正常儿童唇鼻部形态平面测量研究

对１１７名正常学龄前儿童唇鼻部形态结构进行平面数学测量，以期为儿童唇鼻部整形手术提供参考。研究结果显示，正常儿童唇鼻部形态除双侧唇高相对对外称，在侧唇高，唇红长度，鼻孔底宽度，唇峰口角距，唇缘长及人中切迹低点唇峰间距等方面存在数学上的不对称，其形态特征随性别不同而略有差异，且存在双侧结构趋于对称的相关关系。     

改良Mohler法同期修复单侧唇裂鼻畸形

目的 探讨先天性单侧唇裂鼻畸形同期修复的手术方法,并对治疗效果进行评估.方法 采用改良的Mohler法修复唇裂,同期行鼻畸形的整复,术后6d开始佩带鼻部保持器至少半年,分别在术后3、12个月复诊.结果 1998年9月至2008年8月,共治疗103例,手术年龄为2.5～12个月.术后3个月随诊时,97例获得了良好的鼻唇形态,手术切口瘢痕不明显,与非裂隙侧人中嵴对称,双唇峰等高,双侧鼻孔对称,鼻小柱居中,鼻尖挺立,鼻翼塌陷不明显;6例鼻部形态满意,但存在裂隙侧唇峰上移,唇高不足.术后12个月随诊的89例鼻畸形并无明显加重,鼻软骨发育也未受到很大影响,存在唇高不足的3例上唇缩短也得到明显改善.结论 改良Mohler法同期修复单侧唇裂鼻畸形是一种值得推广的手术方式.     

无锡地区青年人人中角与唇峰角的测量研究

目的:测量无锡地区正常青年人人中角与唇峰角,评价两者之间相互关系,及对人中美学形态的贡献。方法:2014年6月-2015年6月对无锡地区100名20~25岁正常青年进行全面部照相并裁剪人中,对人中进行美学等级评分,并测量人中角与唇峰角,计算平均数及标准差,同组左右间采用配对t检验、不同性别组间独立样本t检验,P0.05差异有统计学意义。结果:人中角较双侧唇峰角略大,三者呈双侧对称"M"形。男性32号、女性8号人中评分最高。测得人中各角度数如下:人中角,男(141.9±8.6)°,女(142.2±6.4)°;右侧唇峰角,男(134.8±6.9)°,女(135.1±6.8)°;左侧唇峰角,男(134.8±6.6)°,女(135.0±7.0)°。正常人左右唇峰角间无差异(P0.05)。正常男女间测量参数均无差异(P0.05)。结论:人中整形需同时考虑人中角与唇峰角的相互关系,并参照测得的平均数值以及评分最高的照片为妥。     

利用唇颊部组织修复双侧唇裂术后唇、鼻畸形

目的 探讨Ⅰ期纠正双侧唇裂修复术后唇、鼻畸形的手术方法.方法 利用前唇和瘢痕外侧唇、颊部皮肤软组织的弹性和可移动性,将前唇上移及唇、颊组织向内侧推进,Ⅰ期修复唇部组织缺损、鼻小柱短小以及鼻孔宽大等畸形.结果 临床治疗17例,术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合.随访6-17个月,唇、鼻部形态显著改善.上唇丰满,红唇稍外翻.两侧鼻翼、鼻孔对称,鼻小柱居中,效果满意.结论 对前唇外侧皮肤软组织丰厚、弹性大且上颌无明显塌陷的患者,充分利用唇颊部组织,可同时对唇、鼻部畸形进行矫治.     

红唇肌肉瓣修复单侧唇裂红唇的临床效果

目的 设计一种新的红唇肌肉瓣在单侧唇裂修复中恢复红唇正常外观的手术方法,并对其临床效果进行分析.方法 所有患者均采用Millard法修复唇裂,最后处理红唇时按固定的定点法切开形成红唇肌肉瓣,再造唇珠,形成唇峰,恢复红唇正常功能及形态.结果 共治疗78例,术后随访6～36个月,除6例鼻翼扁塌,早期手术的5例患侧红唇轻度上提外,67例均获得了良好的鼻唇形态,所有患者唇峰均下降充分,两侧唇峰及唇高对称,人中形态好,修复的红唇丰满、唇珠明显,红唇过渡自然,瘢痕不明显,形态、功能恢复满意.结论 红唇肌肉瓣应用于单侧唇裂的红唇修复,效果良好,简单易行,可以形成一种固定术式,值得临床推广.     

正常小儿唇鼻部外形结构215名调查报告

正常小儿唇鼻部外形结构２１５名调查报告作者单位：２２３９００江苏省泗洪县人民医院外科（庞施义、王庆荣）；江苏省泗洪县人民医院口腔科（许广侠、朱荷香）庞施义王庆荣许广侠朱荷香上下唇和下鼻部的外形结构，对人的容貌、表情及功能具有十分重要的意义。在唇鼻部先...     

改良Black术式修复完全性双侧唇裂畸形

目的 探讨采用改良Black术式修复先天完全性双侧唇裂畸形效果.方法 应用改良的Black术式修复先天完全性双侧唇裂畸形36例,其中前唇组织特别短小者19例,皮肤、唇珠组织不足,均采用裂隙侧唇组织修复.结果 术后随访全部受术者3个月至3年,前唇部唇高正常,两侧唇高对称,唇珠丰满,唇弓静态及动态自然,上唇无明显过长、过紧,唇珠与红唇颜色无差异,切口瘢痕不明显,效果满意.结论 改良术式弥补了Black术式修复双侧完全性唇裂前唇组织特别短小的患者时,出现中央唇高不足、唇珠不够丰满的缺陷,使修复的上唇功能及美容效果更佳,值得临床推广.     

改良Black术式修复完全性双侧唇裂畸形

目的 探讨采用改良Black术式修复先天完全性双侧唇裂畸形效果.方法 应用改良的Black术式修复先天完全性双侧唇裂畸形36例,其中前唇组织特别短小者19例,皮肤、唇珠组织不足,均采用裂隙侧唇组织修复.结果 术后随访全部受术者3个月至3年,前唇部唇高正常,两侧唇高对称,唇珠丰满,唇弓静态及动态自然,上唇无明显过长、过紧,唇珠与红唇颜色无差异,切口瘢痕不明显,效果满意.结论 改良术式弥补了Black术式修复双侧完全性唇裂前唇组织特别短小的患者时,出现中央唇高不足、唇珠不够丰满的缺陷,使修复的上唇功能及美容效果更佳,值得临床推广.     

改良Black术式修复完全性双侧唇裂畸形

目的 探讨采用改良Black术式修复先天完全性双侧唇裂畸形效果.方法 应用改良的Black术式修复先天完全性双侧唇裂畸形36例,其中前唇组织特别短小者19例,皮肤、唇珠组织不足,均采用裂隙侧唇组织修复.结果 术后随访全部受术者3个月至3年,前唇部唇高正常,两侧唇高对称,唇珠丰满,唇弓静态及动态自然,上唇无明显过长、过紧,唇珠与红唇颜色无差异,切口瘢痕不明显,效果满意.结论 改良术式弥补了Black术式修复双侧完全性唇裂前唇组织特别短小的患者时,出现中央唇高不足、唇珠不够丰满的缺陷,使修复的上唇功能及美容效果更佳,值得临床推广.     

双侧完全唇裂的个体化手术治疗

目的：探讨双侧唇裂修复术的个体化序列唇裂修复术式。方法：双侧完全唇裂患儿20例,均伴腭裂。患儿出生后10～40天内择期行双侧唇裂粘连术,6～10个月时行双侧唇裂整复术。唇裂整复术在前唇或侧唇附加小切口使双侧唇裂修复术后唇及唇弓形态对称,术中解剖口轮匝肌,复位后框式缝合;唇珠的形态由侧唇红唇肌肉瓣完成;红唇缘原有自然形态完整保存。结果：早期唇粘连术较好的抑制了前颌骨前突向前生长,也使前牙槽突裂隙减小,为后期的唇裂整复术创造了良好的条件。唇裂整复术后患儿创面均Ⅰ期愈合。鼻底宽度及丰满度均较满意,唇弓形态对称,无口哨畸形。随访10天～3个月,上唇静态及动态时外形均较好。结论：双侧完全唇裂整复时,采取序列治疗,对传统的原长整复方法进行改良优化,取长补短,另加一定的缝合技巧,可使术后上唇近期静态与动态均达到较满意的效果。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.