急性胸椎间盘突出症的手术治疗的探讨

[目的]探讨急性胸椎间盘突出症的手术治疗方法和结果。[方法]本组6例（其中男4例，女2例；年龄31-58岁，平均45.4岁）急性胸椎间盘空础症患者进行经关节突入路手术治疗。术后经3-9个月随访。平均6个月，按照Frankel评分分级评估。[结果]5例出现明显的神经功能改善，包括肢体的感觉，运动功能和大小便功能，另1例术后截瘫未见明显改善。[结论]利用经关节突后外侧手术入路的手术方法治疗急性胸椎间盘突出症，解除损伤节段的压迫，取得较好手术效果。     

胸椎间盘突出症的外科治疗

目的 探讨胸椎间盘突出症的临床特点、手术与术后近期疗效的关系。方法 17例胸椎间盘突出症患者均行后方入路侧前方减压术，其中3例合并颈、腰椎间盘突出症患者先后或同时予以手术。结果 全部病例术后症状无加重，14例得到随访，平均4年2个月(6个月～6年)，优良率78．4％(11／14)。结论 临床表现以胸髓损害为主，侧前方减压摘除椎间盘是手术治疗胸椎间盘突出症的安全、有效方法，同时应注意勿忽视多发椎间盘突出症(颈、腰)等合并病变的处理。     

胸椎间盘突出症的诊断和手术治疗

目的探讨胸椎间盘突出症的鉴别诊断及经关节突入路的手术效果。方法对8例胸椎间盘突出症选择经关节突入路手术干预,随访4~60个月,平均18个月。结果参照Otani分级标准进行疗效评定,优5例,良2例,一般1例。结论胸椎间盘突出症以下胸椎多见,因其发病率低,症状不典型,易致漏诊。临床上须提高警惕,熟悉诊断要点。有症状的胸椎间盘突出症一经确诊应早期手术。经关节突入路治疗胸椎间盘突出症,具有便于掌握、疗效满意和手术安全性高等优点。     

症状性胸椎间盘突出症手术治疗进展

胸椎间盘突出症（thoracic disc herniation，TDH）是一种少见病。首例文献记载的胸椎间盘突出来自于1911年的1例尸检报告。胸椎间盘突出症这个名称是Mixter等在1934年首先提出来的。本症的发病率仅占整个脊椎椎间盘突出症的0．25％～0．75％。Benson报道占椎间盘突出症的0．5％。该病发病早期临床表现缺乏特异性，故诊断较困难，延误诊断时有发生。近20年来随着CT扫描和MRI检查的临床应用，明显提高了胸椎间盘突出症的诊断率，同时亦发现大量无症状性胸椎间盘突出及胸段多间盘病变。由于部分患者为无症状胸椎间盘突出，多数学者认为无症状患者无需手术，故手术率仅占整个脊椎椎间盘手术的0．22％～1．5％。据报道，症状性胸椎间盘突出症（prolapse of thoracic disc，PTD）发生率为每年百万分之一，仅0．02％～0．18％的患者需要手术治疗。Singounas（1992年）报告胸椎间盘突出并脊髓压迫的发生率仅在0．15％～0．8％，T8-9椎间盘突出最常见。     

经椎间孔入路治疗颈胸段外伤性椎间盘突出症

目的：探讨颈胸交界区外伤性椎间盘突出症的治疗方法。方法：自2003年至2008年急诊收治10例创伤性颈胸段椎间盘突出患者,男6例,女4例;年龄23-66岁,平均41．5岁;急诊行经椎间孔入路椎间盘摘除,同期后路椎弓根钉棒固定,术后予以高压氧治疗。采取JOA评分标准,从肢体感觉,运动,膀胱功能等方面进行疗效评定。结果：所有患者均获随访,时间8—16个月,平均13个月。1例完全性脊髓损伤患者,脊髓功能无恢复,其余9例患者感觉运动功能均有不同程度的恢复。JOA评分由术前平均（8±3）分至术后平均（15±2）分,差异有统计学意义。结论：对于外伤性颈胸段椎间盘突出症早期采用经椎间孔入路实施椎间盘切除术可以获得安全有效的脊髓减压,有利于功能恢复。     

单间隙植骨融合术治疗外伤性颈椎间盘突出症

[目的]探讨颈前路减压单间隙植骨融合内固定术治疗外伤性颈椎间盘突出症的治疗效果.[方法]本组31例,均采用前路减压单间隙植骨融合内固定.[结果]本组病例均获随访,随访时间1～3年,平均2年.按Odom评分,优17例,良11例,满意3例,优良率90％.[结论]颈前路减压单间隙植骨融合内固定术是外伤性颈椎间盘突出症较好的治疗方法.     

胸椎间盘突出症的诊断和手术治疗(附15例报告)

目的：探讨胸椎间盘突出症的临床表现、诊断及手术效果。方法：回顾15例胸椎间盘突出症的临床特点及影像学改变、手术治疗方法。全椎板切除减压椎间盘摘除3例，侧前方或侧后方入路摘除椎间盘8例，全椎板切除侧后方入路摘除椎间盘4例，随访1－10年，手术优良率达80％。结论：理学、CT或MRI检查对确诊与定位有重要价值。根据椎间盘突出的大小、位置等情况可选择其入路。侧前方或侧后方入路及全椎板切除侧后方入路摘除椎间盘是治疗胸椎间盘突出症的有效、较安全术式。     

胸腰段椎间盘突出症的诊断与治疗

目的探讨胸腰段椎间盘突出症的临床诊断和治疗方法。方法4例病人分别为T11-12、T12-L1、L1-2、L2-3椎间盘突出症,均行手术治疗,下胸段2例采用半椎板和部分肋骨头及椎弓根切除,行椎管减压及胸椎问盘切除,极高位腰椎间盘突出症患者采用椎板大部分切除,椎管减压髓核切除术。结果4例瘫痪症状明显好转,随访6月～9年,2例下胸段手术患者,恢复正常工作,但踝震挛仍轻度存在,上腰段2例患者,1例全部恢复,1例瘫痪症状在恢复中。结论瘫痪为胸腰段椎间盘突出症的首发临床症状,而腰痛及自下而上的进行性双下肢无力是其突出物渐进性压迫脊髓的表现,胸腰段MRI检查可以确诊,有症状者早期手术,可免于瘫痪。     

经关节突入路治疗胸椎间盘突出症的疗效分析

[目的]评价经关节突入路的手术方法治疗胸椎间盘突出症的效果。[方法]对本院2000年1月，2004年1月手术治疗的胸椎间盘突出症患者进行统计，获得随访的前外侧入路20例，经关节突入路22例，进行回顾性分析。使用SPSS 11．5对临床数据进行统计学处理。[结果]在手术时间上经关节突入路优于前外侧入路，在手术中出血量、临床症状改善率以及神经损伤发生率上两种手术方式没有显著差异性。[结论]经关节突入路治疗胸椎间盘突出症可以缩短手术时间，但在术中出血量、再手术率以及神经损伤发生率上与常规的前外侧入路没有统计学上的差异。     

胸椎间盘突出症的手术治疗

目的：研究分析胸椎间盘突出症患者的手术治疗效果。方法：回顾性分析30例胸椎间盘突出症的临床表现、影像学特征和手术治疗方法。结果：后路全椎板切除减压5例,侧后方或侧前方入路摘除致压物14例,后路全椎板切除、侧后方入路摘除致压物11例。术后随访1－8年,手术优良率达83．4％。结论：胸椎侧后方或侧前方入路摘除椎间盘及后路全椎板切除侧后方入路摘除椎间盘是手术治疗胸椎间盘突出症的有效术式。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.