胎儿心脏锥干畸形产前诊断评价

目的评价胎儿心脏锥干畸形产前超声心动图诊断准确性。方法运用胎儿超声心动图进行先天性心脏病产前诊断，并与心脏病理诊断或新生儿心脏超声诊断进行比较分析。结果2063例胎儿进行心脏超声检查，产前发现胎儿心脏锥干畸形28例，诊断时平均孕周26．6周（16～40周），产前诊断包括大血管转位5例，法洛四联症5例，右室双出口6例，永存动脉干9例，室间隔缺损合并主动脉骑跨可能1例，2例检查发现大血管位置异常但胎儿超声心动图未予明确诊断。24例经胎儿心脏病理检查或新生儿心脏超声检查确诊，4例失访（包括1例TOF／TA？，2例“大血管发育异常”，1例TGA）。比较产前诊断与产后诊断，分析大血管位置关系诊断准确性为75．0％（18／24）。结论胎儿超声心动图可正确诊断胎儿心脏锥干畸形，需运用多种超声切面及彩色脉冲多普勒确定大血管位置关系。     

超声心动图的四腔心切面产前诊断胎儿先天性心脏病的价值

目的 探讨超声心动图的四腔心切面（四腔心切面）产前诊断胎儿先天性心脏病（先心病）的价值。方法 回顾性分析780例妊娠16-36周通过四腔心切面进行产前诊断是的孕妇及其新生儿的临床资料。结果 780例胎儿中,94.6%,(738/780)的胎儿可以获取满意的四腔心切面,其中3例胎儿异常,1例为三尖瓣下移畸形（Ebstein综合征）,1例为严重的室间隔缺损,1例为单心房单心室和主动脉狭窄,例1和例3分别于出生后行尸体解剖和新生儿超声心动图检查,均符合产前诊断,例2出生后超声心动图检查证实为单心房和单心室,其余777例新生儿中,出生后身体检查并追踪至产后6周,发现3例先心病,其中1例室间隔缺损,1例房间隔缺损,1例房间隔缺伴肺动脉狭窄,四腔心切面诊断胎儿先心病的敏感性为50%,特异性为100%。结论 四腔心切面可以显示胎儿心脏的大部分结构,探测成功率高,对先心病的宫内诊断有较高的敏感性和极高的特性,可将胎儿四腔心切面作为常规的产检查项目。     

二维超声四切面法在胎儿先天性心脏病产前筛查中的价值

目的 评价二维超声四切面法,即四腔心切面、左室流出道切面、右室流出道切面和三血管平面在胎儿先天性心脏病(congenital heart disease,CHD)筛查中的价值. 方法 应用二维超声四切面法对孕21～25周的2419例胎儿进行CHD筛查,并对所有2382例活产新生儿行超声心动图检查.统计学分析采用x2检验,并计算敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值和阴性预测值. 结果 2419例胎儿中产前筛查出CHD共281例(11.62％),其中简单型CHD 245例(87.18％)、复杂型CHD 36例(12.82％).高危因素组和非高危因素组阳性率分别为13.60％(34/250)和11.39％(247/2169),差异无统计学意义(x2=1.069,P=0.301).产前四切面法筛查阳性且新生儿期超声心动图检查诊断CHD 36例,总体敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为12.8％、99.8％、90.0％和89.7％;诊断简单型CHD 7例,敏感性2.9％;复杂型CHD 29例,敏感性80.6％.产后新生儿诊断CHD252例,占活产新生儿总数的10.58％(252/2382),其中简单型241例,复杂型11例. 结论 二维超声产前四切面法对简单型CHD诊断敏感性较低,对复杂型CHD诊断的敏感性较高.在常规产前超声检查中加入心脏四切面法可筛查出大部分的胎儿复杂型CHD,而简单型CHD漏诊率仍较高,新生儿超声心动图普查可弥补产前CHD筛查的不足.     

Fetal health anxiety: development and psychometric properties of the fetal health anxiety inventory

Objective: To develop a measure to assess fetal health anxiety and examine its factor structure, convergent and divergent validity.

Methods: In Study 1, the Short Health Anxiety Inventory-14 item version (SHAI) (Salkovskis et al., Psychol Med. 2002;32:843–853) was adapted for use with pregnant women to examine fetal health anxiety named the Fetal Health Anxiety Inventory (FHAI). Four pregnant women and three subject matter experts (SMEs) reviewed the FHAI. In Study 2, 100 pregnant women completed the FHAI and related self-report measures.

Results: In Study 1, both reviewer groups provided feedback directing minor changes to the FHAI. In Study 2, a revised version was used. The revised FHAI demonstrated excellent internal consistency (α?=?0.91). Results from an EFA suggested that the FHAI may be conceptualized as a one- or two-factor scale. Convergent (pregnancy-related anxiety [r = 0.56, p?=?.0001], parental health anxiety [r = 0.53, p?=?.0001], anxiety [r = 0.57, p?=?.0001], anxiety sensitivity [r = 0.28, p?=?.004] and intolerance of uncertainty [r = 0.29, p?=?.003]) and divergent (parental depression [r = 0.16, p?=?.12]) validity was evidenced with additional measures of interest.

Conclusion: Preliminary findings suggest that the FHAI represents a psychometrically sound instrument to measure the construct of fetal health anxiety. Practical and theoretical implications of the present results are discussed.     

"胎儿心脏筛查指南"在产前超声筛查胎儿先天性心脏病中的应用价值

目的 探讨2006年国际妇产科超声协会公布的"胎儿心脏筛查指南"在产前超声筛查胎儿先天性心脏病中的应用价值.方法 2006年9月-2007年7月在南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院母胎医学中心接受胎儿超声筛查的单胎孕妇5000例.平均年龄28岁(18～48岁),平均孕周27周(妊娠18～40周).以"胎儿心脏筛查指南"为标准对胎儿四腔心和左、右心事流出道及三血管切面进行扫查,对疑有心脏异常者进一步行胎儿超声心动图枪查,对确诊先天性心脏病胎儿建议羊水或脐血穿刺行染色体核型分析,终止妊娠者行胎儿尸体心脏解剖;继续妊娠者,于胎儿出生后2～6个月行超声心动图随访.结果 (1)超声筛查各切面获取率:5000例单胎孕妇中,四腔心切面获取率为97.64%(4882/5000),其中左、右心室流出道及三血管切面的获取率分别为87.69%(4281/4882)、82.51%(4028/4882)和96.29%(4701/4882).5000例孕妇中,孕中期筛查2750例,孕晚期筛查2250例,孕晚期各标准切面的获取率明显低于孕中期(P<0.05).(2)胎儿先天性心脏病发病率:4882例胎儿中最终诊断先大性心脏病73例,发病率为1.50%(73/4882),其中产前超声确诊50例(孕中期24例、孕晚期26例).超声漏诊23例,误诊1例,合并其他器官畸形18例.(3)随访结局:产前诊断为先天性心脏病的胎儿中接受尸体心脏解剖19例,均与产前超声诊断结果一致;继续妊娠者胎儿出生后接受超声心动图检查12例,其中与产前诊断符合11例,另1例产前诊断三尖瓣关闭不全,产后超声检查正常.接受染色体检查23例,染色体核型异常7例.(4)产前超声筛查的敏感性与特异性:四腔心切面确诊先天性心脏病胎儿28例,同时加入左、右心室流出道及三血管切面共诊断先天性心脏病50例,诊断的敏感性为69%(50/73)、特异性为99.98%(4808/4809),假阴性率为0.48%(23/4831),假阳性率为2%(1/51).结论 国际妇产科超声协会2006年公布的"胎儿心脏筛查指南"临床实用、易于遵循、便于操作.就最佳超声切面获得来说,孕中期(18～27周)是最佳筛查时间.胎儿四腔心和左、右心窒流出道及三血管切面同时筛查,可产前诊断69%的先天性心脏病胎儿.     

胎儿心律失常的超声心动图检测及其临床意义

目的 探讨超声心动图检测对胎儿心律失常的诊断价值及临床意义。方法 采用超声心动图对725例胎龄16-41周临床疑诊为心律失常或存在其他异常的胎儿进行检测。结果 共检出胎儿心律失常90例。其中,期前收缩72例(房性期前收缩65例,室性期前收缩7例),心动过缓9例,心动过速6例,2:1房室传导阻滞2例,心房扑动1例。4例心动过缓胎儿并发先天性心血管畸形患者,2例在随访过程中死于宫内(尸体解剖证实为单心室伴肺动脉瓣狭窄1例,心脏横纹肌瘤1例),2例终止妊娠(尸体解剖证实为二尖瓣闭锁1例,共同房室通道1例)。1例胎龄38周心房扑动胎儿经吸氧及严密监护24h后,心律失常无缓解,立即行剖宫产术,出生后应用西地兰后心律转为窦性。其余85例胎儿心律失常均为阵发性,不伴有胎儿心脏形态、结构畸形及胎儿水肿,均足月出生,出生后听诊均未闻及心脏杂音及心律失常。结论 胎儿超声心动图是产前检查胎儿心律失常的可靠的无创性影像技术,其应用有助于早期检出并指导心律失常胎儿的处理。     

The accuracy of antenatal fetal echocardiography screening in high- and low-risk patients

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of four-chamber and left ventricular outflow tract views in low-risk patients and comprehensive fetal echocardiographic examinations in high-risk patients to diagnose structural heart disease or thoracic anomalies.Study design: A prospective outcome study of two cohorts was performed; 1136 low-risk patients and 886 high-risk patients were evaluated during a 2-year period. Low-risk patients had detailed fetal echocardiographic examinations. Accuracy of the ultrasonographic diagnosis was evaluated from neonatal discharge data.Results: Only 2 of 14 patients with congenital heart disease in the low-risk group were correctly identified (sensitivity 14.3%) whereas 10 of 16 patients with congenital heart disease or thoracic anomalies were correctly identified in the high-risk group (sensitivity 62.5%).Conclusion: The current study showed poor diagnostic accuracy of the standard four-chamber and left ventricular outflow tract views in low-risk patients for the diagnosis of structural cardiac anomalies. Patients with risk factors for congenital heart disease should be referred for comprehensive fetal echocardiographic examination.     

胎儿先天性心脏病产前超声筛查诊断模式的评价

目的 评价胎儿先天性心脏病产前超声筛查诊断模式.方法 收集2004年2月-2007年5月复旦大学附属妇产科医院产科在孕24周前行产前诊断的11 410例孕妇,应用超声筛查其11 544例胎儿的先天性心脏病发生情况.超声筛查切面包括四腔心切面、流出道切面(包括左室流出道+三血管切面),计算不同切面诊断先天性心脏病的敏感性及特异性,并随访胎儿预后.结果 (1)11 544例胎儿中,筛查出先天性心脏病48例,漏诊6例,先天性心脏病发生率为0.47%(54/11 544).(2)四腔心切面发现胎儿先天性心脏病33例,主要为室间隔缺损18例(其中9例合并锥干异常)、房室瓣膜异常6例及左、右心不对称9例.四腔心切面诊断先天性心脏病的敏感性为61.11%(33/54),特异性为99.98%(11 488/11 490).流出道切面诊断胎儿先天性心脏病15例,包括肺动脉闭锁1例,肺动脉瓣狭窄3例,大血管错位2例,肺动脉狭窄及大血管错位1例,法洛四联症6例,肺动脉狭窄2例.四腔心切面+流出道切面诊断胎儿先天性心脏病的敏感性为B8.89%(48/54),特异性99.98%(11 488/11 490).(3)48例先天性心脏病胎儿中,有11例合并其他器官系统异常,另有11例行羊膜腔穿刺检查胎儿染色体,其中5例为21三体.结论 四腔心切面+流出道切面对胎儿先天性心脏病的产前超声筛查有较高的检出率,此产前超声筛查诊断模式在临床上诊断胎儿先天性心脏病切实可行.     

心脏轴测定在胎儿先天性心脏病产前超声诊断中的临床意义

目的探讨超声心动图测定心脏轴变化在胎儿先天性心脏病（先心病）产前诊断中的临床意义。方法应用Ａｃｕｓｏｎ１２８×Ｐ／１０彩色多普勒超声诊断仪检查５１８例胎龄１８～４０周的先心病高危胎儿和９０例正常胎儿,在心脏超声四腔观基础上测定胎儿心脏轴,并从多切面观察胎儿心内结构,以确定胎儿有无先心病。结果正常胎儿心脏轴为（４４．８±１０．３）度,先心病胎儿心脏轴为（５８．１±１５．７）度,两者比较,差异有显著性（Ｐ＜０．０１）。单纯四腔观检测胎儿先心病的敏感性为６８．５％,应用心脏超声四腔观加心脏轴测定检测胎儿先心病的敏感性为９１．４％,两者比较,差异有显著性（Ｐ＜０．０５）;５１８例先心病高危胎儿中,产前超声正确诊断先心病３４例,假阳性１例,假阴性１例。结论正常胎儿心脏轴范围２０～７５度,如心脏轴＞７５度,应高度怀疑胎儿先心病;心脏轴测定在胎儿先心病筛查中具有重要作用,可作为一种常规测量指标。     

Effect of maternal anxiety and music on fetal movements and fetal heart rate patterns

Objective.?Aimed to investigate (a) the effect of non-stress test (NST) and music on maternal anxiety (b) the effect of maternal anxiety and music on fetal heart rate (FHR) changes.

Material and method.?The two hundred and one pregnant women coming for routine prenatal care were randomized to receive either music (n?=?96) or no music (n?=?105) during NST. Before and after the test, these women were asked to complete the Spielberg State-Trait Anxiety Inventory on two interviews; primary outcome was considered as a maternal state anxiety score before and after NST. Secondary outcome was the baseline FHR, the number of fetal movement, large accelerations, dubious NST, variable decelerations, and the minimum procedure time.

Results.?Before NST, the mean state anxiety score of the music and control groups was found as 38.1?±?8.8 and 38.08?±?8.2, respectively (p?>?0.05). On the other hand, after NST, the mean state anxiety score of the music and control groups was found as 35.5?±?8.2 and 40.2?±?9.2, respectively (p?<?0.001). While in control group, NST brought about a statistically significant increase in a state anxiety score (38.08?±?8.2 versus 40.2?±?9.2, p?<?0.001), listening to music during NST resulted in decrease in a state anxiety score of the study group but it was not statistically significant (38.1?±?8.8 versus 35.5?±?8.2, p?>?0.05). The baseline FHR of the music group was significantly higher than that of the control group (134.09?±?7.2 versus 130.3?±?5.7, p?<?0.001).The number of fetal movement in the music group was significantly higher than that of the control group (8.9?±?4.7 versus 5.9?±?3.9, p?<?0.001). The number of large accelerations in music group was significantly higher than that of the control group (5.7?±?2.1 versus 4.5?±?2.04, p?<?0.001). The minimum procedure time in music group was significantly lower than that of control group (13.4?±?5.2 versus 15.6?±?6.1, p?<?0.05). The number of dubious NST and variable decelerations was found to be similar for both groups (p?>?0.05).

Conclusion.?NST has anxiogenic effects on mothers and listening to music during the test has positive impact on both maternal and fetal parameters but it is an open question whether maternal anxiety during pregnancy may affect fetal accelerations to such an extent that it could influence clinical judgments.     

Aplastic anemia associated with pregnancy: maternal and fetal complications

Objective: To analyze obstetric complications associated with aplastic anemia (AA) among pregnant women and analyze the underlying factors.

Methods: A retrospective analysis of 60 pregnancies with AA. Thirty four of these patients were grouped as complicated group having obstetric complications and the rest 26 without complications as the control group. Comparative analysis was conducted to access the related risk factors, which may affect the maternal and fetal complications.

Results: The major maternal complications in this study were premature labor, gestational diabetes, pre-eclampsia, acute heart failure, postpartum hemorrhage, and severe postpartum infection. Premature birth, fetal growth restriction and stillbirths accounted for 27.3%, 5.0% and 6.7% of prenatal mortality. Twenty six of patients had uncomplicated pregnancies. Patients without complications had higher mean hemoglobin concentration (75.38?±?16.19?g/L) and platelet counts (23.92?±?14.82?×?10⁹ cells/L) than did women with complications (mean hemoglobin concentration, 61.47?±?15.15?g/L, p?=?0.001; mean platelet counts, 12.11?±?7.87?×?10⁹ cells/L, p?<?0.001).

Conclusion: Pregnancies associated with AA can carry the risk of multiple maternal and fetal complications. Low hemoglobin concentration and platelet counts may be the primary risk factors for obstetric complications in pregnancies associated with AA.     

胎儿先天性心脏病母体相关危险因素的病例对照研究

目的 探讨与胎儿发生先天性心脏病(简称先心病)相关的母体危险因素. 方法 本研究为病例对照研究.2006年11月至2009年10月,16645例孕妇于北京大学人民医院以及北京市海淀、昌平、门头沟及大兴区4家妇幼保健院接受胎儿心血管畸形筛查,产前或新生儿生后超声心动图检查诊断为先心病的112例孕妇(胎儿复杂型先心病40例,简单型先心病72例)作为病例组.随机选取同期在5家医院行妊娠中晚期超声胎儿系统筛查且新生儿超声心动图检查无异常的304例孕妇作为对照组.采用单因素及二项分类Logistic回归模型分析与胎儿发生先心病相关的母体危险因素, 结果 (1)一般情况:胎儿复杂型先心病组孕妇平均年龄28.3岁(21 ～40岁),胎儿简单型先心病组孕妇平均年龄29.9岁(22～39岁),与对照组孕妇平均年龄[29.5岁(20～44岁)]比较差异均无统计学意义(t值分别为1.511和-0.826,P值分别为0.138及0.410).(2)单因素分析:复杂型先心病组孕妇妊娠早期上呼吸道感染的发生率为46.2％(18/39),不良环境接触(房屋装修)的比例为32.5％(13/40),均高于对照组[分别为14.9％(45/303)和2.0％(6/304)],差异均有统计学意义(x2=22.399和62.678,OR=4.895和23.753,95％CI:2.419～9.905和8.358～67.506,P均=0.000).简单型先心病组孕妇有先心病家族史的比例为4.2％(3/72),高于对照组[0.0％(0/304)],差异有统计学意义(Fisher精确概率法,P=0.007).(3) Logistic回归分析:妊娠早期上呼吸道感染(OR=5.120,95％CI:2.340～11.206,P=0.000)及不良环境接触史(OR=23.030,95％CI:7.506～70.665,P=0.000)是胎儿发生复杂型先心病的危险因素. 结论 妊娠早期上呼吸道感染及不良环境接触史可能是导致子代发生复杂型先心病的危险因素;母亲先心病家族史可能是胎儿发生简单型先心病的危险因素.     

Unexplained fetal death is associated with increased concentrations of anti-angiogenic factors in amniotic fluid

Objective.?Angiogenesis is critical for successful pregnancy. An anti-angiogenic state has been implicated in preeclampsia, fetal growth restriction and fetal death. Increased maternal plasma concentrations of the anti-angiogenic factor, soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (sVEGFR)-1, have been reported in women with preeclampsia and in those with fetal death. Recent observations indicate that an excess of sVEGFR-1 and soluble endoglin (sEng) is also present in the amniotic fluid of patients with preeclampsia. The aim of this study was to determine whether fetal death is associated with changes in amniotic fluid concentrations of sVEGFR-1 and sEng, two powerful anti-angiogenic factors.

Study design.?This cross-sectional study included patients with fetal death (n?=?35) and controls (n?=?129). Fetal death was subdivided according to clinical circumstances into: (1) unexplained (n?=?25); (2) preeclampsia and/or placental abruption (n?=?5); and (3) chromosomal/congenital anomalies (n?=?5). The control group consisted of patients with preterm labor (PTL) who delivered at term (n?=?92) and women at term not in labor (n?=?37). AF concentrations of sVEGFR-1 and sEng were determined by ELISA. Non-parametric statistics and logistic regression analysis were applied.

Results.?(1) Patients with a fetal death had higher median amniotic fluid concentrations of sVEGFR-1 and sEng than women in the control group (p?<?0.001 for each); (2) these results remained significant among different subgroups of stillbirth (p?<?0.05 for each); and (3) amniotic fluid concentrations of sVEGFR-1 and those of sEng above the third quartile were associated with a significant risk of unexplained preterm fetal death (adjusted OR?=?10.8; 95%CI 1.3–89.2 and adjusted OR 87; 95% CI 2.3–3323, respectively).

Conclusion.?Patients with an unexplained fetal death at diagnosis are characterized by an increase in the amniotic fluid concentrations of sVEGFR-1 and sEng. These observations indicate that an excess of anti-angiogenic factors in the amniotic cavity is associated with unexplained fetal death especially in preterm gestations.     

Maternal anxiety and fetal movement patterns in late pregnancy

Objective: To determine whether maternal anxiety affects fetal movement patterns in the third trimester of pregnancy.

Methods: The inclusion criteria were a state of good health and a singleton pregnancy between 36 and 40 weeks. Thirty healthy pregnant women were included. The Beck Anxiety Inventory (BA) questionnaire with 21 self-reported items validated for the Brazilian population was applied. The women were asked to record the number of minutes taken to perceive 10 fetal movements once a day for one week. Anxiety symptoms were rated as moderate or severe according to the BAI total score.

Results: The mean BAI score was 20.8 (SD?=?10.2) and the mean time to count 10 fetal movements was 24.3?min (SD?=?6.6?min). The BAI items significantly associated with moderate or severe maternal anxiety were numbness or tingling, fear of the worst happening, terrified, feeling of choking, fear of losing control and fear of dying. There was a statistically significant negative correlation between the total BAI score and the mean time of 10 perceived fetal movements (p?<?0.0001; rho?=??0.70; 95% CI for rho ?0.84 to ?0.45).

Conclusions: Maternal anxiety seems to affect fetal movement patterns in late pregnancy and is associated with the mother’s increased perception of fetal activity.     

The effect of the beta-mimetic drug clenbuterol on maternal and fetal behavior

The effect of the beta-mimetic compound clenbuterol on maternal and fetal behavior was studied in 12 normal primigravidae between 35 and 38 wk of gestation. None of the subjects exhibited any signs of uterine activity. Following a control period of 60 min, oral intake of 100 μg of clenbuterol resulted in a maximum increase in maternal and fetal heart rate of 13 and 7%, respectively. Maternal systolic blood pressure showed a rise of 6%, whereas diastolic blood pressure demonstrated a drop of 8%. The percentage incidence of fetal breathing and trunk movements did not show any significant change following oral clenbuterol administration, indicating the absence of any major effect of this drug on the fetal central nervous system. Maternal blood glucose levels demonstrated a fairly constant pattern during the entire study period.