HLA-DR antigen association with proliferative diabetic retinopathy

No significant differences could be found in the HLA-DR antigen frequency of two groups of patients with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). One group consisted of 49 patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy and the other group of 31 patients with no ophthalmoscopic evidence of diabetic retinopathy.     

Elevated intravitreal interleukin-6 levels in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy

BACKGROUND: We conducted this study to elucidate the possible role of interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the pathogenesis of proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). METHODS: Together with pertinent clinical and laboratory data, intravitreal and serum concentrations of IL-6 were determined in 8 patients with PDR by means of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results were compared with data from 8 nondiabetic control subjects undergoing vitrectomy. RESULTS: Significantly higher intravitreal IL-6 concentrations were found in patients with PDR (mean [SD], 755 [177] pg/mL) compared with control subjects (93 [151] pg/mL) (p = 0.001). The serum IL-6 levels in the PDR group were lower than the measurable threshold of the ELISA kit (<0.16 pg/mL). Diabetic patients with macular edema had a higher mean (SD) level of intravitreal IL-6 (896 [73] pg/mL) compared with patients without macular edema (613 [119] pg/mL) (Mann-Whitney U test, p = 0.03). Correlation analysis did not reveal any significant association between intravitreal IL-6 levels and patient age, duration of either diabetes mellitus or vitreous hemorrhage, panretinal photocoagulation, type of current medical therapy, hyperglycemia, or the biochemical indicators of renal function. INTERPRETATION: IL-6, a proinflammatory cytokine, may have a role in PDR. Intraocular production of IL-6 appears to be responsible for the elevated intravitreal levels observed.     

玻璃体腔注射贝伐单抗治疗增生性糖尿病视网膜病变

糖尿病视网膜病变（diabetic retinopathy,DR）是糖尿病的严重并发症,尤其是增生性糖尿病视网膜病变（proliferative diabetic retinopathy,PDR）是工作年龄人群中首位致盲性眼病.近年来采用血管内皮生长因子抑制剂贝伐单抗（Bevacizumab,商品名Avastin）治疗PDR取得一定成效,其可促进玻璃体积血吸收,视网膜新生血管消退,减轻黄斑水肿,降低视网膜脱离的发生率,甚至使PDR患者避免玻璃体手术.     

玻璃体腔内注射康柏西普辅助25G玻切术治疗PDR的疗效分析

目的：分析术前玻璃体腔内注射抗血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)药物康柏西普对25G玻璃体切割术治疗增生型糖尿病视网膜病变(proliferative diabetic retinopathy,PDR)临床疗效的影响。

方法：选取本院2014-06/2017-05收治并确诊为PDR的患者57例65眼,依据术前是否行玻璃体腔内注药将患者分为注药组和对照组。注药组27例31眼,对照组30例34眼。注药组于术前3d行玻璃体腔内注射康柏西普后行25G微创玻璃体切割术; 对照组仅行25G微创玻璃体切割术。记录并分析两组患者在手术时间、术中出血、电凝止血、医源性视网膜裂孔、硅油填充、术后再出血及最佳矫正视力(best corrected visual acuity,BCVA)等方面的差异。

结果：注药组手术时间明显短于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。注药组医源性视网膜裂孔比例、术中出血比例、电凝止血比例、硅油填充比例、术后再出血比例均少于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。注药组术后BCVA优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。

结论：25G玻璃体切割术治疗PDR术前应用康柏西普可有效减少玻璃体切割术中并发症的发生,缩短手术时间,减少术后再出血,改善术后视力。     

雷珠单抗玻璃体注射与玻璃体切除术治疗增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变

目的 对比观察玻璃体切除术(pars plana vitrectomy,PPV)联合应用或不应用雷珠单抗玻璃体注射(intravitreal ranibizumab,IVR),对增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变(proliferative diabetic retinopathy,PDR)患者手术中操作及术后预后的影响.方法 前瞻性对照性研究.将2013年2～6月在沈阳军区总医院眼科就诊的34例(37只眼)合并牵拉性视网膜脱离的PDR患者,分为雷珠单抗玻璃体注射联合玻璃体切除术(IVR/PPV)组及单纯玻璃体切除术(PPV)组.IVR/PPV组术前1周注射雷珠单抗0.5 mg.观察两组手术中出血量(积液盒红细胞平均计数)、手术时间、术后短、长期再出血发生率及视力预后的差异.结果 随访6个月,总共29例(31只眼)最终纳入研究,其中IVR/PPV组12只眼,单纯PPV组19只眼.IVR/PPV组术中出血量(平均红细胞计数)为(79±62.24)×106/mL,显著低于单纯PPV组的(156.54±123.2) ×106/mL,差异有统计学意义(t=2.315,P=0.028),手术时间(79.47± 15.44) min也显著低于单纯PPV组(102.08±22.2) min,差异有统计学意义(t=3.087,P=0.006).两组患者术后视力均较术前显著提高,差异有统计学意义(t =4.92,5.75;P=0.01,0.000),但两组间的视力预后及术后再出血发生率差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 术前雷珠单抗玻璃体注射,能显著减少PDR患者玻璃体切除手术中出血及手术时间,为复杂糖尿病史网膜患者的手术治疗提供了便利.     

Effect of intravitreal ranibizumab on fibrovascular membranes in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy

AIM: To assess the effects of intravitreal ranibizumab (IVR) on angiogenesis and glial activity of the fibrovascular membrane (FVM) in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR).METHODS: Forty-two eyes from 42 patients with PDR requiring vitrectomy were included and divided into two groups: control group (n=16) did not receive IVR, while IVR group (n=26) underwent IVR 5d before vitrectomy. FVM specimens were collected by the same surgeon during the interventions. Histopathological morphology was examined by hematoxylin-eosin (H-E) staining and cell densities in the FVM was assessed. Microvessels were outlined by immunohistochemical staining of CD31 and microvessel density (MVD) assessed as an index of FVM angiogenesis. Dual-color immunofluorescence staining, and confocal microscopy was used to detect co-localization and relative expression levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) as markers of glial-mesenchymal transition (GMT). The GMT index (GI; ratio of relative GFAP/α-SMA expression) was used to semi-quantify the degree of GMT or glial activity of FVMs.RESULTS: H-E staining showed similar vascularization in both groups, with microvessels and scattered stromal cells in the matrix. Infiltrated cell densities did not differ significantly between the two groups (P>0.05). The MVD of the IVR group (130.62±15.46/mm2) was significantly lower than that of the controls (142.25±19.16/mm2, P<0.05). In both groups, all sections were strongly immunostained for GFAP and α-SMA. The Pearson’s correlation coefficients (PCC) of intensity of automated pixel count of two markers indicated GFAP and α-SMA co-stained well and GMT participated in the remolding of FVMs in PDR. The mean relative GFAP expression in the IVR group was significantly lower, whereas that of α-SMA was significantly higher than in controls (P<0.05). GI in the IVR group (1.10±0.10) was significantly lower than in the controls (1.21±0.12, P<0.05).CONCLUSION: IVR can reduce angiogenesis, glial activity of FVM and promote glial-fibrotic transformation by reducing MVD and promoting GMT but does not decrease the cell density in patients with PDR.     

Effect of intravitreal conbercept treatment before vitrectomy in proliferative diabetic retinopathy

AIM: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of intravitreal conbercept (IVC) injections as pretreatment for pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) in severe proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). METHODS: This was a retrospective chart review of all patients who underwent PPV for PDR from January 2014 to October 2016. Patients who underwent IVC injection before PPV were assigned to the IVC group; the others were assigned to the control group. The IVC was performed 3-7d before surgery in the IVC group. All the eyes in the two groups were operated by the same doctor to complete the vitrectomy. Intraoperative complications and the changes in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) before and after surgery were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: A total of 68 eyes of 63 patients (22 eyes in the IVC group and 46 eyes in the control group) were examined. The risk of intraoperative bleeding was lower in the IVC group (2/22) than in the control group (25/46, P=0.000). Furthermore, the use of endodiathermy was significantly lower in the IVC group (1/22) than in the control group (12/46, P=0.047). The surgical time in the IVC group (112.64±34.52min) was significantly shorter than in the control group (132.85±40.04min, P<0.05). Compared to the BCVA before surgery, the mean BCVA was significantly improved after surgery for both groups (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: PPV is an effective treatment and can improve vision in patients with PDR. Preoperative intravitreal injection of conbercept could reduce the chances of intraoperative bleeding and the use of endodiathermy and shorten the operative time, which are beneficial in the management of PDR.     

Analysis of the clinical efficacy of intravitreal bevacizumab in the treatment of iris neovascularization caused by proliferative diabetic retinopathy

Purpose: To evaluate the therapeutic effect of intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin^®) (IVB) in the treatment of iris neovascularization (INV) in proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). Methods: A retrospective analysis on data collected from 28 eyes of 22 patients with PDR was performed. The analysis included grading of INV, visual acuity (VA) and intraocular pressure (IOP) prior to and after IVB treatment. Results: Significant regression was noted in 20 eyes (71.4%); six eyes (21.4%) showed partial regression; no change or worsening was observed in two eyes (7.2%). VA (measured with a Snellen acuity chart) improved in five eyes (17.9%) while the remaining 23 eyes (82.1%) had no improvement. In the 11 eyes with preoperative neovascular glaucoma, IOP decreased in 10 eyes (91%) and increased in one eye (9%) after treatment. Conclusion: IVB treatment of INV in PDR patients shows a promising short‐term result. Further studies are needed to evaluate long‐term results.     

Analysis of HLA antigen association with proliferative diabetic retinopathy.

One hundred and thirteen patients with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus for at least 15 years were typed for 22 HLA antigens of the A and B series. Fifty-six patients had severe bilateral proliferative retinopathy and 57 had no retinopathy. There was no statistical difference in frequency of HLA antigens between the 2 groups of diabetic patients. There was a significantly higher frequency of HLA B15 and a significant lower frequency of HLA B14, B17 in the combined diabetic groups than in a control population of 200 normal blood donors.     

玻璃体腔内注射贝伐单抗对增生性糖尿病视网膜病变玻璃体手术的影响

目的:评估术前1wk玻璃体腔内注射贝伐单抗对增生性糖尿病视网膜病变(PDR)玻璃体手术(PPV)的效果。方法:对46例PDR患者进行回顾性研究,46例患者随机分为玻璃体手术(PPV)组(n=28)和IVB组(n=18,PPV术前注射贝伐单抗)。玻璃体术前1wk注射贝伐单抗,比较两组间视力,医源性视网膜裂孔发生率,术中和术后出血情况。结果:术后1mo,PPV组和IVB组视力都明显提高(82.1%对88.9%)(P<0.01),两组间并无明显差异。医源性视网膜裂孔发生率PPV组18例,IVB组4例(64.3%对22.2%)(P<0.05)。术中出血PPV组28例,IVB组7例(100%对39%)(P<0.01),术后出血PPV组9例,IVB组0例(32.1%对0)(P<0.01)。结论:术前注射贝伐单抗可以减少增生性糖尿病视网膜病变玻璃体手术中医源性视网膜裂孔、术中出血和术后出血发生率。     

Effect of intravitreal bevacizumab injection before vitrectomy on proliferative diabetic retinopathy

AIM: To evaluate the effect of intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) injection 1 week before pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) in proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) patients. METHODS: A retrospective research was done on 46 PDR patients who were divided into PPV group (n=28) and IVB group (n =18, PPV with preoperative IVB). Bevacizumab was injected 1 week before PPV. Main outcome measures were visual acuity, incidence of iatrogenic retinal breaks, intraoperative and postoperative bleeding. RESULTS: At 1 month after surgery, visual acuity in PPV (82.1%) and IVB group (88.9%) improved significantly (P＜0.01) and the difference between the two groups was not significant (P＞0.05). Iatrogenic retinal breaks were reported in 18 cases (64.3%) in PPV group and 4 cases (22.2%) in IVB group (P＜0.05). Intraoperative bleeding was encountered in all cases in PPV group and 7 cases (39%) in IVB group (P＜0.01). Postoperative bleeding was reported in 9 cases (32.1%) in PPV group and none in IVB group (P＜0.01). CONCLUSION: IVB injection before PPV is helpful in reducing iatrogenic retinal breaks, intraoperative and postoperative bleeding in PDR patients.     

Laser photocoagulation combined with intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide injection in proliferative diabetic retinopathy with macular edema

PURPOSE: To evaluate therapeutic effects and usefulness of a combination treatment of intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide (IVTA) and panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) in patients with clinically significant macular edema secondary to proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). METHODS: Visual acuity test, fundoscopy, fluorescein angiography, and optical coherence tomography (OCT) were taken in 20 patients (20 eyes) of macular edema and PDR. A combination of intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide and PRP was performed in 10 patients (10 eyes) and a combination of focal or grid laser photocoaqulation and PRP in the remaining 10 eyes. The postoperative outcomes were compared between the two combination treatments by best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), tonometry, fluorescein angiography, and OCT at 2 weeks, 1, 2, and 3 months. RESULTS: Average BCVA (log MAR) significantly improved from preoperative 0.56-/+0.20 to 0.43-/+0.08 at 1 month (P=0.042) and it was maintained until 3 months after a combination of IVTA and PRP in 10 eyes (P=0.007). The thickness of fovea decreased from average 433.3-/+114.9 micrometer to average 279.5-/+34.1 micrometer at 2 weeks after combined treatment of IVTA and PRP (P=0.005), which was significantly maintained until 3 months, but there was a transient visual disturbance and no significant difference in thickness of the fovea before and after treatment in the groups with PRP and focal or grid laser photocoagulation. CONCLUSIONS: A combination of IVTA and PRP might be an effective treatment modality in the treatment of macular edema and PDR and prevent the subsequent PRP-induced macular edema result in visual dysfunction. In combination with PRP, IVTA might be more effective than focal or grid laser photocoagulation and PRP for reducing diabetic macular edema and preventing aggravation of macular edema without transient visual disturbance in patients requiring immediate PRP.     

Regression of iris neovascularization after intravitreal injection of bevacizumab in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy

PURPOSE: To assess the short-term safety and efficacy of intravitreal injection of bevacizumab for iris neovascularization (INV). DESIGN: Noncomparative, interventional case series. METHODS: Intravitreal bevacizumab was injected in seven eyes of five patients with INV that was associated with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). The main outcome measurements were visual acuity, intraocular pressure (IOP), and regression of INV by fluorescein angiography before and one week, one month, and two months after injection. RESULTS: Regression of INV was confirmed in all eyes (100%) from one week after injection. Repeated injections stabilized the recurrence (two eyes; 29%) that was observed two months after the initial injection. The visual acuity remained stable or improved, and the intraocular pressure was controlled in six eyes (86%) throughout the follow-up period. No inflammation or complications were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Intravitreal injection of bevacizumab may be an effective and safe alternative for patients with INV that is refractory to conventional treatments.     

贝伐单抗玻璃体腔注射对PDR伴玻璃体积血的治疗效果

目的：观察玻璃体内注射贝伐单抗对增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变( proliferative diabetic retinopathy, PDR )伴玻璃体积血的治疗效果。
　　方法：选择2013-01/2015-08于我院诊断为PDR伴玻璃体积血的患者共46例50眼,其中28例30眼接受贝伐单抗治疗,设为注药组;另外18例20眼作为对照组,对照组除未接受贝伐单抗注射外其他治疗方法及随诊等均同注药组。观察记录两组患者4 wk 后玻璃体积血吸收情况、术后最佳矫正视力、玻璃体再出血等情况。对于两组患者,贝伐单抗注射后每周随访,若出血吸收,眼底可看清,则及时行荧光素眼底血管造影及视网膜激光治疗;注药后4wk,若玻璃体积血无明显吸收或积血加重者,或随访过程中出现视网膜牵引脱离者,则及时行玻璃体切除术(pars plana vitrectoly,PPV),随诊时间3lo。
　　结果：随访3 lo后,两组患者共避免玻璃体切除术10眼,其中注药组9眼(30%),对照组1眼(5%),两组间比较差异有统计学意义(χ2=6.108, P=0.0171)。随访3 lo后注药组视力提高19眼(63%),对照组视力提高7眼(35%),组间比较差异有统计学意义(χ2=6.102,P=0.014)。两组患者中共40眼行玻璃体切除手术,注药组21眼中有5眼玻璃体腔硅油填充(24%),对照组19眼中有12眼玻璃体腔硅油填充(63%),硅油填充眼数比较差异有统计学意义(χ2=5.2849,P=0.0137)。
　　结论：贝伐单抗玻璃体腔注射后可以使部分PDR伴玻璃体积血患者避免玻璃体切除手术,降低手术难度,减少眼内硅油填充率和术后再出血,提高术后视力。     

糖尿病视网膜病变玻璃体手术中应用曲安奈德的并发症观察

目的:讨论糖尿病视网膜病变玻璃体手术中应用曲安奈德的并发症.方法:回顾性分析2005-02/2007-01在我院进行的18例玻璃体手术中应用曲安奈德的增生性糖尿病视网膜病变患者手术后的反应.结果:手术后随访3～6(平均4.6)mo,出现高眼压2例;假性前房积脓1例;手术后玻璃体再出血3例;3例视网膜表面及黄斑区曲安奈德沉积.结论:手术后出现的假性前房积脓、视网膜表面及黄斑区曲安奈德沉积等并发症可不用特殊处理,自行吸收.术后出现的高眼压可通过降眼压药物治疗.手术后出现的玻璃体再出血可在药物不能吸收时通过再次手术治疗.     

玻璃体腔注射雷珠单抗治疗严重增生型糖尿病视网膜病变的临床观察

目的：：分析并探讨玻璃体腔注射雷珠单抗治疗严重增生型糖尿病视网膜病变的临床效果。方法：选取2012-05/2015-05在我院接受治疗的严重增生型糖尿病视网膜疾病患者120例120眼,根据病情及患者意愿分为观察组与对照组,每组60例60眼。两组患者在术前均进行超声检查、超声生物显微镜检查、眼底照相、眼压检查等一系列眼部检查。两组患者均行玻璃体切割手术,在此基础上,观察组联合注射雷珠单抗,对照组仅行玻璃体切割手术。结果：观察组治疗有效率为80.0％,对照组治疗有效率为61.7％。观察组治疗有效率明显高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义( P<0.05)。观察组术后眼压为14.96±3.53mmHg,LogMAR BCVA为0.82±0.21。对照组术后眼压为15.04±3.84mmHg,LogMAR BCVA为1.05±0.22。两组患者治疗后眼压无统计学意义( P>0.05), LogMAR BCVA与治疗前相比有明显差异,观察组更加明显,具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组患者治疗后炎症因子浓度存在显著差异,具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论：玻璃体腔注射雷珠单抗治疗严重增生型糖尿病视网膜病变的临床效果显著,值得推广。     

雷珠单抗玻璃体内注射对增生型糖尿病视网膜病变玻璃体切割术效果的影响

目的　探讨术前玻璃体内注射雷珠单抗对增生型糖尿病视网膜病变（ｐｒｏｌｉｆｅｒａｔｉｖｅｄｉａｂｅｔｉｃｒｅｔｉｎｏｐａｔｈｙ,ＰＤＲ）患者行经平坦部玻璃体切割术（ｐａｒｓｐｌａｎａｖｉｔｒｅｃｔｏｍｙ,ＰＰＶ）效果的影响。方法　回顾性分析１５７例行ＰＰＶ的ＰＤＲ患者,分为ＰＰＶ术前７ｄ行玻璃体内雷珠单抗注射组（Ａ组）及未注射组（Ｂ组）。观察并比较两组ＰＰＶ术中医源性裂孔的发生、填充物应用和术后玻璃体再出血、高眼压及最佳矫正视力情况。结果　Ａ组患者术中医源性裂孔发生占５．６１％,术中填充物应用者占３８．２１％,术后玻璃体再出血者占１５．７３％,术后高眼压者占４３．８２％,治疗稳定后最佳矫正视力＞０．３者占５３．９３％;Ｂ组患者术中医源性裂孔发生占１４．８６％,术中填充物应用者占５５．４１％,术后玻璃体再出血者占３３．７８％,术后高眼压者占５９．４５％,治疗稳定后最佳矫正视力＞０．３者占２１．６２％,两组各项指标比较差异均有统计学意义（Ｐ＝０．０４、０．０２、０．００、０．０４、０．００）。结论　ＰＤＲ患者ＰＰＶ术前行玻璃体内雷珠单抗注射能减少术中医源性裂孔的发生及玻璃体腔填充物的应用,降低术后玻璃体腔再出血及高眼压发生的几率,并可使患者获得较好的术后视力。     

23G玻璃体切割术前、术中辅助玻璃体内注射康柏西普治疗增生型糖尿病视网膜病变(PDR)的疗效分析

目的 对比分析23G玻璃体切割术前、术中辅助玻璃体内注射康柏西普对增生型糖尿病视网膜病变(proliferative diabetic retinopathy,PDR)疗效及手术相关并发症的影响.方法 回顾性分析南昌大学第二附属医院2015年1月至2016年2月收治的PDR患者42例(42眼)的资料,其中22例在行23G玻璃体切割术前1周于玻璃体内注射康柏西普0.05 mL(A组);另外20例在行23G玻璃体切割术完毕时于玻璃体内注射康柏西普0.05 mL(B组).观察两组患眼手术时间,术后玻璃体内出血情况,术中、术后其他指标及最佳矫正视力等的差异.结果 A组手术完成时间、电凝止血率、医源性裂孔发生率及术中出血率均低于B组.两组术后6个月视力比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),但两组术前、术后视力相比差异均有统计学意义(均为P ＜0.05).术后早期玻璃体出血(≤1个月);A组有4眼(18.2％),B组有3眼(15.0％),两组相比差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).术后晚期玻璃体出血(＞1个月);A组6眼(27.3％),B组未发现玻璃体内出血,两组相比差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).随访期间A组有3眼因术后玻璃体再出血,需再次手术,再次手术率13.6％;B组有2眼术后发生牵拉性视网膜脱离,需再次手术治疗,再次手术率10.0％.视网膜激光光凝补充治疗:A组需(2.3±1.0)次,B组需(1.4±0.6)次,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 23G玻璃体切割术中联合康柏西普治疗PDR可有效预防术后早晚期出血,为术后激光补充治疗提供有利条件,减少激光补充治疗次数;而术前联合康柏西普治疗PDR可缩短手术时间,减少术中并发症发生,降低术后早期出血率.