Assessment of genotoxic and mutagenic potential of hexavalent chromium in the freshwater fish Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822)

The present study was undertaken to investigate the genotoxicity and mutagenicity of sublethal concentrations of hexavalent chromium (potassium dichromate) in the Indian major carp, Labeo rohita. The 96?h LC₅₀ value of potassium dichromate estimated was 118?mg?L^?1 by probit analysis using SPSS (version 16.0) software. Based on 96?h LC₅₀ value, three sublethal test concentrations of potassium dichromate (29.5, 59.0 and 88.5?mg?L^?1) were selected and specimens were exposed in vivo to these test concentrations for 96?h. The mutagenic and genotoxic effects of potassium dichromate were evaluated in gill and blood cells using micronucleus (MN) test and comet assay. In general, significant (p?相似文献   

Insecticidal activities of Parthenium hysterophorus L. extract and parthenin against diamondback moth,Plutella xylostella (L.) and aphid,Aphis craccivora Koch

Insecticidal activities of Parthenium hysterophorus L. (PH) studied against Plutella xylostella the major insect pest of cruciferous crops and Aphis craccivora Koch on legume crops. Results showed that PH extract found promising toxicity (LC_50?=?1140.68?mg L^?1) to larvae of P. xylostella after 96?h of treatment as compared to parthenin (LC_50?=?1709.42?mg L^?1). Parthenin also showed moderate repellent activity to P. xylostella (43.33?±?4.18%). However, parthenin is more effective against A. craccivora (LC_50?=?839?mg L^?1) than PH extract (LC_50?=?947.87?mg L^?1). Based on field bio-efficacy studies, PH extract can be recommended for the management of target pests.     

Chemical composition of essential oil and oleoresins of Zingiber officinale and toxicity of extracts/essential oil against diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella)

Abstract

Essential oil (EO) of ginger and oleoresins isolated from extraction solvents by GC–MS. Zingiberene was the major constituent in all the samples, and ethanol could extract the maximum quantity (21.2%) from the dried de-oiled cake (EDD) followed by EO (20.3%) as compared to oleoresins. Hydro-distilled EO contains higher oxygenated monoterpenes (22.4%) than oleoresins. EDD showed more toxicity to larvae of Plutella xylostella (LC₅₀?=?4957.9?mg L^?1) after 96?h and was followed by EDW (LC₅₀?=?5067.6?mg L^?1) and EF (LC₅₀?=?6631.2?mg L^?1). EO also showed promising efficacy (LC₅₀?=?5875.9?mg L^?1) and repellency (97.1%) against P. xylostella.     

Genotoxic and hematological effects of chlorpyrifos exposure on freshwater fish Labeo rohita

Chlorpyrifos is a commonly used organophosphate insecticide that causes toxicological effects in aquatic organisms especially in fish. This study determined the effects of chlorpyrifos on the genotoxic and hematological parameters of freshwater fish, Labeo rohita. The genotoxic effects of different sublethal concentrations of chlorpyrifos were investigated in the erythrocytes of Labeo rohita (commonly known as Rohu) using the Micronucleus test. Effects of chlorpyrifos on the hematological parameters of the fish were also observed. Fish specimens were exposed to three sublethal concentrations of chlorpyrifos viz., sublethal I (SL-I, 1/6th of LC₅₀?=?～73.8?μg/L), sublethal II (SL-II, 1/4th of LC₅₀?=?～110.7?μg/L) and sublethal III (SL-III, 1/2nd of LC₅₀?=?～221.4?μg/L) for 96?h. Blood samples were collected at every 24?h and were subjected to the Micronucleus assay. The observed micronucleus frequencies were concentration and time-dependent. The MN induction was significantly highest (p?相似文献   

Mutagenic and genotoxic effects of carbosulfan in freshwater fish Channa punctatus (Bloch) using micronucleus assay and alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis

Carbosulfan insecticide is widely used in agriculture and was recently proposed for treatment against pyrethroid-resistant mosquitoes. The mutagenic and genotoxic effect of carbosulfan was carried out in fish Channa punctatus using micronucleus (MN) test and comet assay. The 96 h LC₅₀, estimated by probit analysis in a semi-static bioassay experiment, was 0.268 mg l⁻¹. Based on the LC₅₀ value, three sub-lethal concentrations of carbosulfan (1/4th LC₅₀ = ∼67 μg l⁻¹, 1/2nd LC₅₀ = ∼134 μg l⁻¹ and 3/4th LC₅₀ = ∼201 μg l⁻¹) were selected and fishes were exposed to the said concentrations for 96 h and the samplings were done at regular intervals of 24 h for assessment of the MN frequencies and DNA damage. In general, significant effects (P < 0.01) from both concentrations and time of exposure were observed in exposed fishes. The MN induction was highest on 96 h at all the concentrations in the peripheral blood. Similar trend was observed for the DNA damage measured in terms of the percentage of tail DNA in the erythrocyte and gill cells. This study confirmed that the comet and micronucleus assays are useful tools in determining potential genotoxicity of water pollutants and might be appropriate as a part of monitoring program.     

Insecticidal activities of tea saponin against diamondback moth,Plutella xylostella and aphid,Aphis craccivora

Insecticidal activities of tea saponin were evaluated against larvae of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) and aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch. In residual toxicity assay, saponin was found more effective against second instar larvae of P. xylostella (LC₅₀=2106.32?mg L¹) and A. craccivora (LC₅₀?=?540.79?mg L^?1) after 96?h as compared to positive control. In repellent activity study, saponin at 4000?mg?L^?1 showed higher repellence (48.57%) to third instar larvae of P. xylostella. However, feeding preference index (PI) of saponin was less in higher concentration (0.63) against third instar larvae of P. xylostella.     

Volatile,non-volatile composition and insecticidal activity of Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng against diamondback moth,Plutella xylostella (L.), and aphid,Aphis craccivora Koch

Essential oil (EO) from aerial parts of Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng was extracted by steam distillation and characterized by Gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). α-epi-cadinenol (16.63%), O-cymene (13.54%), bornyl acetate (7.70%), β-phellandrene (7.46%), and σ-2-carene (5.77%) were the major terpenoids. The EO showed promising toxicity (median lethal concentration, LC₅₀?=?3176.54?mg?L^?1) and repellent activity (median repellent concentration, RC₅₀?=?2070.99?mg L^?1) to larvae of Plutella xylostella within 24?h. Among fractions, hexane fraction was more effective to P. xylostella (LC₅₀?=?5056.74?mg L^?1), whereas methanol fraction to Aphis craccivora (LC₅₀?=?1175.83?mg L^?1).     

Acute toxic and genotoxic effects of formalin in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Danio rerio</Emphasis> (zebrafish)

Formalin is a readily soluble chemical used as a sanitizing agent in the home and hospital. Formaldehyde solutions are routinely used in aquaculture for the prophylaxis and treatment of parasites and fungi, but the adverse effects of their application need to be further investigated. Danio rerio or zebrafish has characteristics favorable to its handling and breeding, and it is highly sensitive to various chemicals, being an ideal experimental model for this type of investigation. Thus, the objective of this study was to verify the toxic and genotoxic effects of formalin and to determine the lethal concentrations of this chemical to support its safe use in disinfection processes. Acute and chronic tests were performed using methods in accordance with international protocols. The genotoxic effect of formalin was evaluated with the micronucleus test using blood samples, which were collected at 96 and 192?h of exposure. The LC_50–96h of formalin in D. rerio was 45.73?mg?L^?1, demonstrating its high resistance compared to other species. Regarding the genotoxic effect, the sublethal concentrations of formalin showed a positive correlation with micronuclei according to the increase in its concentration independent of the time of exposure. The incidence of micronuclei increased with concentration, and the addition of 1?mg?L^?1 formalin corresponded to an increase of 2.9% in the average number of micronuclei. In other words, formalin at even sublethal concentrations caused genotoxic effects in peripheral blood erythrocytes of D. rerio. Therefore, we recommend further studies and other tests involving this chemical for its use at environmentally safe concentrations.     

Acaricidal activities of essential oils against two-spotted spider mite,Tetranychus urticae Koch

Eleven essential oils (EOs) were screened for their fumigant and repellent activity against two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acarina: Tetranychidae) under laboratory conditions. Results showed that, in fumigant toxicity assay, Mentha longifolia L. showed more toxic to T. urticae (LC₅₀?=?11.08?mg?L^?1 air) and was followed by Mentha piperita L. (LC₅₀?=?15.86?mg?L^?1 air), Cymbopogon flexuosus (Nees ex Steud.) W. Watson (LC₅₀?=?17.23?mg?L^?1 air) and Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) (LC₅₀?=?18.82?mg L^?1 air). In repellent activity test, Acorus calamus (L.), M. piperita and C. flexuosus showed 100% repellent activity to T. urticae as compared to Cedrus deodara (Roxb.) and Aegle marmelos (L.) (76.67%).     

Genotoxicity of tetracycline as an emerging pollutant on root meristem cells of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Increasing attention has been paid to antibiotic contamination as an increasingly serious environmental issue. Tetracycline has been widely used for decades in human and veterinary medicines, with incremental residues in the environment and adverse influences on living organisms. In the present study, the genetic toxicity of tetracycline was investigated using a bioassay method with wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) root‐meristem cells at a concentration range of 0.25–300 mg L^?1 and exposure times of 24, 48, and 72 h. The results indicated that tetracycline at lower concentrations (0.25–1 mg L^?1) stimulated cell mitotic division, whereas at 50–300 mg L^?1 concentration caused a concentration‐related decrease in mitotic index (MI). The lower tetracycline concentrations induced a slight increase in the frequency of micronucleus (MN), chromosomal aberration (CA), and sister chromatid exchange (SCE) in wheat root tips. However, there were significant increases in these indices at higher concentrations in concentration‐ and time‐dependent manners, including the frequencies of MN (25–200 mg L^?1), CA (10–200 mg L^?1), and SCE (5–200 mg L^?1), respectively. The inducement of MN, CA, and SCE decreased at 250 and 300 mg L^?1 due to acute cell toxicity for all tested times. Comparatively, SCE was the most sensitive, followed by CA, with MN the least sensitive to the genotoxicity of tetracycline in wheat. These results imply that tetracycline may be genotoxic to plant cells, and exposure to tetracycline may pose a genotoxic risk to living organisms. The results also suggest that the wheat bioassay was efficient, simple, and reproducible in monitoring the genotoxicity of tetracycline in the environment. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2011.     

Genotoxicity and antioxidant enzyme activity induced by hexavalent chromium in Cyprinus carpio after in vivo exposure

Abstract

Fish, being an important native of the aquatic ecosystem, are exposed to multipollution states and are therefore considered as model organisms for ecotoxicological studies of aquatic pollutants, including metal toxicity. We investigated oxidative stress (OS) in liver, kidney and gill tissues through antioxidant enzyme activities and genotoxicity induced in whole blood and gill tissues through comet assay and micronucleus (MN) test in Cyprinus carpio after 96-hour in vivo static exposure to potassium dichromate at three sublethal (SL) test concentrations, including SL-I [93.95?mg/L, i.e. one quarter of half-maximal lethal concentration (LC₅₀)], SL-II (187.9?mg/L, i.e. one half of LC₅₀), and SL-III (281.85?mg/L, i.e. three quarters of LC₅₀), along with a control. The 96-hour LC₅₀ value for potassium dichromate was estimated to be 375.8?mg/L in a static system in the test species. Tissues samples were collected at 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours postexposure. Results indicated that the exposed fish experienced OS as characterized by significant (p?<?0.05) variation in antioxidant enzyme activities, as compared to the control. Activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase increased, whereas activity of catalase decreased with the progression of the experiment. The mean percent DNA damage in comet tail and MN induction in gills and whole blood showed a concentration-dependent increase up to 96-hour exposure. The findings of this study would be helpful in organ-specific risk assessment of Cr(VI)-induced OS and genotoxicity in fishes.     

Insecticidal activity and structure–activity relationship of sugar embedded macrocycles for the control of aphid (Aphis craccivora Koch)

Abstract

Toxicity of sugar embedded macrocycles was evaluated for their toxicity against nymphs of aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in the laboratory conditions. Most of the compounds showed toxicity to A. craccivora. However, the activity of different macrocycles varied depending on the nature and position of various functional groups possess by these compounds. Results revealed that among them, compound 3c found more effective for the control of A. craccivora (LC₅₀?=?413?mg?L^–1) and was followed by 3b (LC₅₀?=?442.62?mg?L^?1) and 3e (LC₅₀?=?480.19?mg?L^?1).     

Nerium indicum,a botanical pesticide affects ultimobranchial gland of the catfish Heteropneustes fossilis

Heteropneustes fossilis were subjected to 11.27 mg L^?1 (80% of 96 h LC₅₀) and 2.81 mg L^?1 (20% of 96 h LC₅₀) of Nerium indicum leaf extract for short‐term and long‐term, respectively. After sacrificing the fish, blood was collected on 24, 48, 72, and 96 h in short‐term and after 7, 14, 21, and 28 days in long‐term experiment and analyzed for plasma calcium levels. Also, ultimobranchial glands (UBG) were fixed on these intervals. Serum calcium levels of H. fossilis exhibited a decline after 48 h following exposure to Nerium indicum leaf extract. This decrease continued till the end of the experiment (96 h). Ultimobranchial cells exhibited a decrease in the cytoplasmic staining response after 72 h following the treatment. The nuclear volumes of these cells were slightly decreased. These changes were exaggerated after 96 h following the treatment. Chronically exposed fish exhibited a decline in serum calcium levels of H. fossilis on day 14. The level progressively declined till the end of the experiment. Up to day 14 following the treatment there was no change in the histological structure of UBG. A decrease in the nuclear volume of ultimobranchial cells was noticed on day 21. Moreover, the cytoplasm of these cells displayed weakstaining response. The nuclear volume of these cells recorded a further decrease following 28‐day treatment. Also there was noticed vacuolization and degeneration at certain places. To the best of our knowledge, the effects of any botanical pesticides on fish UBG have not been reported yet. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 28: 661–665, 2013.     

Chlorpyrifos‐based insecticides induced genotoxic and cytotoxic effects in the ten spotted live‐bearer fish,Cnesterodon decemmaculatus (Jenyns, 1842)

Mortality, genotoxicity, and cytotoxicity of the 48% chlorpyrifos (CPF)‐based formulations Lorsban* 48E^® and CPF Zamba^® were evaluated on Cnesterodon decemmaculatus (Jenyns, 1842) (Pisces, Poeciliidae) under laboratory conditions. Induction of micronucleus (MN) and alterations in the erythrocyte/erythroblast frequencies were employed as end points for genotoxicity and cytotoxicity, respectively. For Lorsban* 48E^®, mean values of 0.13 and 0.03 mg/L were determined for LC₅₀ at 24 and 96 h, respectively, and these concentrations reached mean values of 0.40 and 0.21 mg/L for CPF Zamba^®. Mortality values increased as a positive linear function of the CPF Zamba^® concentrations, but not for Lorsban* 48E^® concentrations. There was no significant relationship between mortality and exposure time within the 0–96 h period for both formulations. LC₅₀ values indicated that the fish were seven fold more sensitive to Lorsban* 48E^® than to CPF Zamba^®. Lorsban* 48E^® within the concentration range of 0.008–0.025 mg/L increased MN frequency at both 48 and 96 h of treatment. Similar results were also observed when fish were exposed to 0.052–0.155 mg/L of CPF Zamba^®, regardless of the exposure time. Cellular cytotoxicity was found after Lorsban* 48E^® and CPF Zamba^® treatments for all concentrations and time exposures, estimated by a decrease in the frequency of mature erythrocytes and a concomitant enhanced frequency of erythroblasts in circulating blood. Furthermore, our results demonstrated that Lorsban* 48E^® and CPF Zamba^® should be considered as CPF‐based commercial formulations with marked genotoxic and cytotoxic properties. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 29: 1390–1398, 2014.     

Co-exposure of iron oxide nanoparticles and glyphosate-based herbicide induces DNA damage and mutagenic effects in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata)

Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have been tested to remediate aquatic environments polluted by chemicals, such as pesticides. However, their interactive effects on aquatic organisms remain unknown. This study aimed to investigate the genotoxicity and mutagenicity of co-exposure of IONPs (γ-Fe₂O₃ NPs) and glyphosate-based herbicide (GBH) in the fish Poecilia reticulata. Thus, fish were exposed to citrate-functionalized γ-Fe₂O₃ NPs (0.3 mg L⁻¹; 5.44 nm) alone or co-exposed to γ-Fe₂O₃ NPs (0.3 mg L⁻¹) and GBH (65 and 130 μg of glyphosate L⁻¹) during 14 and 21 days. The genotoxicity (DNA damage) was analyzed by comet assay, while the mutagenicity evaluated by micronucleus test (MN test) and erythrocyte nuclear abnormalities (ENA) frequency. The co-exposure induced clastogenic (DNA damage) and aneugenic (nuclear alterations) effects on guppies in a time-dependent pattern. Fish co-exposed to NPs and GBH (130 μg glyphosate L⁻¹) showed high DNA damage when compared to NPs alone and control group, indicating synergic effects after 21 days of exposure. However, mutagenic effects (ENA) were observed in the exposure groups after 14 and 21 days. Results showed the potential genotoxic and mutagenic effects of maghemite NPs and GBH co-exposure to freshwater fish. The transformation and interaction of iron oxide nanoparticles with other pollutants, as herbicides, in the aquatic systems are critical factors in the environmental risk assessment of metal-based NPs.     

Effects of low‐dose exposure to pesticide mixture on physiological responses of the pacific oyster,Crassostrea gigas

This study investigated the effects on the physiology of Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, of a mixture of pesticides containing 0.8 μg L^?1 alachlor, 0.6 μg L^?1 metolachlor, 0.7 μg L^?1 atrazine, 0.6 μg L^?1 terbuthylazine, 0.5 μg L^?1 diuron, 0.6 μg L^?1 fosetyl aluminum, 0.05 μg L^?1 carbaryl, and 0.7 μg L^?1 glyphosate for a total concentration of 4.55 μg L^?1. The total nominal concentration of pesticides mixture corresponds to the pesticide concentrations in the shellfish culture area of the Marennes‐Oleron basin. Two varieties of C. gigas were selected on the foreshore, based on their characteristics in terms of resistance to summer mortality, to assess the effects of the pesticide mixture after 7 days of exposure under controlled conditions. The early effects of the mixture were assessed using enzyme biomarkers of nitrogen metabolism (GS, glutamine synthetase), detoxification metabolism (GST, glutathione S‐transferase), and oxidative stress (CAT, catalase). Sublethal effects on hemocyte parameters (phagocytosis and esterase activity) and DNA damages (DNA adducts) were also measured. Changes in metabolic activities were characterized by increases in GS, GST, and CAT levels on the first day of exposure for the “resistant” oysters and after 3–7 days of exposure for the “susceptible” oysters. The formation of DNA adducts was detected after 7 days of exposure. The percentage of hemocyte esterase‐positive cells was reduced in the resistant oysters, as was the hemocyte phagocytic capacity in both oyster varieties after 7 days of exposure to the pesticide mixture. This study highlights the need to consider the low doses and the mixture of pesticides to evaluate the effects of these molecules on organisms. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 28: 689–699, 2013.     

Ecotoxicological effects of bisphenol A and nonylphenol on the freshwater cladocerans Ceriodaphnia silvestrii and Daphnia similis

Toxicities of bisphenol A (BPA) and nonylphenol (NP) to the neotropical freshwater cladocerans Ceriodaphnia silvestrii and Daphnia similis were studied under laboratory conditions. Acute exposures to BPA generated mean 48-h EC₅₀ values of 14.44 (6.02–22.85) mg L^?1 for C. silvestrii and 12.05 (1.73–22.37) mg L^?1 for D. similis. When the organisms were exposed to acute doses of NP, mean 48-h EC₅₀ values were 0.055 (0.047–0.064) mg L^?1 (C. silvestrii) and 0.133 (0.067–0.200) mg L^?1 (D. similis). Ceriodaphnia silvestrii was also tested in chronic bioassays, which resulted in mean 8-d IC₂₅ values of 2.43 (2.16–2.69) mg L^?1 BPA [no observed effect concentration (NOEC): 1.38?mg L^?1] and 0.020 (0.015–0.026) mg L^?1 NP (NOEC: 0.015?mg L^?1). These laboratory tests are valuable to broaden the understanding of the environmental threat posed by BPA and NP in aquatic ecosystems, and to increase the knowledge about the sensitivity of neotropical indigenous species to these contaminants. In addition to the laboratory bioassays, species sensitivity distributions were used to suggest protective concentrations of BPA and NP to prevent adverse effects on freshwater organisms. According to the obtained results, concentrations lower than 36.47?µg L^?1 BPA and 1.39?µg L^?1 NP are not expected to adversely impact aquatic organisms in natural ecosystems.     

Study of the genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of the α-, β-, and γ- Hexachlorocyclohexane isomers in human lymphocyte cells using the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay

The genotoxic potential of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers (α-, β-, and γ-) which are organochlorine pesticides was tested in peripheral blood lymphocyte cultures from two donors by using the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay. Micronucleus (MN) frequency, binucleated cells with micronucleus (BNMN), and cytokinesis-blocked proliferation index (CBPI) were determined as genotoxic and cytotoxic endpoints. At the concentration ranges tested (12.5–100?μg.L?^?1), all HCH isomers induced dose-dependent cytotoxic effects, γ-HCH being the most toxic. This isomer was also able to induce significant increase in MN frequency and BNMN cells indicating a genotoxic potential at 50 and 100?μg.L?^?1. The genotoxic test of β-HCH showed a positive induction of MN and BNMN cells at the highest concentration of 100?μg.L?^?1 and a significant cytotoxicity at 50?μg.L?^?1. Under the experimental condition used, α-HCH was unable to induce any significant increase in MN frequency confirming that α-HCH is a non-genotoxic agent.     

Toxicity of single and combined herbicides on PSII maximum efficiency of an aquatic higher plant, Lemna sp.

The present study examined the effect of single and binary mixtures of four herbicides, namely, atrazine, diuron, simazine and hexazinone on the maximum quantum efficiency of photosynthesis (F_v/F_m) of Lemna sp. after 96 h of exposure. When applied singly, the toxicity ranking of the four herbicides was as follows: diuron>hexazinone>atrazine>simazine. Binary combinations of these toxicants revealed varying inhibition values; for example, the combination of low diuron concentration with both high and low concentrations of hexazinone resulted in a synergistic effect, with mean ratio of inhibition (RI) values ranging from 1.13±0.10 to 1.16±0.08. The combination of diuron with atrazine revealed an additive effect at low diuron levels (0.025 mg L^?1) and high atrazine levels (0.1 mg L^?1) with an RI value of 1.06±0.07. Our study emphasizes on the utility of combined toxicity models in predicting the toxicological impact of herbicide mixtures on aquatic ecosystems. Overall, this study provides valuable information on the chlorophyll fluorescence of Lemna sp. as a bioanalytical tool for the rapid and inexpensive assessment of photosystem II (PSII) inhibiting herbicide mixtures.     

Assessment of genotoxic and mutagenic effects of chlorpyrifos in freshwater fish Channa punctatus (Bloch) using micronucleus assay and alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis

Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is the single largest selling agrochemical that has been widely detected in surface waters in India. The studies on long-term genotoxic effects of CPF in different tissues of fish using genotoxic biomarkers are limited. Therefore, in the present study DNA damage by CPF in freshwater fish Channapunctatus using micronucleus (MN) and comet assays was investigated. The LC₅₀ – 96 h of CPF was estimated for the fish in a semi-static system. On this basis of LC₅₀ value sublethal and nonlethal concentrations were determined. The DNA damage was measured in lymphocytes and gill cells as the percentage of DNA in comet tails and micronuclei were scored in erythrocytes of fishes exposed to above concentrations of CPF. In general, significant effects for both the concentrations and time of exposure were observed in treated fish. It was found that MN induction in the blood was highest on day 14 at 203.0 μg/l of CPF. The highest DNA damage was observed on day 5, followed by a gradual non-linear decline in the lymphocytes and gill cells. The study indicated MN and comet assays to be sensitive and rapid methods to detect mutagenicity and genotoxicity of CPF and other pollutants in fishes.