300名儿童血铅与发铅的调查

检测了江苏省３所中小城市３００名儿童的发铅与血铅。结果显示这批儿童血铅含量男为１０．２±５．１μｇ／ｄｌ，女为１０．２±４．６μｇ／ｄｌ；发铅男７．５±４．１μｇ／ｇ，女６．８±３．８μｇ／ｇ。发铅与血铅的相关性差，男ｒ＝０．０６６３Ｐ＝０．４１５，女ｒ＝０．０１１Ｐ＝０．１８６。调查结果还显示男童中有４７％，女童中有３７％的人血铅浓度大于１０μｇ／ｄｌ，提示环境铅污染已经严重威胁了儿童的健康     

某土壤铅污染地区人群生物材料铅含量分析

目的对某土壤铅污染地区人群生物材料样品(血液、头发、指甲)中的铅含量进行比较分析。方法2007年11月以某地蓄电池厂旧址及周围远近距离不同的4个村(1个污染村,2个轻度污染村,1个对照村)、居住5 a以上的居民共752人为研究对象,用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定研究对象血液、头发、指甲中的铅含量。结果污染村成人、儿童血铅浓度中位数分别为80.50、96.50μg/L,轻度污染村分别为61.50、79.05和57.85、60.00μg/L,对照村为50.20、55.40μg/L,污染村高于其他各村(P<0.05);污染村成人、儿童发铅含量中位数分别为20.81、26.74μg/g,轻度污染村分别为10.32、13.32μg/g和7.91、9.41μg/g,对照村为6.31、7.09μg/g,污染村成人高于其他各村(P<0.05),各村儿童发铅之间差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);污染村成人、儿童指甲铅含量中位数分别为20.66、38.76μg/g,轻度污染村分别为7.69、20.61μg/g和8.88、19.07μg/g,对照村为6.61、22.36μg/g,污染村成人、儿童指甲铅含量均高于其他村(P<0.05)...     

苏州市75例交警发铅水平调查

本次调查随机抽取了苏州市区 75名交警为研究对象 ,86名苏医师生为对照组 ,采用石墨炉 -原子吸收分光光度法测定发铅含量。结果显示交警组发铅水平高于对照组 ,有统计学差异。表明本市空气中的铅污染将会对他们的健康造成一定的损害     

苏州市75列交警发铅水平调查

本次调查随机抽取了苏州市区７５名交警为研究对象，８６名苏医师生为对照组，采用石墨炉一原子吸收分光光度法测定发铅含。结果显示交警组发铅水平高于对照组，有统计学差异。表明本市空气中的铅污染将会对他们的健康造成一定的损害。     

兰州市儿童血铅水平与环境铅污染的关系

儿童铅中毒已成为世人瞩目的重要的环境卫生问题.兰州市有色冶金、蓄电池、油漆、石油化工、汽车修理和机械加工等企业较多,铁路、公路运输比较发达.特别是兰州市的特殊地形,坐落于峡谷地带,四面环山,大气逆温层厚,全年静风日长,大气环境较差,影响空气污染物的稀释扩散.     

某市土壤、饮用水铅水平与儿童血铅、尿铅相关性研究

目的：探讨某市使用无铅汽油对儿童环境铅暴露和血铅、尿铅水平的影响。方法：分层随机抽样选择某市位于郊区的对照组、远离交通主干道的居民区和交通主干道的幼儿园各两所，分别测定土壤和饮用水铅含量。每个幼儿园随机抽取3～6岁儿童50名，检测血铅、尿铅水平，分析变化趋势和相关性。结果：对照组、居民区组和交通主干道组土壤和饮用水铅含量依次升高，其中交通主干道组土壤铅高达25．30mg／kg，3组自来水铅均不超标。对照组、居民区组和交通主干道组儿童血铅和尿铅含量逐渐升高，交通主干道组血铅值超过儿童铅中毒的血铅水平。血铅与尿铅问存在显著正相关。结论：尽管已停用含铅汽油，但对环境和儿童健康的潜在影响仍然存在。     

婴儿血铅与母亲血铅和乳铅等因素的相关性研究

目的了解婴儿血铅与母亲血铅和乳铅等因素的相关关系,为防治儿童铅中毒提供参考依据。方法2002年11至12月,采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法,测定厦门市177名0～11个月的婴儿及其母亲的血铅,并对小儿出生情况及其母亲、家庭环境等相关因素进行问卷调查。结果177例婴儿血铅的几何均值为(0.37±0.15)μmol/L,范围为0.12～1.36μmol/L,≥0.48μmol/L者46例(占25.99%);母亲血铅的均值为(0.50±0.14)μmol/L,范围为0.21～2.38μmol/L;177例中有160例为母乳喂养儿,其中105例采集出乳汁,乳铅的几何均值为(0.17±0.08)μmol/L,婴儿血铅与母亲的血铅和乳铅密切相关,表明母体的铅可以通过乳汁影响到婴儿血铅水平。旧商业区婴儿的血铅、婴儿母亲乳铅水平均高于其他地区,婴儿血铅水平主要与母亲血铅、婴儿月龄和母亲在职等呈正相关关系,而与母亲身高等因素呈负相关关系。结论母乳喂养儿的血铅水平除了与母亲血铅水平相关外,还与乳铅密切相关,因此在婴儿喂养方式的选择和家庭抚育行为方面须引起重视。     

阳泉煤矿地区儿童血铅水平调查分析

【目的】了解阳泉煤矿地区儿童的血铅水平及其影响因素,为有效干预提供理论依据。【方法】采用分层抽样法对阳泉市矿区、郊区、市区的0~13岁1 029名儿童,进行血铅水平测定及问卷调查。【结果】阳泉三区儿童血铅均值分别为矿区组(5.11±3.03)μg/L、市区组(3.74±2.06)μg/L、郊区组(2.99±2.44)μg/L。矿区高于市区和郊区,差异有显著性(P0.05)。6~13岁年龄段血铅水平(4.36±2.70)μg/L,高于小年龄段,差异有显著性(P0.05)。男童血铅水平(4.01±2.77)μg/L、女童为(3.86±2.57)μg/L,差异无显著性(P0.05)。【结论】矿区儿童血铅水平较高,煤矿环境铅污染可能是危害阳泉儿童健康的重要原因之一,应引起高度重视并采取有效的干预措施。     

职业铅接触者血铅、发铅、尿铅相关性的研究

本文通过对32名铅蓄电池制造工和36名排字工的血铅、发铅、尿铅的相关性研究,发现血铅/发铅(r=0.604),血铅/尿铅(r=0.548)均呈高度显著性相关(P<0.0005),故认为血铅是铅接触工人较好的健康监护指标。文章还进一步探讨了发铅作为铅接触者活体生物检测材料的应用前景。     

Correlation between maternal and cord blood lead levels

Whole blood lead levels were estimated by atomic absorption analysis in 226 blood samples from 113 mothers of 23 different nationalities. Samples were collected before delivery, and from cord blood from their respective neonates. The concentrations of blood lead were within the expected range of occupationally unexposed populations. Mean maternal blood lead levels were 0.72 0.10 mumol/l (14.9 2.14 mug/dl), range 0.32-1.34 mumol/l (6.6-27.8 mug/dl) and mean cord blood levels were 0.64 0.12 mumol/l (range 0.29-1.46 mumol/l). Sixteen percent of the mothers and nearly 10% cord blood samples were found to have blood lead level greater than 0.97 mumol/l (20 mug/dl). Very high levels, in excess of 1.21 mumol/l (25 mug/dl), were detected in 3.5% of mothers as compared to 2.6% of cord blood samples. Out of 113 infants, 65 (58%) were males with a mean cord blood lead level of 0.63 mumol/l and 48 (42%) were females with a mean level of 0.66 muol/l. The lowest maternal blood lead levels 0.68 mumol/l were observed in ages 20 to 25 years old, and lowest cord blood levels 0.58 mumol/l were seen in maternal age of less than 20 years old. On the other hand, the highest maternal and cord blood lead levels (0.82 and 0.75 mumol/l, respectively) were observed in maternal ages of greater than 35 years old. The results show a direct correlation of blood lead level between mothers and umbilical cord as seen in the linear regression distribution curve.     

A study of pediatric blood lead levels in a lead mining area in South Africa

This study aimed to determine the blood lead distributions among young children in the lead mining town of Aggeneys in South Africa's Northern Cape Province, and in the comparison community of Pella, about 40 Km away. A further objective of the study was to explore factors associated with elevated blood lead levels. Children aged between 6 and 10 years (average age, 8 years) were studied, 86 from Aggeneys and 68 from Pella. The results showed that blood lead levels among the children of Aggeneys averaged around 16 microg/dL, while in Pella the mean blood lead level equaled 13 microg/dL. Overall, children with raised blood lead levels performed less well at school relative to other children. Within Aggeneys, fathers of "high" lead children tended to shower at work rather than at home, which may have been insufficient to prevent lead from being transported into the home. In conclusion, more stringent environmental control measures are needed, as well as stricter personal hygiene measures, to prevent childhood lead exposure in the mining community.     

职业性慢性铅中毒患者血铅与血常规及网织红细胞参数相关性分析

目的 了解职业性慢性铅中毒患者血铅与血常规及网织红细胞参数的相关性,为职业性慢性铅中毒辅助诊断和疗效观察提供科学依据。
方法 选择117例职业性慢性铅中毒患者和住院排铅患者为研究组,选取同期来院健康体检的105名正常人为健康体检组,用全自动血细胞分析仪测定两组血常规及网织红细胞参数,分析血铅水平与这些指标的相关性。
结果 铅中毒组网织红细胞（RET）显著高于健康体检组、接铅正常组及铅吸收组（P < 0.05）;三个研究组弱荧光强度网织红细胞（LFR）均高于健康体检组,中荧光强度网织红细胞（MFR）、未成熟网织红细胞指数（IRF）、网织红细胞成熟指数（RMI）均低于健康体检组,差异均有统计学意义（P < 0.05）;铅中毒组强荧光强度网织红细胞（HFR）低于接铅正常组和铅吸收组（P < 0.05）。血铅水平与RET呈正相关（r=0.477,P < 0.01）,与血红蛋白（HGB）计数呈负相关（r=-0.203,P < 0.05）,与白细胞（WBC）计数呈负相关（r=-0.203,P < 0.05）,与血小板（PLT）呈负相关（r=-0.192,P < 0.05）。
结论 职业性慢性铅中毒对患者的血常规及网织红细胞参数存在一定影响,网织红细胞相关参数可作为铅中毒患者的早期辅助诊断指标。
     

Determinants of bone and blood lead levels among minorities living in the Boston area

We measured blood and bone lead levels among minority individuals who live in some of Boston's neighborhoods with high minority representation. Compared with samples of predominantly white subjects we had studied before, the 84 volunteers in this study (33:67 male:female ratio; 31-72 years of age) had similar educational, occupational, and smoking profiles and mean blood, tibia, and patella lead levels (3 microg/dL, 11.9 microg/g, and 14.2 microg/g, respectively) that were also similar. The slopes of the univariate regressions of blood, tibia, and patella lead versus age were 0.10 microg/dL/year (p < 0.001), 0.45 microg/g/year (p < 0.001), and 0.73 microg/g/year (p < 0.001), respectively. Analyses of smoothing curves and regression lines for tibia and patella lead suggested an inflection point at 55 years of age, with slopes for subjects greater than or equal to 55 years of age that were not only steeper than those of younger subjects but also substantially steeper than those observed for individuals > 55 years of age in studies of predominantly white participants. This apparent racial disparity at older ages may be related to differences in historic occupational and/or environmental exposures, or possibly the lower rates of bone turnover that are known to occur in postmenopausal black women. The higher levels of lead accumulation seen in this age group are of concern because such levels have been shown in other studies to predict elevated risks of chronic disease such as hypertension and cognitive dysfunction. Additional research on bone lead levels in minorities and their socioeconomic and racial determinants is needed.     

Impact of lead transport on children's blood and environmental lead levels

Introduction: A lead monitoring project was established in 1996 to monitor the environmental and health effects of lead being transported through a remote town in tarpaulin‐covered trucks. Methods: Dust samples from sites on the transport route were collected at 3–6 monthly intervals between 1996 and 1999. Annual blood lead testing clinics, offering voluntary testing to children, were conducted from 1997 to 1999. Results: Of the 55 dust samples analysed, only nine contained particles of lead concentrate and these were present at very low levels. During the project 167 children were tested. The geometic mean of blood lead levels in 1997, 1998 and 1999 were 4.5 μg/dL, 5.0 μg/dL and 5.1 μg/dL, respectively (all within the normal range). Residence on the transport route was not associated with higher lead levels (P > 0.05). Conclusions: Lead transport was not associated with any detectable environmental contamination or increase in children's blood lead levels.     

学龄前儿童血铅水平与智商相关性分析

铅是神经毒性为主的重金属元素,对中枢和周围神经系统均有明显的损害作用。学龄前儿童神经系统正处于快速生长及成熟阶段,对铅毒性尤为敏感。儿童多为慢性铅中毒,其发展是一个缓慢、渐进的过程。铅的神经毒性作用往往在明显的临床表现出现之前的亚临床阶段即能危害儿童的行为发育,特别是智力发育,而且是不可逆的损害。人体血铅水平是了解人体体内铅含量的最佳指标。为了明确学龄前儿童血铅水平与智商水平的相互关系,对血铅检测超标和不超标的5～6岁儿童进行智商评测,并对其血铅水平和智商进行对比分析,现报道如下。     

Prediction of children's blood lead levels on the basis of household-specific soil lead levels

To help guide policy decisions about removing lead-contaminated soils, the authors estimated a regression model for predicting a child's blood lead level on the basis of his or her household-specific soil lead level. The data analyzed were blood lead levels (1-45 micrograms/dl) and household-specific soil lead levels (53-20,700 ppm) of 596 children aged 1-5 years who lived in the Helena Valley of Montana and the Silver Valley of Idaho during August 1983. A non-threshold, multiple linear regression model indicated that the estimated mean natural log transformed blood lead level increased by 0.231 micrograms/dl for each unit increase in natural log transformed soil lead level (ppm), after adjusting for the average number of daily outdoor play hours and whether someone in the household smoked. The model predicted that, at a soil lead level of 1,000 ppm, a child who does not play outside and who does not live in a household where someone smokes would be at low risk of lead toxicity (blood lead level between 4 and 24 micrograms/dl).