与临床的关系。方法：对１７例机械通气下ＮＲＤＳ儿进行了呼吸力学指标、Ｘ线胸片及血气分析检测。结果：呼吸系统顺应性（Ｃｒｓ）与ＮＲＤＳ病情严重程度及预后有关,Ｃｒｓ＜０．３ｍｌ／（ｃｍＨ２Ｏ．ｋｇ）示病情严重,Ｃｒｓ＜０．２ｍｌ／（ｃｍＨ２Ｏ．ｋｇ）病死率高;Ｃｒｓ与氧合指数（ＯＩ）呈负相关关系（ｒ＝－０．９４８）,有直线回归关系：ＯＩ＝６４