特殊人群性病艾滋病健康教育及行为干预探讨

目的　了解特殊人群 (性病门诊就诊者 )性病艾滋病防治知识的掌握情况以及避孕套使用情况。　方法　通过性病门诊的预防性咨询及大众媒介宣传等方法进行健康教育干预。使用问卷调查方法获取基础和干预后资料。　结果　干预前对艾滋病基本知识的知晓率最低为 2 1.2 % ,最高为 78.3% ,经干预后均有不同程度的提高 (P<0 .0 5 )。同情和愿意帮助艾滋病感染者或病人的人数分别有 34.5和 8.9增加到 84 .9和 2 8.9 (P<0 .0 5 )。与普通性伴、商业性性伴发生性关系时 ,安全套的使用率分别由 37.5和 2 2 .1上升至 6 6 .7和 6 8.9 (P<0 .0 5 )。　结论　性病门诊的预防性咨询和大众媒介宣传可明显提高特殊人群安全套的使用率 ,从而减少该类人群经性传播而感染性病艾滋病的机会     

避孕套的使用现况

避孕套除了避孕作用以外，对于防止性传播性疾病包括艾滋病病毒的传播有着重要的作用，避孕套的使用情况因不同国家，有无稳定的性关系以及是否患过ＳＴＤＳ有很大差别。青年人中未婚有性行为避孕套的使用率不很高。     

在长途货运汽车司机中促进避孕套使用的研究

目的 了解长途货车汽车司机对性病／艾滋病的认识,态度,行为以及使用避孕套的情况。方法 采用行为干预的方法,对该人群进行危险行为干预措施的实施。结果 实施干预措施后,该人群对性病／艾滋病预防的知晓率由于预前４５％上升到干预后８９．８％,自我报告避孕套使用率高于对照组。结论健康教育对于性病／艾滋病的预防是有一定效果的。     

女用避孕套——艾滋病预防的新途径

在开罗举行的世界人口与发展会议和在北京举行的第四届世界妇女大会中都明确指出 ,女性需要更广泛的手段来预防性疾病 (包括艾滋病 )和意外妊娠。 1993年全世界艾滋病感染人群中 ,男女性别比例为 75 2 5 ,而到了 2 0 0 1年 ,比例变为 5 2 4 8,女性占到了一半左右[1] 。在中国该比例也上升很快 ,目前我国艾滋病病毒感染者的男女比例已由前几年的 9 1猛增为 3 1,在个别地区甚至达到了 2 6 1。在预防艾滋病的过程中 ,女性需要更多的保护。各国政府和卫生组织大力推广男用避孕套作为预防性病 /艾滋病的唯一有效手段。女性在试图保护…     

避孕套应用的现状

由于人免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)／艾滋病(AIDS)和其它性传播感染的流行，对避孕套的需求日益增加。合理并正确使用避孕套是目前预防性传播感染(STI)／HIV/AIDS惟一有效策略。为完全预防STI，每年至少应使用避孕套240亿只，但实际每年仪使用了60亿。90亿，缺口为150亿。避孕套的应用受多因素的影响，包括社会文化规范、避孕套的形象、对风险的认知、性伙伴间的交流、信息的获得、避孕套的可及性及政策的导向和支持等。改善避孕套的设计和质量有可能减少对应用避孕套的抵触。预防干预可降低与AIDS相关的风险，新的营销手段可在显著提高避孕套可及性的同时宣传健康的生育行为。     

女性避孕套可接受性研究

在中国妇女中引入并推广女性避孕套 (FC) ,对于防止STD/HIV感染和传播 ,有着极其重大的意义。本项研究首先是在暗娼 (SWs)中开展可接受性研究 ,作为在全国范围内推广FC的第一步 ,为更大规模引入FC提供科学依据。1.对象与方法 :2 0 0 1年 5～ 9月 ,在广东省恩平市一些娱乐服务场所选取从事性服务的SWs中招募 ,凡同意参加本次研究 ,并且愿意接受干预和随访者 ,作为研究对象 ,共有315名SWs参加本项研究。将其随机分为两组 ,第一组 15 5人 ,给每人提供 2 0个FC和男性避孕套 (MC) ;另一组为 16 0人 ,仅给每人提供 2 0个MC。并且同时发…     

避孕套预防艾滋病效果好

据卫生部公布的资料,到2007年底我国艾滋病病毒感染者和病人约70万,全人群艾滋病毒感染率0.05%。2007年新发艾滋病毒感染者5万之多。在5万新发艾滋病毒感染者中,异性性传播占44.7%,男男性传播占12.2%,注射吸毒传播占42%,母婴传播占1.1%。不洁性交、卖淫、嫖娼、男男同性恋,仍是艾滋病的主要传播途径。     

避孕套的使用现况

避孕套除了避孕作用以外,对于防止性传播性疾病(STDs)包括艾滋病病毒(HIV)的传播有着重要的作用。避孕套的使用情况因不同国家、有无稳定的性关系以及是否患过STDs有很大差别。青年人中未婚有性行为避孕套的使用率不很高。西方国家无家可归或离家出走的青年使用避孕套的人仅占42％～44％。有多个性伴侣、患STDs及HIV阳性的人中,避孕套的使用率增加。影响避孕套使用率的因素包括:避孕套本身的特性;个人情况及医务人员的态度。总之,人们正试图从影响避孕套使用率的相关因索出发,探索提高避孕套使用率的有效途径。     

嘉兴市特殊人群艾滋病健康教育调查分析

目的 对特殊人群嘉兴市看守所开展防制艾滋病知识宣传，评价健康教育干预效果。方法自行设计问卷，对嘉兴市看守所可接受此调查的人员进行问卷调查。调查内容包括：对艾滋病传播途径的认识；对艾滋病预防措施的认识；艾滋病防治知识来源途径；对预防艾滋病知识、行为宣传教育的接受情况。结果调查从广播、电视、报纸等大众传媒获得有关预防艾滋病知识较多，占70．00％以上；对艾滋病的传播途径知晓率较高，达75％以上；对艾滋病防制措施知晓率达72．00％以上；有一半以上的人听说或参与过社会性防制艾滋病的宣传教育。结论预防艾滋病的健康教育工作应常抓不懈，社会性的宣传是预防艾滋病知识的关键和有效措施。     

社区公共娱乐场所艾滋病高危人群安全套使用推广效果及影响因素研究

目的了解娱乐场所内艾滋病高危人群安全套推广使用的效果及其相关影响因素。方法采用多阶段、整群抽样方法选取1个社区,再从其中随机抽取8条街道,对所有娱乐场所内的从业人员进行有关艾滋病预防知识和安全套使用情况问卷调查。结果所有调查对象在对有关艾滋病经性、血液和母婴三个传播途径的知晓率分别为80.2%、86.9%和76.1%,最近半年每次性行为均使用安全套的比例为37.3%,与固定性伴发生性行为而不使用安全套占到27.3%。结论制定针对性策略并采取相应措施,长期开展宣传、干预工作,是提高娱乐场所女性服务者艾滋病相关知识水平及安全套使用率的重要手段。     

广州市吸毒者安全套使用现状及其影响因素的调查分析

目的　了解广州市吸毒者安全套使用现状及其影响因素。方法　采用横断面调查方法 ,于 2 0 0 4年在广州市某戒毒所随机整群抽取部分戒毒者进行面对面问卷调查 ,并对调查结果进行统计分析。结果　共调查 373名吸毒者 ,承认进入戒毒所前 3个月内有发生性行为者 2 77人 ,占74 2 6 %。吸毒者中 ,以性换钱 /毒品时每次都使用安全套的占 75 0 0 % (18/ 2 4 ) ,而以钱 /毒品换性时每次都使用安全套的仅占 34 4 8% (10 / 2 9) ,与一般熟悉的朋友发生性行为时每次都使用安全套的占2 1 4 3% (9/ 4 2 ) ,与配偶或固定的男 /女朋友发生性行为时每次都使用安全套的占 10 91% (2 4 / 2 2 0 ) ,与不同性伴发生性行为时安全套使用率差异有显著性 (P <0 0 1)。吸毒者 (15 1名应答者 )使用安全套的原因 ,5 0 99%担心自己被传染性病 ,4 9 0 1%为了避孕 ;自己提出要用的占 4 6 36 % ,伴侣提出的占2 7 15 %。吸毒者 (2 12名应答者 )不使用安全套的主要原因 ,包括觉得没必要 (占 5 1 4 2 % )、没想到要用 (占 2 0 2 8% )、没有快感 (占 19 81% )、不方便买到 (占 4 72 % )和伴侣反对 (占 3 78% ) ,其中由于性伴反对而未能使用安全套的女性占 11 4 8% ,多于男性 (0 0 5 % ) (P <0 0 1)。在发生商业性性行为时 ,男性吸     

Male condom use and condom problems among women in Shanghai

ObjectiveTo explore the male condom use and the using problems as well as the influencing factors among Shanghai women.MethodsA prospective follow-up was conducted among 1 562 subjects who used either the condom or the combined regimen as their method for fertility regulation in nine districts in Shanghai. The study began in the October, 2003 with a baseline survey, and finished in the December, 2007. There were two groups, group I with condom use combined regimen (condom + ECP) and group II with condom use only. Totally 812 eligible subjects were assigned to group I, and 750 to group II. Data was collected with a daily diary card, on which menses, acts of intercourse, information on condom and ECP use, and condom using problems were recorded. Data were analyzed with binary logistic regression models adjusting the potential confounding factors.ResultsDuring the whole study years, in group I the mean condom using frequency was (59.5±17.9) times and the whole course condom using frequency was (58.1±18.5). In group II, the mean condom using frequency and the whole course condom using frequency are (57.4±19.0) and (56.4±19.7), respectively. The condom using problem rate (CUPR) in group I and group II in the first month were 5.05 and 9.64 per 100 condoms. With the progress of the study, the CUPR in both groups were decreasing. The total year's CUPR in group I and group II were 0.82% and 1.45% (P=0.002). The study showed that the common condom using problems during the 1st year were too loose (41.9% in group I and 27.1% in group II), too long (15.6% in group I and 25.6% in group II), and too slippery (21.2% in group I and 20.2% in group II) among those reported condom using problems. Condom problems were more common in the inexperienced and in those who had not experienced problems previously. Subject's age, education and occupation might influence condom using problem rate.ConclusionsThe condom using problems indicated that condom manufacturers should continue to refine the products so as to increase the condom acceptability. Experience was significant associated with condom using problem.     

Obstacles to condom use among secondary school students in Maputo city,Mozambique

This study explores how urban youth in Mozambique perceive their sexual behaviour and identifies the factors that hinder them from having safer sex in the context of HIV/AIDS, with special emphasis on the condom use. Data was collected form high school students in Maputo, Mozambique. Using a combination of focus group discussions, interviews and informal conversations, it was possible to identify that one major obstacle to the use of condoms was young people's belief that they did not have to use condoms in steady relationships built on love and trust. Trust and love provide a sense of immunity to infection. Such a perception is reinforced, it is argued, by previous HIV/AIDS campaigns in Mozambique that have advocated the use of condoms only with ‘occasional sexual partners'. Students' understandings of pleasure, lack of accurate information, lack of sex education at home and at school, and gender inequalities further contribute to making condom use a difficult issue. There should be a change in focus in condom campaigns. Efforts should also be made to encourage young people to ‘emotionally invest’ in their health by using condoms.     

浙江省2785名有性行为大学生艾滋病感染危险感知及安全套使用情况的调查

目的调查有性行为大学生对经性途径感染艾滋病危险感知以及安全套使用情况,研究分析两者的相互关系和有关影响因素.方法利用2003年在浙江省1个沿海城市2所综合性大学开展的艾滋病有关知识、危险意识和性行为调查资料,对回答曾有性行为的有效问卷进行分析.采用SPSS12.0统计软件进行统计分析.结果共有2785名大学生回答曾有性交行为史,47.0%没有对经性途径感染艾滋病危险感知,有危险感知的学生中51.3%认为感染的危险非常低.曾经使用安全套的学生占80.5%,而始终使用安全套的比例只有16.0%.危险感知与是否使用和始终使用安全套没有关联,但与是否选择安全套用于预防性病关联.危险感知的主要促进因素有认同学生中性病上升（OR=1.356）和认同经性途径感染人数上升（OR=1.487）以及最后一次性行为对象不是男朋友/女朋友（OR=1.497）.始终使用安全套的促进因素有发生性行为时能说使用安全套（OR=6.523）、使用安全套用于预防性病（OR=2.174）等因素.结论有性行为大学生的艾滋病感染危险感知水平偏低,曾经使用安全套的比例较高,但始终使用安全套的比例很低.需要进一步采取广泛深层次的预防教育来提高大学生艾滋病感染危险意识,促成安全性行为的形成.     

江苏口岸出境劳务人员安全套使用的影响因素分析

目的了解出境劳务人员安全套使用的影响因素,为提高安全套使用率,控制艾滋病提供科学依据。方法在江苏各国际旅行卫生保健分中心随机抽取出境劳务人员进行安全套使用情况及影响因素问卷调查。结果出境劳务人员每次和经常使用安全套的占19.01%,主要动机是避孕。不同性别、年龄、学历、地区、是否掌握艾滋病知识的人群之间安全套使用均无显著性差异(P0.01)。多因素分析显示,使用动机是影响安全套使用的主要因素(P0.01)。结论出境劳务人员使用安全套的动机仅为避孕;对不同人群采取有针对性干预措施,才能提高安全套的使用率,达到预防艾滋病效果。     

诸城市1992～2001年避孕套使用情况分析

目的:了解避孕套使用情况对降低性病、艾滋病发生所起的作用,探索提高避孕套现用率的有效途径。方法:在计划生育/生殖健康服务中,利用多种宣传媒体,对避孕套能实现生殖健康双重目的避孕方法的宣传。通过免费发放和市场营销及时为育龄群众提供优质避孕套,以满足不同人群的需求。结果:近10年来数字表明,城镇避孕套现用率由1991年的10.6％上升到2001年的23.6％,乡村由1991年的2.9％上升到2001年的6.5％,性病发生率上升趋势减缓。结论:避孕套现用率的提高与生殖保健意识的提高,农村地区城市化趋势与流动人口的不断增加和节育措施知情选择、未婚青年的性观念开放等因素有关。提高避孕套现用率,是降低性病、艾滋病发生的有效途径。     

A multi-level model of condom use among male and female upper primary school students in Nyanza,Kenya

Although several studies have emphasized the relevance of community level variables to AIDS prevention among young people in sub-Saharan Africa, few have tested the empirical connections between such variables and sexual behaviors. Using data from 3645 sexually experienced grade 6 and 7 students from 160 schools, modeled on 7 and 8 and Campbell’s identification of community influences (2003), this study applies hierarchical linear models to estimate the effects of individual and community level variables on condom use among youth in Nyanza Province, Kenya. Four separate models were fit for both males and females. Results show significant differences across schools and communities regarding condom use. The predictors of reported condom use at last intercourse for both males and females were ethnicity, pressure to engage in sexual intercourse, and condom self efficacy. While age, religion, rejecting myths about the spread of HIV, and talking to male relatives about HIV/AIDS were all positively related to condom use for males, risk perception, socio-economic status of the school and school sponsorship by a religious group were negatively related to the outcome variable. For females, abstinence self efficacy and HIV prevention programming in community festivals were additional significant predictors, both increasing the odds of condom use. Our results suggest that there are marked differences in factors influencing reported condom use among males and females in Nyanza, Kenya. While some of these factors exist at the individual level, others exist at the school/community level. Based on our findings, we recommend that AIDS prevention interventions take account not only of individual-level factors, but also school/community influences on the sexual behaviors of youth.     

The effect of marriage and HIV risks on condom use acceptability in rural Malawi

A large and increasing proportion of HIV transmissions in sub-Saharan Africa occur within marriage. Condom use within marriage could, therefore, be an important prevention strategy, but there is considerable debate about whether married couples would be willing to use condoms. This paper contributes to this debate by identifying key factors that affect the acceptability of condom use within marriage and actual condom use among men and women in rural Malawi, using three waves of longitudinal data from 2004, 2006 and 2008. Specifically, we focused on the effect of (1) entry into first marriage, (2) respondent's HIV status, HIV perceptions, and risk behaviors, and (3) spouse's HIV characteristics on condom use acceptability within marriage and actual condom use with a spouse or steady partner. Using fixed-effects regression, we found that getting married coincides with a pronounced attitudinal shift regarding the acceptability of condom use within marriage that cannot be explained by differences in fertility status or selection into marriage. In addition, we found that, for women, perceived HIV status of the respondent and spouse generally had greater influence than actual HIV status on the acceptability of condom use within marriage and actual condom use with a spouse or steady partner, even after HIV status is known; while actual HIV status and HIV risk behaviors are generally more important among men. Although condom use within marriage remained low, these findings suggest that attitudes about and use of condoms are susceptible to change and that both marital status and perceptions of risk are important influences on condom use.