面神经管及邻近结构在横断薄层切片与高分辨率计算机断层摄影图像的对照

目的:为面神经及耳科病变的影像诊断和手术治疗提供解剖学基础。方法:15例成人头部标本,以眦耳线(CML)为基线,获得间隔为1.0mm,厚度为1.0mm的高分辨率计算机断层摄影(HRCT)图像,扫描后的头部标本按原定位截取以耳颞区为中心的组织块并将其制成厚为1.0mm的连续横断簿层切片。标本切片与HRCT图像对照,对颞骨内面神经、听小骨、骨半规管、前庭、耳蜗等结构进行观测。结果:面神经膝状神经节(GG)多位于外半规管层面;匙突多与锤砧关节位于同一层面;锥隆起多位于鼓岬层面。结论:面神经水平段起始部、OG、面神经迷路段三者在外半规管层面内呈倒"V"字型排列;面神经垂直段位于面神经隐窝深面,面神经隐窝、锥隆起、锥隐窝三者在鼓岬层面内从内向外呈"ω"字型排列。     

表盘定位法在颞骨高分辨率体层摄影术前庭窗及蜗窗层面的应用

目的:探讨在耳颞区高分辨率体层摄影术(HRCT)扫描图像上,用表盘定位法分别定位颞骨水平位和冠状位的前庭窗层面和蜗窗层面,并对4个层面进行比较,从而精确定位此2层面上各结构的位置,为耳科影像诊断和手术治疗提供参考。方法:无耳部病变的成人男女病例,水平位以听眦线为扫描基线,冠状位以听眦线的外耳门中点处作垂线为扫描基线,用美国GE公司Lightspeed 64层螺旋CT机扫描,获取层厚0.625mm,层距0.625mm的CT图像,在上述2层面的水平位和冠状位图像上绘出表盘,进而对其内各主要结构进行定位。结果:利用表盘法对颞骨HRCT水平位和冠状位的前庭窗层面和蜗窗层面4个扫描层面内的中耳和内耳的各细微结构进行了定位。结论:通过应用表盘定位法,在水平位和冠状位2层面可以更加准确定位颞骨各结构,并且方法简单,在耳科的教学、诊断与治疗中具有广泛应用前景。     

面神经颞骨内段在冠状薄层切片与高分辨率计算机断层摄影图像上的应用解剖

目的:为面神经及耳科病变的影像诊断和手术治疗提供解剖学基础.方法:15例成人头部标本,以与眦耳线(CML)相垂直的直线为基线,获得间隔为1.0mm,厚度为1.0mm的高分辨率计算机断层摄影术(HRCT)图像,扫描后的头部标本按原定位截取以耳颞区为中心的组织块并将其制成厚为1.0mm的连续冠状薄层切片.标本切片与HRCT图像对照,对颞骨内面神经、听小骨、骨半规管、前庭、耳蜗等结构进行观测.结果:颞骨冠状HRCT扫描,有30～32层,膝状神经节居第5～7层,面神经水平段起始部和面神经迷路段居第7～8层,面神经垂直段居第16～17层,面神经隐窝、锥隆起、锥隐窝三者在第14～15层从外向内呈"M"字型排列.结论:耳颞区火棉胶冠状薄层断面标本能良好显示面神经及其周围结构的解剖位置和毗邻关系,可直接与高分辨率CT冠状扫描图像进行对照研究,其结果对耳科疾病的影像诊断及手术治疗有参考价值.     

面神经垂直段在横、冠状断层和CT上的定位及临床意义

目的为面神经及耳科病变的影像诊断和手术治疗提供解剖学基础.方法30例成人头部标本,15例以眦耳线(CML)为基线,15例以CML相垂直的直线为基线,获得间隔为1.0mm,厚度为1.0mm的CT图像,扫描后的头部标本按原定位截取以耳颞区为中心的组织块并将其制成厚为1.0mm的连续横(冠)状薄层切片.标本切片与CT图像对照,对颞骨内面神经垂直段及邻近结构进行观测.结果(1)横断层VFN距面神经隐窝、鼓室窦、鼓索神经、外耳道上棘距离分别为(0.63±0.15)mm、(2.17±0.12)mm、(5.16±0.10)mm和(16.80±1.19)mm;(2)冠状断层VFN长度平均值为(14.28±1.30)mm,VFN至鼓索神经、后半规管距离分别为(2.49±0.19)mm和(2.53±0.33)mm.结论耳颞区火棉胶横断和冠状薄层断面标本能良好显示VFN及其周围结构的解剖位置和毗邻关系,可直接与HRCT扫描图像图像进行对照研究,其结果对耳科疾病的影像诊断及手术治疗有参考价值.     

后鼓室颞骨切片与CT对照研究

目的：为后鼓室及耳科病变的影像诊断和手术治疗提供解剖学基础。方法：l5例成人头部标本，以眦耳线（cML）为基线，获得间隔为1．00mm，厚度为1．00mm的CT图像，扫描后的头部标本按原定位截取以耳颞区为中心的组织块并将其制成厚为1．00mm的连续横断薄层切片。标本切片与CT图像对照，对颞骨内砧骨窝、鼓索隆起、茎突隆起、面神经隐窝、鼓室窦、岬小桥、外耳道上棘等结构进行观察。结果：砧骨窝深度为1．49mm，至面神经锥曲的距离为5．67mm。后鼓室窦内侧壁至面神经水平部的距离为3．14mm。外耳道上棘至面神经垂直段、鼓索神经、鼓岬的距离分别为16．76mm、15．94mm和21．81mm。结论：耳颞区断面标本与CT图像进行对照研究，其结果对耳科疾病的影像诊断及手术治疗具有参考价值。     

面神经颞骨内段在横断薄层和CT上的定位及临床意义

目的：为面神经及耳科病变的影像诊断和手术治疗提供解剖学基础。方法：15例成人头部标本，以眦耳线(CML)为基线，获得间隔为1．0mm，厚度为1．0mm的CT图像，扫描后的头部标本按原定位截取以耳颞区为中心的组织块并将其制成厚为1．0mm的连续横断薄层切片。标本切片与CT图像对照，对颞骨内面神经、听小骨、骨半规管、前庭、耳蜗等结构进行观测。结果：(1)面神经膝状神经节(GG)多位于外半规管层面。(2)匙突多与锤砧关节位于同一层面。(3)锥隆起多位于鼓岬层面。结论：面神经水平段起始部，GG，面神经迷路段三者在外半规管层面内呈倒“V”字型排列；面神经垂直段位于面神经隐窝深面，面神经隐窝、锥隆起、锥隐窝三者在鼓岬层面内从内向外呈“ω”字型排列。     

颞骨冠状切片和高分辨率CT定位圆窗区的邻近结构

背景:作者前期实验曾探讨了圆窗区及周围结构在横断面上的配布特点,虽有资料对颞骨中耳及邻近解剖结构的冠状位影像学特点进行了描述,但由于无统一的冠状扫描基线,导致相关研究结果存在差异。目的:对比分析成人头部标本颞骨冠状切片和高分辨率CT冠状扫描图像上圆窗区及其周围结构的差异。方法:15例(30侧)成人头部标本,以与眦耳线相垂直的直线为基线,获得间隔为1.00mm,厚度为1.00mm的CT冠状扫描图像,扫描后的头部标本按原定位截取以耳颞区为中心的组织块,并制成厚为1.00mm的连续冠状薄层切片。标本切片与CT图像对照,对颞骨内听小骨、骨性半规管、前庭、耳蜗、圆窗、圆窗龛、蒲氏间隙以及面神经颞骨内段等结构进行观察。结果与结论:圆窗龛的内外径、深度分别为(1.36±0.26)和(1.55±0.26)mm,面神经迷路段至弓状隆起的距离为(4.19±0.52)mm,面神经水平段距鼓室盖、距耳蜗、距锤骨头、距盾板、距砧骨短脚间的距离分别为(5.27±0.92),(1.36±0.28),(3.19±0.85),(5.30±0.58)和(2.86±0.54)mm。提示耳颞区火棉胶冠状薄层断面标本能良好显示圆窗区及其周围结构的解剖位置和毗邻关系,可直接与高分辨率CT冠状`扫描图像进行对照分析,其结果对耳科疾病的影像诊断及手术治疗有参考价值。     

大脑髓突及脑回横断面表盘定位的影像解剖学研究

目的:为了给脑功能影像学研究和脑小病灶的早期定位诊断与治疗提供脑回定位的形态学基础和新方法,探讨横断层CT扫描图像上脑回表盘法定位的可行性。方法:随机选取30例外观无异常的成人颅脑标本,用SCT-4800TF型CT机据CM基线以10 m m层厚连续横断扫描后,切出相应的断层标本,通过CT图像与相应断层标本的对照研究,先确认髓突,然后根据髓突与脑回的对应关系在CT片上用表盘法定位脑回。结果:利用表盘法在典型横断层CT图像上对脑回进行了定位,其中额叶定位准确率最高。结论:表盘定位法切实可行、简便实用,在大脑的医学影像学研究和病变的定位诊断方面具有重要的临床意义和实用价值。     

颞骨的断面解剖学研究及其临床意义

目的：进一步明确颞骨的断面形态和各结构的解剖关系，为影像诊断和手术治疗提供解剖学依据。方法：将6例成人头颅标本制备成层厚0．5mm的耳颞部火棉胶横断切片，逐一观测。结果：以HRCT为参考，选取11个典型层面：①上半规管层面；②上鼓室层面；③外半规管层面；④锤砧关节层面；⑤内耳道底下部层面；⑥前庭窗层面；⑦匙突层面；⑧后鼓室层面；⑨蜗窗层面；⑩鼓膜脐层面；(11)咽鼓管层面。对层面内主要结构的断面形态及其毗邻关系进行了描述。结论：颞骨火棉胶薄切片能很好地显示颞骨的解剖结构及其毗邻关系，对该区的影像诊断和手术治疗有重要的参考价值。     

耳颞部矢状塑化薄片与HRCT图像对照研究

目的 探讨耳颞部重要结构在矢状断面上的形态规律及影像学表现，为该区影像诊断及外科手术提供形态学依据。方法 取6例成人耳颞部组织块，应用生物塑化技术制作成层厚1．2mm的矢状位连续薄层断面标本，并与对应的HRCT图像进行对照。结果 塑化薄层断面与HRCT图像有良好的对应关系。矢状断面可良好显示颞骨结构及其周围结构的毗邻关系，对面神经鼓室段及垂直段、前庭导水管等结构显示尤佳。结论 耳颞部矢状面扫描是补充横、冠状面扫描缺陷的一个重要扫描方法。结合塑化薄片、HRCT进行对照研究，可深入了解耳颞部矢状断面的解剖结构，为耳颞部疾病的影像学诊断和临床手术提供翔实准确的断层形态资料。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.