局部皮瓣与皮片移植分区修复儿童颈部瘢痕挛缩畸形

目的：探讨儿童严重颈部烧伤瘢痕畸形的手术治疗。方法：对2～11岁的颈部瘢痕畸形患者采用局部皮瓣转移与皮片移植相结合的方法，分区修复。结果：采用上述手术方法修复Ⅲ～Ⅳ度颈部瘢痕24例，其中随访23例，随访时间为6个月～2年，2例颈部后仰活动轻微受限，2例颈部瘢痕较为明显，3例所植皮片轻度挛缩，患者有紧缩感，但不影响功能。结论：对儿童严重颈部瘢痕畸形，局部皮瓣转移与皮片移植相结合分区修复为较好的手术方法。     

Comparative evaluation of three methods of skin graft fixation for split thickness skin graft after release of post burn contracture of the neck

ObjectivesSplit thickness skin graft is an essential component of release of post burn contracture of neck. There are many methods of fixation of skin grafts; however, there is lack of objective comparison between different techniques. This study has been designed to compare three commonly used techniques of split thickness skin graft fixation methods. Surgical time, advantages, cost factor and post-operative outcome have been compared amongst three techniques.MethodsA randomized interventional comparative study was conducted to compare three methods of skin graft fixation in patients of 10–50 years age group, with contracture of more than 3 month duration having more than 100 cm² skin defects after contracture release. Resurfacing of the defects after contracture release was carried out in all the groups using autologous split skin grafts. Patients were included in three groups; Group 1: tie over method, Group 2: skin stapler fixation and Group 3: Cyanoacrylate glue fixation.ResultsMean duration of fixation procedure was 34 min in tie over group, in skin stapler group 7 min and in cyanoacrylate group 12 min. Mean cost of fixation material was 10.23 USD in tie-over group, 11.23 USD in stapler group and 40.06 USD in cyanoacrylate group. Mean score of pain/discomfort (visual analog score) on dressing removal in tie-over group was 3, for skin stapler group was 2.9 and that for cyanoacrylate glue group was 1.8. mean graft take was found to be 90.1% in tie-over group, 94.1% in skin stapler group & 93.8% in cyanoacrylate glue group. On logistic regression analysis, keeping all the variables constant in the groups the complications as the outcome variable, three groups are comparable. The need for regrafting remains inconclusive.ConclusionsSkin stapler method for skin graft fixation was least time consuming, affordable and highly reliable when graft take success was considered. Cyanoacrylate glue fixation method was least painful and reliable in terms of graft take success though costlier than other two     

Silicone gel sheet tie-over for skin graft on the eyelid following release of scar contracture

A simple tie-over dressing using a silicone gel sheet gives firm fixation and allows direct inspection of the underlying grafted skin. Moreover, if haematoma or any complication is recognised, the sheet can be easily removed and reapplied.     

Popliteal fossa neural blockade as the sole anesthetic technique for outpatient foot and ankle surgery

Foot and ankle operations are being performed with greater frequency as outpatient procedures. Although the surgical procedure remains the same whether the operation is done in an inpatient or an outpatient setting, the anesthesia and postoperative analgesia are greatly affected when patients must be discharged soon after their operation. We have evaluated a regional anesthetic technique which blocks the sciatic nerve in the popliteal fossa and the saphenous nerve block at the knee. This was the sole anesthetic technique for both the operation and the immediate postoperative period. This technique appears to have several advantages: 1) Excellent anesthesia during the operation and for about ten hours postoperatively; 2) Use of a proximal calf tourniquet, and 3) Absence of systemic or local complications as might be seen with general, spinal or epidural anesthesia.     

The treatment of a post-burn deformity and contracture of the neck, using extended flaps with axial type of blood supply

Experience of treatment of 24 patients, suffering neck deformity and contracture, using stretched flaps with axial type of blood circulation, was summarized. In total 43 expanders were implanted. The cutaneo-fascial flaps stretching was performed in the neck and thorax. In all the flaps a nutrition artery was included. The neck-brachial flaps, including supraclavicular artery, were applied in 25 (58.1%) patients, the neck-thoracic flaps, using superficial neck artery--in 12 (27.91%), the occipital-neck flaps on a musculocutaneous perforating vessels of occipital artery--in 6 (13.95%). The methods of the expander implantation, the stretching, transposition regimes of plastic material and its fixation were elaborated. The donor sites were closed using stretched tissues, left in place after formation of flaps. Flaps were fixed, using mechanical method of the tissues connection with duplicature formation from deepidermized portion of cicatrix or with polypropylene mesh, which played a role of a dense framework. Then a strong connective tissue bolt was formed, securely fixing transposedstretched tissues. While application of a complex-component vascularized flaps a suppuration have occurred in 3 (6.97%), partial necrosis--in 2 (4.64%) observations. Inclusion of nutritive vessels permit to form large size flaps with a small risk of necrosis occurrence. The stretched perforant flaps application permits to achieve positive result in 95.3% of observations--in immediate and in 81.82%--in far remote period.     

Hemodynamic and anesthetic effects of sufentanil as the sole anesthetic for pediatric cardiovascular surgery

The efficacy, safety, and hemodynamic response to 5 micrograms/kg, 10 micrograms/kg, or 20 micrograms/kg of sufentanil and 0.1 mg/kg pancuronium was evaluated in children between 4 and 12 years of age scheduled for open heart surgery. Systolic time intervals, 2-D echocardiograms, systolic blood pressures (SBP), diastolic blood pressures (DBP), and heart rates (HR) were recorded before and after induction of anesthesia. Significant changes 10 min following induction of anesthesia but before intubation included increases in SBP in the 5 micrograms/kg group (P less than 0.01) and in the ratio of preejection period to left ventricular ejection time in the 20 micrograms/kg group (P less than 0.05). Instances of myoclonic jerking and coughing episodes were observed in all three study groups. Following intubation there were significant (P less than 0.05) increases in SBP in all groups, in DBP in the 5 micrograms/kg group, and in HR in the 5 micrograms/kg and 10 micrograms/kg groups. Smaller increases in SBP, DBP, and HR were seen in all groups after skin incision and sternotomy. Mean plasma catecholamine levels showed nonsignificant increases following periods of intraoperative stimulation with wide patient variations. Recovery of responsiveness to command occurred in all groups within one hour from the end of surgery but extubation was impeded by shallow periodic breathing and hypercapnea. The authors conclude that for children undergoing open heart surgery use of sufentanil as a sole anesthetic in bolus form did not provide a reliable depth of anesthesia with any of the induction doses studied.     

Peripheral nerve blocks as the sole anesthetic technique in a patient with severe Duchenne muscular dystrophy

General anesthesia and central neuraxial blockades in patients with severe Duchenne muscular dystrophy are associated with high risks of complications, including rhabdomyolysis, malignant hyperthermia, hemodynamic instability, and postoperative mechanical ventilation. Here, we describe peripheral nerve blocks as a safe approach to anesthesia in a patient with severe Duchenne muscular dystrophy who was scheduled to undergo surgery. A 22-year-old male patient was scheduled to undergo reduction and internal fixation of a left distal femur fracture. He had been diagnosed with Duchenne muscular dystrophy at 5 years of age, and had no locomotive capability except for that of the finger flexors and toe extensors. He had developed symptoms associated with dyspnea 5 years before and required intermittent ventilation. We blocked the femoral nerve, lateral femoral cutaneous nerve, and parasacral plexus under ultrasound on the left leg. The patient underwent a successful operation using peripheral nerve blocks with no complications. In conclusion general anesthesia and central neuraxial blockades in patients with severe Duchenne muscular dystrophy are unsafe approaches to anesthesia because of hemodynamic instability and respiratory depression. Peripheral nerve blocks are the best way to reduce the risks of critical complications, and are a safe and feasible approach to anesthesia in patients with severe Duchenne muscular dystrophy.     

Combined transplantation of skin and cartilage as composite graft: Surgical technique and results

Summary Transplantation of composite grafts is a proven technique, especially in reconstructive surgery of the face. For good results, careful planning, gentle handling and perfect technique are necessary. The authors present their method and show the results of 64 transplants done between 1983 and 1986.     

Open reduction and internal fixation of ankle fracture using wide-awake local anaesthesia no tourniquet technique

IntroductionAnkle fractures frequently occur and must be treated with open reduction for long-term stability. The existing anaesthesia methods include general anaesthesia, spinal and epidural anaesthesia, peripheral nerve block and local anaesthesia with IV sedation. However, each method has its inherent risks and potential costs, and the use of a tourniquet is inevitable. Therefore, the wide-awake local anaesthesia no tourniquet (WALANT) technique provides an alternative method for equivalent haemostasis and pain control without the use of a tourniquet.Patients and methodsWe prospectively enrolled 13 consecutive patients (9 males and 4 females) who presented ankle fractures and required ORIF from January 2017 to December 2017. The fracture types of the 13 patients included lateral malleolar fracture (three patients), bimalleolar fracture (two patients), bimalleolar equivalent fracture (three patients), medial malleolar fracture (two patients) and trimalleolar fracture (three patients; articular surface involvement <25%). We used a solution of 1% lidocaine mixed with 1:40,000 epinephrine for WALANT.ResultsAll patients underwent surgery if they exhibited an initial numerical pain rating scale (NPRS) score of 0 without using a tourniquet. Only two patients required an additional 5 ml of local anaesthesia due to NPRS score elevation during the surgery; no dose exceeded the safe limit of 7 mg/kg. No local complications occurred, and no shifts to other anaesthesia methods were required due to the failure of WALANT.ConclusionsWALANT simplified surgical preparations and provided a safe and reliable method for ankle fracture management. Because the use of a tourniquet was not required, reduced postsurgical pain was observed. Moreover, the use of local anaesthesia resulted in more satisfied patients and facilitated easier recovery.     

Training course in local anaesthesia of the airway and fibreoptic intubation using course delegates as subjects

Background. We describe a practical method of training anaesthetistsin the technique of awake fibreoptic intubation. This is performedon a training course using the delegates as subjects. Methods. The first 15 subjects underwent cardiovascular monitoringduring airway fibreoptic endoscopy performed by other coursemembers. They were subsequently interrogated by use of a questionnaire. Results. Evidence from questionnaires suggests this method ofinstruction is acceptable in this self-selected group of individuals.Gagging was the commonest unpleasant side-effect of airway endoscopy,although only one delegate rated this as uncomfortable. Fifty-fourper cent of subjects found the procedure slightly painful; 46%reported no pain at all. Overall, the procedure was rated asacceptable by 85% of subjects and enjoyable by 15% of subjects.No delegate found endoscopy or intubation distressing. Cardiovascularmonitoring revealed pulse rate and arterial pressure changesof less than 25% of baseline values. Paraesthesia developedin one individual and nasal bleeding in two cases, neither ofwhich was clinically significant and did not interfere withendoscopy. Conclusions. The use of course delegates as subjects for trainingwas acceptable to anaesthetists and is associated with a lowlevel of discomfort and morbidity. Br J Anaesth 2002; 89: 586–93     

Training course in local anaesthesia of the airway and fibreoptic intubation using course delegates as subjects

Editor—This paper¹, while being interesting, and, I amsure, demonstrating a good way of training fibreoptic intubationskills, left me with one major concern: the absence of any mentionof ethics committee involvement. Whilst I have no doubt thatthe consent form is very thorough and that the trust’ssolicitors were happy, the role of the ethics committee wouldbe to protect the interests of     

延期皮肤移植术在面颈部畸形修复中的应用

目的:探讨并比较面颈部大范围自体皮移植手术中,延期手术与一次手术的成功率及愈后效果。方法:针对面颈部瘢痕、巨痣等在实施大面积自体皮移植手术时,手术分两种术式进行:一期术式即切除病变组织后立即行自体皮移植;延期术式则先行常规病变组织切除,包扎创面后48h再进行自体皮移植。术后交换敷料时间均为术后第7天,观察比较两种术式在皮片成活率、创面感染发生率、皮下血肿发生率、瘢痕增生发生率等方面的差异,以及患者治疗周期及治疗费用上的差异。结果:本组病例共49例,行一期术式者13人,行延期术式者36人,在皮片成活率(91.9%±4.5%vs99.5%±1.2%)、皮下血肿发生率(92.3%vs22.2%)、感染发生率(7.7%vs2.8%)方面,二者有显著性差异(P0.05)。两组在治疗周期上无显著性差异。治疗费用方面,延期手术组略高。随访结果显示,两组远期效果基本类似,但一期术式组的瘢痕形成及增生情况多于延期术式组。结论:面颈部实施大范围自体皮移植手术时采取延期植皮的方式,对保证手术的成功及愈后效果有重要作用。     

Reduction of operating and recovery room times and overnight hospital stays with interscalene blocks as sole anesthetic technique for rotator cuff surgery.

BACKGROUND: The effort to decrease hospital stays and to increase operating room efficacy has become an important consideration in the practice of anesthesia. METHODS: Fifty-three patients who underwent shoulder rotator cuff repair in the sitting position were divided into four groups according to the anesthesia technique used: Group 1 (general anesthesia), Group 2 (interscalene block), Group 3 (interscalene combined with general anesthesia) and Group 4 (general anesthesia combined with local injection of local anesthetics). Interscalene blocks were performed preoperatively, using a nerve stimulator. After appropriately locating the brachial plexus, a mixture of 40 ml of 2% lidocaine and 0.5% bupivacaine (v/v) was injected. RESULTS: As compared to general anesthesia, the use of an interscalene block alone reduced the following operating room times: 1) from the patient's arrival in the operating room to the beginning of surgery and 2) from the end of surgery to the patient's departure from the operating room. Use of the interscalene block also resulted in a reduction of recovery time when compared to Groups 1, 3 and 4 by 40, 56 and 66%, respectively. Compared to Group 1, this anesthesia technique was furthermore associated with a 64% decrease in the number of patients hospitalized overnight. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms that the interscalene block as sole anesthesia technique is safe and effective and can contribute to shorten the hospital length of stay of patients undergoing shoulder rotator cuff surgery.     

颈部瘢痕挛缩整复术中颌颈角形成的技巧与美学意义

目的：探讨颈部瘢痕整复术中形成颌颈角的技巧与美学意义。方法：128例颈部瘢痕挛缩患者,在彻底松解瘢痕挛缩的基础上,根据患者的具体情况,分别采用颈阔肌软组织瓣加深颌颈角、游离植皮、局部皮瓣、扩张皮瓣转移等方法修复创面,重塑颈部曲线。结果：手术效果良好,术后颌颈角明显,颈部曲线恢复,其中116例患者术后6个月～7年随访,颌颈角仍然明显,无再次挛缩出现。结论：形成颌颈角是颈部瘢痕挛缩松解术成功的关键,其对维持颈部外形和功能有重要作用。     

Wide local excision and split-thickness skin graft for circumferential Paget's disease of the anus

BACKGROUND: Our aim was to evaluate the results of wide local excision followed by split-thickness skin graft for circumferential perianal Paget's disease. METHODS: Between 1995 and 1999, 5 patients with perianal Paget's disease underwent wide local excision of the disease. The circumferential involvement was documented by preoperative mapping. Standard orthograde bowel cleansing and oral antibiotics were given the day prior to surgery. The wound was allowed to granulate and confirmation of negative margins was obtained on permanent sections taken from the excised specimens. On postoperative day 4, split-thickness skin grafts harvested from the lateral thigh were applied (surface using area ranging from 100 cm(2) to 240 cm(2)). The grafts were secured in place with a 3-0 Vicryl suture and covered with a pressure dressing. After 4 days of bedrest, the dressing was taken down under anesthesia (day 8). RESULTS: Graft survival was 100% in 3 patients, 80% in 1 patient, and 70% in another. Postoperatively, clinical follow-up was conducted at 3-month intervals. In 2 patients, anal stenosis developed after the operation and resolved by gentle self-dilation. At a mean follow-up of 42 months (range 21 to 78), adequate cosmetic and functional results were obtained. Recurrence of Paget's disease has occurred in 1 patient (at 21 months) and an invasive anal gland carcinoma was found in 1 patient (at 48 months). CONCLUSIONS: Wide local excision and circumferential split-thickness skin grafting achieves adequate cosmetic and functional results without the need for diverting colostomy. However, there is a considerable recurrence rate after surgery, which warrants very close follow-up to rule out recurrent disease or underlying adenocarcinoma.