鞍膈脑膜瘤的分类及其手术方法的选择

目的 探讨不同部位鞍膈脑膜瘤（DSM）的命名和分类，及其手术方法的选择与治疗结果的关系。方法 对CT扫描提示鞍结节脑膜瘤并向后发展及垂体瘤病人，用MRI复查筛选共发现16例DSM，其中7例为A型（鞍膈上垂体柄前），4例为B型（鞍膈上垂体柄后），2例为C型（鞍膈下蝶鞍内），3例为混合型（累及鞍膈上下和垂体柄前后）。结果 16例病人均行手术治疗，其中14例全切除，2例大部切除无手术死亡和严重功能障碍，结论 MRI是诊断DSM的最好方法，有助于鉴别垂体瘤和鞍结节脑膜瘤及其手术方法的选择，对于混事性DSM，分离垂体柄和血管更为困难，也难以完全切除，我们建议应把这类肿瘤列为D型或混合型。     

鞍膈脑膜瘤

目的：根据作者治疗的１０例鞍膈脑膜瘤（ＤＳＭ）的体会并复习有关文献。方法：根据Ｋｉｎｊｏ报告我们也将此类肿瘤分为三种类型：Ａ型：起于鞍膈的上面，肿瘤位于垂体柄的前方；Ｂ型：起于鞍膈的上面，肿瘤位于垂体柄的后方；Ｃ型：起于鞍膈的下面，垂体挤压不可见。结果：每种类型有各自的临床表现，Ａ型表现为一侧视力障碍及视野缺损，极似鞍结节脑膜瘤，亦有肿瘤较大，表现为尿崩者；Ｂ型除引起视力障碍外，还有垂体功能低下；Ｃ型类似无功能垂体腺瘤，除视野缺损外，还有双颞侧偏盲。结论：ＭＲＩ可对ＤＳＭ作出确切的诊断。手术入路：适于Ａ、Ｂ型的ＤＳＭ的肿瘤，采用经额部入路；适于Ｃ型的ＤＳＭ，采用经蝶窦入路。手术结果：１例死亡，９例良好     

鞍膈脑膜瘤的显微外科治疗

提出开并探讨鞍膈脑膜瘤的诊断、鉴别诊断及其显微外科手术治疗，方法:8年间经手术厦病理证实的鞍膈脑膜瘤10例，其中男性5例，女性5例，平均年龄43岁。根据肿瘤与鞍膈的关系可分为3型，即鞍上型、鞍内型和鞍内鞍上型。10例均采用Yargil切口行显微外科治疗。结果：10例中8例行肿瘤全切除，2例行肿瘤大部分切除，7侧痊愈，2例好转，仅1例死亡。结论：鞍膈脑膜瘤为发生于鞍膈及其附近的肿瘤，肿瘤可向鞍内或鞍上生长，其临床表现为进行性视力下降、而内分泌功能障碍却很少见，计算机体层摄影(CT)及磁其振成像(MRI)检查见鞍内用鞍上有肿块阴影，易误诊为垂体腺瘤，显微外科治疗有益于肿瘤全切除。     

经眶-额下入路显微手术切除大型、巨大型垂体腺瘤技术探讨

目的 介绍１９９８～１９９９年内显微手术切除８２例大型、巨大型垂体腺瘤的操作技术及经验。方法 所有病人采用单侧经眶额下入路。先于囊内切除鞍内及鞍上的肿瘤;电灼并断肿瘤供血血管;沿鞍膈四周一圈,分块切除鞍上瘤壁;鞍内瘤壁予以电凝。结果 全切肿瘤及鞍上的瘤壁,电凝处理鞍内的瘤壁,同时保留好垂体柄者５９例（７２％）,其余均为次全切除。术后恢复正常生活或工作７８例（９５．１％）,尿崩６１例（７４．４％）,     

小脑桥脑角复发性垂体腺瘤1例报告

垂体腺瘤虽属良性肿瘤,但手术切除和放射治疗后仍可复发。复发性垂体腺瘤多位于鞍区,而位于小脑桥脑角者罕见。最近,我们收治１例小脑桥脑角（ＣＰＡ）复发性垂体腺瘤,现报道如下。１资料　　患者,男性,１２岁。２年前因“头痛３个月,伴右眼视力下降”于１９９６年１１月入院。检查：左眼视力１２,右眼０１,四肢无阳性体征。内分泌功能检测正常。头颅ＭＲＩ显示鞍区、鞍上和右侧海绵窦区４５ｃｍ×２５ｃｍ×２５ｃｍ占位（图１Ａ、Ｂ、Ｃ）。入院诊断为垂体腺瘤。即予经额开颅行鞍区肿瘤大部分切除术。病理报告：多…     

亚急性联合变性的磁共振表现

目的评价磁共振成像（ＭＲＩ）对亚急性联合变性（ＳＣＤ）的诊断价值。方法对临床和实验室检查确诊的７例ＳＣＤ患者进行ＭＲＩ检查。结果有３例异常，均位于胸段脊髓，２例Ｔ２加权为片状或条状高信号区，１例胸髓变细。结论ＭＲＩ对ＳＣＤ有一定的诊断价值。     

锁孔手术切除鞍区肿瘤及垂体柄的保护

目的 探讨锁孔手术切除鞍区肿瘤的效果,以及术中垂体柄的保护方法。方法 回顾性分析2014年6月至2017年3月采用锁孔手术切除的36例鞍区肿瘤临床资料,采用眶上锁孔入路和翼点锁孔入路。结果 术后病理证实,垂体腺瘤13例,脑膜瘤14例,颅咽管瘤9例。肿瘤全切除33例,近全切除3例。垂体柄全保留32例,部分保留3例,术中未发现垂体柄1例。近全切除3例术后行伽玛刀治疗。所有病例术后随访3个月~2年,均未见肿瘤复发。结论 锁孔手术治疗鞍区肿瘤,既安全、便捷、微创,又能达到切除肿瘤、保护垂体柄等重要结构的目的。     

经单侧额部纵裂入路显微外科切除鞍结节和鞍膈脑膜瘤

目的：探索经单侧额部纵裂入路切除鞍结节和鞍隔脑膜瘤的手术方法和手术效果。方法；11例鞍结节和7例鞍膈脑膜瘤经单侧额部纵裂入路切除；肿瘤大小；最大径小于3cm4例，3－6cm13例,大于6cm1例。结果：肿瘤全切除（Simpson Ⅰ、Ⅱ级切除）16例，近全部切除2例；无手术死亡。术后视力视野改善11例，无变化5例，恶化2例，术后出现不同程度尿崩7例。结论：鞍结节和向前生长的鞍膈脑膜瘤经单侧额部纵裂入路能获得较好暴露和切除，预后良好。     

多系统萎缩的临床与CT及磁共振分析

目的　评价临床表现与ＣＴ、磁共振（ＭＲＩ） 结合对多系统萎缩（ＭＳＡ） 的诊断价值。方法　选择５６ 例多系统萎缩病人，其中橄榄桥脑小脑萎缩（ＯＰＣＡ）３７ 例，Ｓｈｙ－ Ｄｒａｇｅｒ 综合征（ＳＤＳ）１３ 例，纹状体黑质变性（ＳＮＤ）６ 例。全部病人均行头颅ＣＴ、ＭＲＩ检查，并对其临床表现、分型、ＭＲＩ进行比较。结果　临床发现各型早期各有特点，且ＭＲＩ表现也各不相同。结论　临床表现与ＭＲＩ结合可提高ＭＳＡ 中ＯＰＣＡ、ＳＮＤ的诊断率，但在ＳＤＳ病人ＭＤＩ改变不明显。头颅ＣＴ对ＭＳＡ 诊断意义不大。     

大型、巨大型垂体腺瘤与垂体柄显微解剖关系的术中观察

目的在切除大或巨大型垂体腺瘤术中更好地保留垂体柄的解剖和功能.方法回顾性分析123例大型和巨大型垂体腺瘤的手术资料和影像学资料.在鞍结节至鞍背的平面上按时钟划分为6个区间,观察垂体柄在此6个区的分布.结果垂体柄没有位于第Ⅰ区间者,位于第Ⅱ区间者12例（9.8%）,第Ⅲ区间者46例（37.4%）,第Ⅳ区间者29例（23.6%）,第Ⅴ区间者31例（25.2%）,第Ⅵ区间者5例（4.1%）.结论大多的垂体柄位于垂体腺瘤的后方或侧后方,术中按其分布特点可更好地寻找垂体柄.     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.