L－精氨酸逆转一氧化氮抑制后的犬冠脉血流动力学改变和内皮素－1含量升高

观察了犬冠脉内灌注Ｎ－单甲基左旋精氨酸（Ｌ－ＮＭＭＡ）后再灌注Ｌ－精氨酸（Ｌ－Ａｒｇ）和单独灌注Ｌ－ＮＭＭＡ前后冠脉血流动力学、冠脉血流储备以及冠脉对不同浓度的乙酰胆碱（Ａｃｈ）反应的变化，同时用放免法测定冠脉前降支（ＬＡＤ）伴行静脉血中内皮素－１（ＥＴ－１）含量。结果发现，Ｌ－Ａｒｇ完全逆转了灌注Ｌ－ＮＭＭＡ引起的血流动力学改变，使心率回升，下降的基础冠脉流量（ＣＢＦ），从２０±８ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ回升至２８±７ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ，Ｐ＜０．０５），降低的冠脉储备恢复，从５１±１０ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ升至９４±１５ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ，Ｐ〈０．０１），ＥＴ－１的含量不再升高，从１５．５±３．０ｎｇ／Ｌ下降至５．０±２．０ｎｇ／Ｌ，Ｐ〈０．０１），Ａｃｈ介导的ＣＢＦ增加不再受到抑制（Ｐ〈０．０１）。结果提示提供外源性Ｌ－Ａｒｇ可增加一氧化氮（ＮＯ）的产生，使由于ＮＯ抑制而产生的血流动力学改变和ＥＴ－１升高发生逆转。     

L－精氨酸逆转一氧化氮抑制后的犬冠脉血流动力学改变和内皮素－1含量升高

观察了犬冠脉内灌注Ｎ－单甲基左旋精氨酸（Ｌ－ＮＭＭＡ）后再灌注Ｌ－精氨酸（Ｌ－Ａｒｇ）和单独灌注Ｌ－ＮＭＭＡ前后冠脉血流动力学、冠脉血流储备以及冠脉对不同浓度的乙酰胆碱（Ａｃｈ）反应的变化，同时用放免法测定冠脉前降支（ＬＡＤ）伴行静脉血中内皮素－１（ＥＴ－１）含量。结果发现，Ｌ－Ａｒｇ完全逆转了灌注Ｌ－ＮＭＭＡ引起的血流动力学改变，使心率回升，下降的基础冠脉流量（ＣＢＦ），从２０±８ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ回升至２８±７ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ，Ｐ＜０．０５)，降低的冠脉储备恢复，从５１±１０ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ升至９４±１５ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ，Ｐ〈０．０１)，ＥＴ－１的含量不再升高，从１５．５±３．０ｎｇ／Ｌ下降至５．０±２．０ｎｇ／Ｌ，Ｐ〈０．０１)，Ａｃｈ介导的ＣＢＦ增加不再受到抑制（Ｐ〈０．０１）。结果提示提供外源性Ｌ－Ａｒｇ可增加一氧化氮（ＮＯ）的产生，使由于ＮＯ抑制而产生的血流动力学改变和ＥＴ－１升高发生逆转。     

长期抑制大鼠体内内皮衍生舒张因子的生成对其血压及…

本文观察了内皮细胞衍生舒张因子的抑制剂Ｎ＾Ｇ－ｎｉｔｒｏ－Ｌ－ａｒｇｉｎｉｎｅ ｍｅｔｈｙｌ ｅｓｔｅｒ（Ｌ－ＮＡＭＥ）在抑制大鼠体内ＥＤＲＦ产生后，对其血压和肾功能的影响，结果表明，Ｌ－ＮＡＭＥ治疗４周后，实验组大鼠的平均动脉压显著升高（Ｐ〈０．０１），其肾小球滤过率和肾血流量明显低于正常对照组，肾血管阻力则高于正常对照组；同时、实验组大鼠２４ｈ尿蛋白定量和尿ＮＡＧ酶排出量均明显高于正常组大鼠。     

大鼠肾脏局部内皮衍生松弛因子对肾功能的影响

本文利用选择性肾动脉注射的方法和离体肾灌注（ｉｓｏｈｔｅｄｐｅｒｆｕｓｅｄｒａｔｋｉｄｎｅｙ，ＩＰＫ）技术，观察了内皮细胞衍生松弛因子（ＥＤＲＦ）的抑制剂Ｎ－ｎｉｔｒｏ－Ｌ－ｉｒｇｉｎｉｎｅ（Ｌ－ＮＡ），抑制肾组织局部产生ＥＤＲＦ后对正常大鼠肾功能的影响。结果表明，（１）选择性肾动脉注射Ｌ－ＮＡ后，大鼠血压无显著变化．肾血流量仅呈下降趋势，但尿量和尿钠排泄量明显减少（４．Ｏ±０．７ｖｓ５．１±０．８μｍｏｌ／ｍｉｎ，Ｐ＜０．０５）；乙酰胆碱只能部分逆转其作用；Ｌ－ＮＡ则能减少乙酰胆碱引起的肾血流量增加。（２）Ｌ－ＮＡ能够直接降低离体肾灌注的尿量和尿钠的排泄。此外，高浓度的Ｌ－ＮＡ还可增加ＩＰＫ的灌注阻力。上述结果有利于解释肾内ＥＤＲＦ在调节肾功能中的作用。     

长期抑制大鼠体内内皮衍生舒张因子的生成对其血压及肾功能的影响

本文观察了内皮细胞衍生舒张因子（ＥＤＲＦ）的抑制剂ＮＧ－ｎｉｔｒｏ－Ｌ－ａｒｇｉｎｉｎｅｍｅｔｈｙｌｅｓｔｅｒ（Ｌ－ＮＡＭＥ）在抑制大鼠体内ＥＤＲＦ产生后，对其血压和肾功能的影响。结果表明，Ｌ－ＮＡＭＥ治疗４周后，实验组大鼠的平均动脉压显著升高（Ｐ＜０．０１），其肾小球滤过率和肾血流量明显低于正常对照组，肾血管阻力则高于正常对照组；同时，实验组大鼠２４ｈ尿蛋白定量和尿ＮＡＧ酶排出量均明显高于正常组大鼠，但是，本文的研究结果并不提示实验组大鼠的血浆肾素活性高于正常对照组大鼠。     

犬冠状动脉灌注N－单甲基左旋精氨酸对冠状循环中内皮素－1含量的影响

犬冠状动脉灌注Ｎ－单甲基左旋精氨酸对冠状循环中内皮素－１含量的影响中国人民解放军第四军医大学唐都医院心内科刘庆军，吴明媚，臧益民Ｎ－单甲基左旋精氨酸（Ｌ－ＮＭＭＡ）在犬左心房内灌注后可引起血压升高，冠状动脉（简称冠脉）收缩以及心率下降，但Ｌ－ＮＭＭＡ...     

一氧化氮受抑制后冠脉血小板功能的变化

分别用放射免疫法（ＲＩＡ）和二磷酸腺苷诱导法，测定了犬冠脉内灌注Ｎ－单甲基左旋精氨酸（Ｌ－ＮＭＭＡ）５ｍｇ／ｋｇ前后，前降支（ＬＡＤ）伴行静脉血中６－酮－前列腺素Ｆ１α（６－酮－ＰＧＦ１α）的含量和血小板聚集率（ＰＡｇＲ）。结果表明，Ｌ－ＮＭＭＡ灌注后血小板聚集率由３１．３％±６．６％升至４３．３％±６．２％（Ｐ＜０．０１），但６－酮－ＰＧＦ１α没有明显变化。以上结果提示内源性一氧化氮合成受抑制时，冠脉循环中ＰＡｇＲ增加，而前列腺素无变化。     

降钙素基因相关肽对心肌缺血时心脏功能的影响

冠脉内注射降钙素基因相关肽（ＣＧＲＰ）０．３μｇ／ｋｇ，对正常及不同程度冠脉狭窄犬的心功能产生不同影响。结果表明，正常犬冠脉内注射ＣＧＲＰ后，平均动脉压（ＭＡＰ）下降１．２ｋＰａ（Ｐ＜０．０５），同时，心率（ＨＲ）、心输出量（ＣＯ）、左室收缩压峰值（ＬＶＳＰ）均不同程度增加；左室舒张末压（ＬＶＥＤＰ）轻度降低。在中度狭窄３０ｍｉｎ后冠脉内注射ＣＧＲＰ对ＨＲ、ＭＡＰ无明显影响；而重度狭窄后注射ＣＧＲＰ，ＭＡＰ由狭窄时降低逐渐增高，ＨＲ由增快而变慢。ＣＯ、ＬＶＳＰ均显著增高，ＬＶＥＤＰ降低，此作用较冠脉狭窄前更为明显。提示ＣＧＲＰ能扩张冠状动脉，增加冠脉血流量和心排血量，增强心肌收缩力，对缺血心脏功能有保护作用     

内源性一氧化氮对犬急性缺氧性肺动脉高压的影响

利用一氧化氮合成酶抑制剂——Ｎ￣Ｇ－硝基－Ｌ－精氨酸甲酯（Ｌ－ＮＡＭＥ）观察内源性一氧化氮对犬急性缺氧性肺血管收缩的影响。Ｌ－ＮＡＭＥ（１、５、１５ｍｇ／ｋｇ）可显著增加缺氧时肺动脉平均压（ｍＰＡＰ）和肺血管阻力（ＰＶＲ），其作用维持９０～１８０分钟。与用药前缺氧时比较，ｍＰＡＰ最大可分别升高１．１±０．２、１．５±０．３、１．６±０．４ｋＰａ（１ｋＰａ＝７．５ｍｍＨｇ），而ＰＶＲ最大可分别升高５８．４±１５．６、９９．３±２８．８、７８±４．０ｋＰａ·ｓ／Ｌ，Ｌ－ＮＡＭＥ１５ｍｇ／ｋｇ升ｍＰＡＰ的作用明显强于１ｍｇ／ｋｇ组。Ｌ－精氨酸（０．５ｇ／ｋｇ）可逆转Ｌ－ＮＡＭＥ（５ｍｇ／ｋｇ）增强缺氧性肺血管收缩的作用。此外，Ｌ－ＮＡＭＥ也可明显增加缺氧时股动脉平均压和全身血管阻力，同时减少心输出量，减慢心率，结果提示内源性一氧化氮可能具有抑制急性缺氧性肺血管收缩的作用。     

降钙素基因相关肽对心肌缺血时心脏功能的影响

冠脉内注射降钙素基因相关肽（ＣＧＲＰ）０．３μｇ／ｋｇ，对正常及不同程度冠脉狭窄犬的心功能产生不同影响。结果表明，正常犬冠脉内注射ＣＧＲＰ后，平均动脉压（ＭＡＰ）下降１．２ｋＰａ（Ｐ＜０．０５），同时，心率（ＨＲ）、心输出量（ＣＯ）、左室收缩压峰值（ＬＶＳＰ）均不同程度增加；左室舒张末压（ＬＶＥＤＰ）轻度降低。在中度狭窄３０ｍｉｎ后冠脉内注射ＣＧＲＰ对ＨＲ、ＭＡＰ无明显影响；而重度狭窄后注射ＣＧＲＰ，ＭＡＰ由狭窄时降低逐渐增高，ＨＲ由增快而变慢。ＣＯ、ＬＶＳＰ均显著增高，ＬＶＥＤＰ降低，此作用较冠脉狭窄前更为明显。提示ＣＧＲＰ能扩张冠状动脉，增加冠脉血流量和心排血量，增强心肌收缩力，对缺血心脏功能有保护作用     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

Study of constancy of hydrogen-consuming flora of human colon

The constancy of the hydrogen consuming flora of the human colon was studied in 15 healthy subjects via two measurements obtained 18 to 36 months apart. Hydrogen disappearance rate and the major products of H₂-consuming bacteria, methane and sulfide, were measured during incubation of fecal homogenates with excess hydrogen and sulfate. In 11/15, the hydrogen consumption rate and the predominant hydrogen-consuming pathway (methanogenesis, sulfate reduction, or neither) remained constant. However, major shifts in these pathways were observed in four subjects, with two losing and two gaining the ability to produce methane. Methanogenesis was associated with the highest hydrogen consumption rate. This study demonstrates that clinically unrecognizable, major alterations of the colonic flora occur in healthy subjects. Understanding of the factors responsible for these alterations might allow for therapeutic manipulation of the colonic flora.Supported in part by the Department of Veterans Affairs and NIDDKD RO1 DK 13309-25.