光电容积描记诊断下肢静脉瓣膜功能不全的临床价值

作者用光电容积描记（ＰＰＧ）方法测定原发性深静脉瓣膜功能不全和单纯性大隐静脉曲张共６４例９２条病肢的静脉再充盈时间（ＶＲＴ）。通过９２条病肢深静脉造影和２２条病肢静脉压测定对照分析，提示ＰＰＧ测定能作为下肢静脉瓣膜功能不全的诊断指标，应用膝上水平气压止血带的ＶＲＴ测定，可以将中、重度原发性深静脉瓣膜功能不全与单纯性大隐静脉曲张、轻度原发性深静脉瓣膜功能不全加以区别，有助于手术方式的选择，是一种有价     

光电容积描记诊断下肢静脉瓣膜功能不全的临床价值

作者用光电容积描记（ＰＰＧ）方法测定原发性深静脉瓣膜功能不全和单纯性大隐静脉曲张共６４例９２条病肢的静脉再充盈时间（ＶＲＴ）。通过９２条病肢深静脉造影和２２条病肢静脉压测定对照分析，提示ＰＰＧ测定能作为下肢静脉瓣膜功能不全的诊断指标，应用膝上水平气压止血带的ＶＲＴ测定，可以将中、重度原发性深静脉瓣膜功能不全与单纯性大隐静脉曲张、轻度原发性深静脉瓣膜功能不全加以区别，有助于手术方式的选择，是一种有价值的、无创伤性的、反映血液动力学的功能性诊断方法。     

光电容积描记检测对下肢静脉瓣膜功能不全的诊断价值

下肢静脉疾病常见，其中血液倒流性疾病占81%。应用无创性检测能客观地评价静脉瓣膜功能以及病变部位。1978年Barnes首先采用光电容积描记(Photople thysmography，PPG)检测静脉炎后综合征的皮肤微循环改变，发现静脉瓣膜可发生功能不全。1979年Abramowitz提出了PPG诊断下肢静脉疾病     

光电容积描记检测对下肢静脉瓣膜功能不全的诊断价值

光电容积描记检测对下肢静脉瓣膜功能不全的诊断价值乔正荣综述时德审校下肢静脉疾病常见，其中血液倒流性疾病占８１％。应用无创性检测能客观地评价静脉瓣膜功能以及病变部位。１９７８年Ｂａｒｎｅｓ［１］首先采用光电容积描记（Ｐｈｏｔｏｐｌｅｔｈｙｓｍｏｇｒａｐ...     

光电容积描记诊断下肢静脉曲张报告

本文采用美国IMEX公司研制的9000型组合式无创血管检测仪,光电溶积描记(PPG)方法检测原发性下肢深静脉辦膜功能不全和单纯性大隐静脉曲张共45例47条肢体。通过记录下肢静脉再充盈时间(VRT)值与深静脉造影结果作为对比,揭示PPG检测能作为下肢深静脉辦膜功能不全的诊断指标。本组确定下肢静脉再充盈时间(VRT)值小于20秒为阳性,共32条肢体;VRT值大于20秒为阴性共15条肢体,同时行下肢深静脉造影,揭示PPG检测阳性肢体中30条肢体有深静脉血液倒流,阴性肢体均为单纯性大隐静脉曲张,表明两者的检测结果相似,另外,根据VRT值缩 短时间可判断深静脉血液的倒流程度,应用大腿加气压带测定VRT值可鉴别下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全与单纯性下肢静脉曲张。PPG检测具有无创伤性、易重复、客观、定量和相对定位地判断瓣膜功能情况,适合于术前术后对比以判断疗效,对长期随访有重要的临床价值。     

静脉顺行造影在下肢慢性静脉疾病诊断中的再认识

目的分析下肢静脉曲张患者静脉顺行造影表现,总结其对诊断下肢慢性静脉疾病尤其是髂静脉压迫综合征的临床意义。方法 282例下肢静脉曲张患者(329条下肢),左下肢185例,右下肢50例,双下肢47例,术前常规行下肢静脉顺行造影,分析其下肢及髂静脉影像学表现。结果 329条下肢静脉造影成功率100%,下肢深静脉血栓后遗症21例(6.38%),单纯性大隐静脉瓣膜功能不全57例(17.33%),下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全182例(55.32%),交通支瓣膜功能不全66例(20.06%),先天静脉畸形3例(0.91%);同时发现有髂静脉狭窄大于50%者19例(5.78%),髂静脉狭窄小于50%者57例(17.33%)。结论下肢慢性静脉疾病患者术前静脉造影检查,能够明确原发病因尤其是髂静脉压迫综合征,对于选择个体化的治疗方案具有重要的临床意义和实用价值。     

双功彩超、腘静脉穿刺造影、光电容积描记检查下肢静脉倒流的比较

目的　了解双功彩超、经皮静脉穿刺造影、光电容积描记 (PPG)在检测下肢静脉倒流中的优缺点及相对适应证。　方法　对 40例下肢慢性静脉疾病的患者 ,术前应用双功彩超、经皮静脉穿刺造影和PPG的方法进行检测 ,并对检测的结果进行比较分析。　结果　双功彩超与经皮静脉穿刺造影探测股 静脉段静脉倒流性疾病的结果差异无显著性意义 (P >0 0 5 ) ;与双功彩超相比 ,PPG探测下肢静脉倒流性疾病的精确度为 6 7%。　结论　PPG可作为下肢慢性静脉疾病的初步筛选检查 ;双功彩超可为大部分患者的治疗提供较充分的信息 ;对于前 2种方法不能确诊的病例仍需用经皮静脉穿刺造影。     

彩色多普勒超声观察人工关节置换术后 下肢深静脉血栓形成

目的 探讨彩色多普勒超声在人工关节置换术前后的应用价值。方法121例人工关节置换术患者术前、术后进行彩色多普勒超声检查，观察下肢深静脉通畅情况及瓣膜功能，其中30例行下肢静脉造影检查。结果彩色多普勒超声检出静脉血栓61例，其中近端静脉血栓4例，远端静脉血栓57例。瓣膜功能不全的下肢静脉DVT发生率高于正常静脉。彩色多普勒超声检查与静脉造影结果对照，超声诊断下肢静脉血栓的敏感性为93．8％，特异性为100％，超声对小腿肌肉内的静脉血栓显示率高于静脉造影。结论彩色多普勒超声在人工关节置换术前后评价深静脉瓣膜功能，及时诊断深静脉血栓形成，帮助临床筛选高危病例进行积极预防，具有重要的临床应用价值。     

经大隐静脉隐股交界处置管深静脉顺行造影的临床探讨

目的探讨大隐静脉高位置管顺行造影的方法及其在下肢静脉曲张性疾病临床诊断中的价值。方法选择125例下肢静脉曲张患者,先后应用传统的顺行造影方法和大隐静脉高位置管顺行造影方法实施深静脉造影。结果125例患者深静脉造影均获得成功,与传统造影方法比较,大隐静脉高位置管造影所需造影剂用量少、应用浓度低、清晰度高。根据下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全的反流分级标准,0级31例,Ⅰ级69例,Ⅱ级14例,Ⅲ级7例,Ⅳ级4例。结论大隐静脉高位置管造影诊断下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全是一种安全可靠的新方法,操作简便、创伤小,便于临床推广使用。     

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目的 通过对1139条下肢深静脉顺行造影结果分析，了解各种下肢静脉疾病所占的比例。方法 1993年3月至2001年1月，共行下肢静脉顺行造影1113例共1139条肢体。结果 原发性深静脉瓣膜功能不全723条下肢（63．47％），其中双股静脉畸形的原发性深静脉瓣膜功能不全38条（3．34％）；深静脉血栓后遗症209条（18．35％）；单纯性大隐静脉曲张199条（17．47％）；先天性无瓣膜症4条（0．35％）；先天性静脉畸形骨肥大综合征4条（0．35％）。结论 下肢深静脉造影是下肢静脉疾病诊断和鉴别诊断的最可靠方法，为下肢静脉疾病的治疗提供了可靠的依据。     

DUPLEX ULTRASOUND ASSESSMENT OF THE VENOUS STATUS OF THE SWOLLEN LEG

Between January 1991 and December 1993, duplex ultrasound characterization of venous disease in leg swelling was studied in 214 patients (261 limbs; 167 unilateral and 47 bilateral). All patients were examined with a duplex scanner, the superficial and deep venous systems were evaluated for the presence of thrombus and valvular incompetence. Of the 261 limbs, 29 (11.1%) had deep venous thrombosis, 14 (5.4%) had superficial venous thrombosis, 66 (25.3%) had deep venous incompetence (31/66 limbs also had superficial venous incompetence), 65 (24.9%) had incompetence in the superficial veins only. and five (1.9%) had deep venous obstruction resulting from a popliteal cyst or a popliteal vein ligation. Eighty-two limbs (31.4%) had no evidence of venous obstruction or incompetence at the areas evaluated. This study showed that venous obstruction and valvular incompetence had occurred in two-thirds of swollen legs examined. Some of the venous obstructions resulted from surgically treatable diseases such as a popliteal cyst, and some of the venous disorders involved the superficial venous system only. Complete venous evaluation with duplex imaging can be very helpful in the determination of the underlying cause of the swelling.     

下肢深静脉造影临床应用的评价（7908条患肢造影资料分析）

目的：评价下肢深静脉造影的临床应用价值。方法：自1981年10月－1998年12月共检查7555例,7908条下肢。所有患肢均作顺行造影检查,部分患肢还作其它造影或无创检查。结果：患病率最高为原发性深静脉瓣膜功能不全（53．0％）,深静脉血栓形成后遗症（26．8％）,单纯性大隐静脉曲张（15．5）。其它为先天性静脉畸形骨肥大综合征,先天性深静脉无瓣症,髂静脉受压,下腔静脉阻塞等。结论：下肢深静脉造影不但是检查下肢静脉病变的可靠方法,更可为治疗方法的选择提供合理的依据。     

Relationship of venous reflux to the site of venous valvular incompetence: implications for venous reconstructive surgery

To evaluate the relationship of the site of venous valvular incompetence to the severity of venous reflux, legs of 71 patients with suspected chronic venous insufficiency were evaluated with Doppler ultrasonography and photoplethysmography. A venous recovery time (VRT) of less than 20 seconds after calf muscle exercise was considered indicative of significant reflux. Average VRTs were brief in 15 legs with stasis changes (10 +/- 7 seconds), longer in 42 legs with edema (26 +/- 23 seconds), and normal in 64 asymptomatic legs (37 +/- 24 seconds) and 16 legs with pain (53 +/- 19 seconds). Average VRTs in limbs with incompetent saphenous veins were abnormal. In limbs with competent superficial veins, only those with incompetent distal deep veins (popliteal and posterior tibial) had abnormal VRTs (14 +/- 10 seconds). VRTs in limbs with no detectable valvular incompetence and in those with incompetence limited to the proximal deep veins (common and superficial femoral) were normal (47 +/- 23 and 42 +/- 27 seconds, respectively). When superficial veins were incompetent, an ankle tourniquet normalized VRTs in 63% of legs with proximal deep venous incompetence and in only 33% of legs with distal deep venous incompetence. It is concluded that venous reflux is largely determined by saphenous and distal deep valvular function and that competence of the proximal valves has little effect. Decreased venous reflux would not be expected after proximal valvular reconstruction.     

下肢深静脉顺行造影在下肢静脉曲张病因诊断中的应用价值

背景与目的:下肢静脉曲张是外周静脉病变的常见临床表现,可由下肢静脉反流性疾病、下肢静脉回流障碍性疾病、静脉畸形等多种疾病所致;不同病因导致的下肢静脉曲张其治疗原则也不尽相同。临床中常出现关于下肢静脉曲张的误诊误治,故明确其病因至关重要。目前下肢静脉造影仍是诊断下肢静脉病变的金标准,可提供完整的下肢静脉系统影像,为明确诊断及选择合适的治疗方案提供可靠依据。本研究总结江苏常州地区以下肢静脉曲张为主要临床症状的患者的下肢深静脉顺行造影结果,探讨造影在下肢静脉疾病中的意义,并分析该地区引起下肢静脉曲张的主要病因。方法:使用数字减影血管造影(DSA)技术,对苏州大学附属第三医院血管外科2013年6月—2019年3月收治的3 012例(3 420条肢体)下肢静脉曲张患者行下肢深静脉顺行造影,观察患肢踝部至盆腔段深静脉形态、通畅度,以及患者做Valsalva动作时造影剂的反流情况,对患者静脉曲张的病因进行分析和分类。结果:3 420条肢体中,原发性下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全1 395条(40.79%),单纯浅静脉曲张1 052条(30.76%),髂静脉受压综合征569条(16.64%),下肢深静脉血栓后综合征328条(9.59%),其他(双股静脉畸形、腘静脉瘤、深静脉瘤样扩张、先天性静脉曲张骨肥大综合征、布加综合征、盆腔肿瘤等)76条(2.22%)。结论:常州地区下肢静脉曲张患者的病因以下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全、单纯浅静脉曲张及髂静脉受压为主。对于下肢静脉曲张病变,需明确病因才能制定合理的治疗方案;下肢深静脉顺行造影是明确下肢静脉曲张病因的可靠方法,并能检出腘静脉瘤、布加综合征等少见疾病,可有效避免误诊误治;其在下肢静脉病变中有重要的应用价值,可作为下肢静脉曲张疾病的常规检查方法。     

Valvular incompetence in superficial, deep and perforator veins of limbs with varicose veins

Venous valvular incompetence was investigated with Doppler technique in 296 limbs with untreated primary varicose veins. Partial or complete insufficiency of the long saphenous vein was found in 95%. Six patterns of incompetence of this vein could be distinguished. Insufficiency of the short saphenous vein was present in 15% of the limbs and perforator incompetence in 45%. Femoral and/or popliteal vein reflux was found in 20% of the limbs. In eight limbs (2.7%) with verified primary deep venous insufficiency there was a moderate or severe degree of femoral and popliteal venous reflux. Skin changes secondary to the venous disease were present in 18% of the limbs, mainly those with incompetence of perforator and long saphenous veins. Doppler investigation of varicose limbs give valuable information and can be recommended as a standard pre-treatment test.     

Distribution of venous valvular incompetence in patients with the postphlebitic syndrome

The records of 122 patients who underwent Doppler evaluation for the postphlebitic syndrome were reviewed to determine the relationship between location of venous valvular incompetence and severity of clinical signs. Categorized according to the most severe physical finding, there were 35 limbs with perimalleolar ulcers, 113 with stasis pigmentation, 26 with swelling, and 70 with no overt signs. Incompetent veins, either deep or superficial, were present in 93% of the symptomatic and 59% of the asymptomatic limbs. Proximal (iliofemoral) deep venous incompetence was not strongly correlated with disease severity (p less than 0.10), but distal (popliteotibial) deep venous and superficial venous incompetence were (both, p less than 0.0005). The relative frequency of isolated proximal incompetence appeared to diminish with increasing disease severity; whereas that of distal incompetence, with or without associated proximal venous incompetence, increased. Isolated proximal venous incompetence was found in only 5% of limbs with severe disease (ulcers or pigmentation). In limbs with severe signs, distal venous incompetence was present in 67% of those with proximal venous incompetence and in 57% of those in which the proximal valves were competent. These findings cast doubt on the potential value of proximal venous valvular reconstruction, especially in limbs with combined proximal and distal insufficiency.     

DUPLEX ULTRASOUND MAPPING OF SITES OF DEEP TO SUPERFICIAL INCOMPETENCE IN PRIMARY VARICOSE VEINS

Most patients undergoing treatment for primary varicose veins have only a clinical assessment or examination with a continuous wave Doppler. In this study duplex ultrasound was used to determine the site of deep to superficial reflux in 137 limbs of 96 patients presenting with primary varicose veins. The incidence of saphenopopliteal (22%) and perforator (28%) incompetence was higher than that in previous studies based on clinical examination. Only five limbs had deep venous incompetence at the popliteal level and three of these limbs had lipodermatosclerosis or ulceration. The saphenopopliteal junction was either absent or more than lOcm from the knee joint in 13% of limbs. The information obtained from duplex scanning of patients with primary varicose veins facilitates surgical management and may lead to a lower recurrence rate.     

Results and significance of colour duplex assessment of the deep venous system in recurrent varicose veins.

OBJECTIVES: To establish the status of the deep veins in patients presenting with recurrent varicose veins and the effect on treatment decisions. DESIGN: Retrospective clinical series. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Duplex examination of 570 consecutive patients (843 limbs) presenting with recurrent varicose veins (CEAP C2-4). RESULTS: Approximately one third of these patients (34.8%:294 limbs) had no deep venous abnormality; 173 limbs with superficial vein abnormalities only had great and/or small saphenous junction incompetence, the remaining 121 legs had abnormal perforating or communicating veins. Deep venous abnormalities were found in 549 limbs with evidence of persisting deep venous obstruction in only 20. Deep venous incompetence was found in 529 limbs (62.7% of all legs). However three segment incompetence (common femoral, femoral and popliteal veins) was found in only 181 legs (21.4%), two segment incompetence in 137 (16.2%) and one segment incompetence in 211 (25%). CONCLUSIONS: Deep vein incompetence is common in patients with recurrent varicose veins. Deep venous obstruction is an infrequent finding but total deep venous reflux (three segment incompetence) affects just under one quarter of all limbs with recurrent varicose veins. Ablation or surgery of varicose veins in this group may be less effective. Patients should be advised of the implications of this finding.     

Percutaneous transpopliteal venography

The authors advocate percutaneous transpopliteal venography as a new method for evaluating the function of deep venous valves of the lower extremity. At the popliteal fossa, the popliteal vein was punctured and a catheter was inserted cephaladly for venographic study of the valves. By this method, not only the ilio-femoropopliteal vein was clearly visualized, also the competence of the valves in this venous segment may accurately be tested one by one, thus making up the shortcomings of the ascending and descending venography. It was found, through this venography, that even if the highest valve of the superficial femoral vein was competent distal valves in the femoral and popliteal veins may become incompetent resulting in primary valvular incompetence of the deep veins in the lower extremity.     

Recurrent varicose veins following high ligation of long saphenous vein: a duplex ultrasound study

Duplex scanning was used to study recurrent varicose veins in 244 limbs with previous high ligation of the long saphenous vein. The recurrent varicose veins were classified into two types according to the presence or absence of a residual long saphenous vein. Varicose veins with a residual long saphenous vein (type I) occurred in 168 limbs (68.9%). A residual long saphenous vein with an incompetent saphenofemoral junction was present in 125 limbs and one without any residual saphenofemoral junction in 43 limbs. Besides the presence of an incompetent long saphenous vein in this group, an incompetent short saphenous vein was detected in 26 limbs, incompetent perforating vein(s) in 45 limbs and incompetent deep veins in 26 limbs. Varicose veins without a residual long saphenous vein (type II) occurred in 76 limbs (31.1%). An incompetent short saphenous vein was demonstrated in 44 limbs, incompetent perforating vein(s) in 18 limbs and incompetent deep veins in 32 limbs. Of the total 244 limbs with recurrent varicose veins, long saphenous vein incompetence was involved in 168 (68.9%), short saphenous vein incompetence in 70 (28.7%), perforating vein incompetence in 63 (25.8%) and deep venous incompetence in 58 (23.8%). Although saphenofemoral junction incompetence was found to be the main source of recurrence, a segment of incompetent residual long saphenous vein, an incompetent short saphenous vein, perforating vein and deep venous system incompetence are other common sources of recurrence. A precise assessment to identify underlying venous incompetence is important for the management of recurrent varicose veins.