经皮影像引导活检诊断肾淋巴瘤：11例经验

作者通过回顾1997年9月至2005年2月行经皮肾活检的病例，总结了经皮影像引导肾局部肿物活检诊断淋巴瘤的经验。共完成407例影像引导局部肾病灶活检，其中11例（30．4）诊断为淋巴瘤。9例活检在CT引导下完成，占82％，2例在B超引导下完成，占18％。11织活检，而10例（91％）行细针针吸活检。10份细针针吸标本行细胞学检查，9份辅助行流式细胞学分析。综合病理诊断为B细胞淋巴瘤10例，淋巴瘤样肉芽肿病1例。组织活检诊断B细胞淋巴瘤10例，淋巴瘤样肉芽肿病1例；而细针针吸活检诊断B细胞淋巴瘤3例，淋巴瘤4例，可疑淋巴瘤1例，非典型细胞1例及诊断不确定1例。     

结直肠肿瘤高级别上皮内瘤变临床诊断意义的探讨

目的 探讨结直肠肿瘤高级别上皮内瘤变的临床诊断意义.方法 收集近3年来在本院内窥镜室进行肠镜检查,活检病理诊断为高级别上皮内瘤变,肠镜或外科手术切除后确诊的结直肠肿瘤病例120例,分析探讨高级别上皮内瘤变的活检病理的诊断准确性和影响诊断结果的各项因素.结果 在120例中,83例确诊为浸润性癌,其中肿块直径大于3 cm 53例,肿块直径小于3 cm 30例;术前CT或MRI检查有异常的分别为41例和13例;CEA和CA19-9异常升高的分别为47例和30例.83例中有22例属于Dukes C或D期.另外37例确诊为高级别上皮内瘤变,其中肿块直径大于3 cm 16例,小于3 cm为21例,和浸润性癌组相比,两者间肿块大小的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).37例高级别上皮内瘤变病例的术前CT或MRI检查有异常的分别为10例和4例;肿瘤标志物CEA及 CA19-9均正常.结论 要充分认识高级别上皮内瘤变的肠镜活检病理诊断的局限性,合理解读高级别上皮内瘤变的病理诊断结果,必要时重复肠镜活检明确诊断.对确诊为高级别上皮内瘤变的患者,不能进行肿瘤根治性手术等过度治疗.     

肠结核的诊断

肠结核多见于回盲部，其临床表现无特异。本文报告经病理切片确诊为肺结核63例的诊断经验。钡剂检查对诊断肠结核有参考意义。纤维结肠镇检＋活检是提高准确诊断的方法。腹腔镜检＋活检可弥补肠镜不能直接观察胸腔外周围脏器组织的情况，联合应用，可使确诊率再提高，值得推广。     

前列腺癌活检标本的病理学特征(附112例报告)

目的　探讨前列腺活检诊断前列腺癌的病理学特征。　方法　对 114 7例前列腺活检标本 (前列腺癌 112例 ,良性前列腺增生 10 3 0例 ,非特异性肉芽肿性前列腺炎 5例 )进行回顾性分析 ,并进行组织学分级 ,部分病例采用细胞角蛋白 (3 4 βE12 )单克隆抗体作免疫组织化学检查。 　结果　根据结构紊乱 ,细胞学异型性和浸润等病变特点 ,诊断前列腺癌 112例 ,其中高分化腺癌 2 3例(2 0 .5% ) ,中分化腺癌 3 8例 (3 3 .9% ) ,低分化腺癌 51例 (45.5% )。癌组织间见低级别上皮内瘤 (PINⅠ ) 2 1例 (18.8% ) ,高级别上皮内瘤 (PINⅢ ) 75例 (67.0 % )。免疫组化染色中 ,10 2例良性前列腺增生者腺体基底层细胞 3 4 βE12阳性 98例 ,40例前列腺癌者 3 4 βE12呈阴性反应 3 6例。 　结论　根据病理形态学特征 ,结合免疫组化结果 ,对提高病理诊断前列腺癌的准确性有重要意义     

表现为腹部肿块的大肠结核诊断和鉴别诊断

目的　探讨以腹块为临床表现的大肠结核的诊断和鉴别诊断。方法　报告 1987～2 0 0 0年收治的以腹部肿块为临床表现的大肠结核 15例 ,并结合文献进行回顾性分析。结果　 15例肠结核均以腹块为主诉就诊 ,其中 9例行纤维结肠镜检查 ,3例行钡灌肠。仅 3例诊断为肠结核 ,其余 12例经手术活检确诊 ;所有病例均经抗结核治疗 ,1例复发。结论　纤维结肠镜下活检和手术活检是肠结核确诊的重要手段 ,利用多聚酶链反应 (PCR)技术检测活检组织中的结核杆菌 ,以及手术时常规行肠系膜淋巴结活检 ,有助于肠结核的诊断和鉴别诊断     

药物性肉芽肿性急性间质性肾炎

不少药物可引起急性间质性肾炎(AIN)。其发现率并不高,如在一篇综合各家资料的材料中AIN只占急性肾衰(ARF)中的0.8％,同期内4.5％的ARF是药源性的。实际上这一数字是远远低估的,因为确诊只有靠活检,但做得不多,如在398例有用药史的一组ARF中只做过31例,其中就有20例为AIN。关于肉芽肿肉芽肿主要由大量巨噬细胞或上皮样细胞组成的非特异性炎性灶。可看到由许多巨噬细胞融合而成的巨细胞。肉芽肿经典分类分为两型:一型内只有巨噬细胞而不含上皮样细胞,由非免疫性的胶休铁或铝等所形成。另型则起源于对慢性感染性疾病、霉菌、寄生虫、结节病、药物、某种金属如铍     

艾滋病合并食管结核和巨细胞病毒性食管炎1例

艾滋病合并食管结核较为少见, 同时合并巨细胞病毒性食管炎更为罕见, 大部分临床医师对食管结核的临床表现、辅助检查与诊断的认识不足, 易于误诊与漏诊。本文报道了1例以胸骨后疼痛为主要临床表现的艾滋病患者, 经验性抗真菌治疗效果差, 胃镜病理检查示食管可见多发病变, 食管下段活检免疫组化标记巨细胞病毒抗原阳性, 诊断巨细胞病毒性食管炎, 抗病毒治疗后胸骨后疼痛改善, 因食管活检病理可见肉芽肿样病变, 进一步查抗酸染色阳性, 诊断为食管结核, 加用抗结核治疗后胸骨后疼痛逐渐改善直至消失。本文结合文献复习探讨食管结核的鉴别诊断, 旨在提高临床医师对该疾病的认识, 从而及时诊断与治疗, 其中经验或可为临床提供借鉴。     

CT引导下经皮穿刺活检在脊柱占位性病变诊断中的应用

目的探讨CT引导下经皮穿刺活检对脊柱占位性病变的诊断价值。方法 2008年5月～2010年8月对临床不能明确诊断的30例脊柱占位性病变行CT引导下椎体穿刺活检术,在CT扫描监控下,使用骨穿刺活检针,局麻下经椎弓根或椎弓根旁途径取脊柱占位性病变骨质适量,通过变换工作通道方向或用不同直径的骨活检针进行多向多点取材,将钻取标本立即置于10%福尔马林中保存,标本送病理检查及相应的病理细胞学检查。结果 30例均成功穿刺取材,其中28例获得明确诊断:原发恶性肿瘤7例,脊柱转移性肿瘤13例,化脓性脊柱炎2例,脊柱结核2例,嗜酸性肉芽肿1例,神经纤维瘤1例,椎体血管瘤1例,修复性肉芽肿1例;2例未能明确诊断,采取切除活检,术后病理检查结果为嗜酸性肉芽肿1例,转移性腺癌(肺源性)1例。穿刺活检总的诊断准确率93.3%(28/30)。结论 CT引导下穿刺活检术对于脊柱占位性病变诊断具有安全、活检阳性率高特点,是诊断脊柱占位性病变的理想方法,对指导治疗具有重要意义。     

肉芽肿性乳腺炎的诊断与处理原则

肉芽肿性乳腺炎不常见,但文献报告近年有增加趋势。临床特征为育龄经产妇突发乳腺肿块,脓肿形成,继发窦道和溃疡,可反复发作或经久不愈。棒状杆菌感染可使病程变得复杂。经皮活检是主要的确诊方法,病理特征为以小叶为中心组织细胞的上皮样和多核巨细胞浸润的非干酪样肉芽肿伴微脓肿,但须做排除性诊断。根据不同临床表现、细菌学检查和病理学检查进行分类,随后可行手术、激素治疗后手术和抗分枝杆菌治疗以及免疫抑制剂治疗等分类处理。     

肠镜活检诊断的结直肠高级别上皮内瘤变治疗对策

目的探讨肠镜活检诊断为结直肠高级别上皮内瘤变（HGIN）病例的处理原则。方法对第二军医大学附属长海医院2002年1月至2009年12月间收治的203例肠镜活检诊断为HGIN病例的临床诊治资料进行回顾性分析。直接接受根治术156例,全瘤切除活检47例,分别将术后诊断与肠镜活检诊断进行对比．并对两组问的临床病理学差异进行统计学分析。结果肿瘤位于结肠（P=0．02）、肿瘤无蒂（P=0．00）以及体积大（P=0．00）是导致选择直接行根治术的影响因素。术后共有163例（80．3％）诊断为浸润性癌,而仅有40例（19．7％）证实为HGIN。156例根治性切除患者中,有140例手术标本确诊为浸润性癌,16例仍为HGIN。47例行全瘤切除活检的患者中,24例术后确诊为HGIN,23例被诊断为浸润性癌,其中15例后续行根治术。结论基于肠镜活检诊断的HGIN应积极行全瘤切除活检明确诊断：在不具备全瘤切除的条件下,对于不涉及保留肛门的高度疑癌病例也可直接行根治术以防延误治疗。     

Fine needle aspiration biopsy of tuberculous cervical lymphadenopathy

Fine needle aspiration biopsies of 42 histologically confirmed tuberculous cervical lesions were studied. Thirty-four patients had subsequent excision of cervical lymph nodes and eight had incision and drainage of cervical abscesses. All aspirates except two (which were inadequate) were satisfactory for diagnosis and contained inflammatory cells. Twenty-seven smears revealed cells typical of granulomatous lymphadenopathy, that is, epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells. Of all aspirates, 17 smears had bacteriological staining by Ziehl-Nielsen technique, nine of which (53%) were positive for acid-fast bacilli. An aspiration biopsy diagnosis of granulomatous or tuberculous cervical lymphadenopathy was made in 30 patients (71%). In regions where mycobacterial infection is common, the presence of granulomatous changes in lymph node aspirates is highly suggestive of tuberculosis. When the aspirates contain purulent material or when tuberculosis is suspected, staining and culture for mycobacteria should be performed. FNA biopsy is a sensitive, specific and cost-effective way to diagnose tuberculous cervical lymphadenopathy and is recommended.     

Detection of residual tumor cells in bladder biopsy specimens: pitfalls in the interpretation of cytokeratin stains

Some patients who have had prior bladder biopsies or transurethral resections undergo a repeat resection within several months for various reasons. The detection of a few residual tumor cells in bladder specimens with prior biopsy site changes can be challenging based on histology alone. Immunohistochemistry for cytokeratins may be used as an adjunct in this situation. We have noted several cases in which keratin stains were performed and positive cells were noted, raising the issue as to whether the cytokeratin positive cells were residual tumor cells or stromal cells. Immunohistochemistry for a panel of antibodies [AE1/AE3, CAM 5.2, high molecular weight cytokeratin, smooth muscle actin (SMA), desmin, and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)] was performed on 29 cases of bladder biopsies with prior biopsy site changes. Of 29 patients, 25 had a prior history of bladder tumor: 17 had invasive high-grade urothelial carcinoma (T1, 5 cases; T2, 11 cases; T3,1 case); 7 had noninvasive high-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma; 1 had noninvasive low-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma). One of the patients with noninvasive high-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma and one of the patents with invasive high-grade urothelial carcinoma had associated carcinoma in-situ. Four patients had prior benign bladder diagnoses: cystitis cystica et glandularis; polypoid cystitis; follicular cystitis; and neurogenic bladder with benign prostate hyperplasia. Of the 29 cases, 6 (21%) had cells with staining for at least 2 of the cytokeratin markers. Cytokeratin (CK) AE1/ AE3 was positive for cells in 8/29 cases (28%). In 6 of these cases, cells displayed a spindle cell and 2 cases a more epithelioid morphology. CAM 5.2 was positive in cells in 5/29 cases (17%); 3 of the cases had spindle cell and 2 cases epithelioid morphology. High molecular weight cytokeratin was expressed in cells in 2/29 cases (7%) with 1 case having spindle cell and 1 epithelioid morphology. SMA was positive in cells with a spindle cell morphology and negative in the more epitheloid cytokeratin positive cells. Desmin was positive in 3/6 keratin positive spindle cells and negative in keratin positive epithelioid cells. ALK was negative in all the cases. Three cases with spindle cell morphology and positivity for at least 1 of the keratins and SMA stains were interpreted as aberrant keratin expression in myofibroblastic cells based on the staining and the morphology of the spindle cells. Another 3 cases with concurrent staining for at least 1 of the keratins, SMA and desmin were consistent with smooth muscle cells on the basis of their cellular morphology. Another 2 cases had cells, which expressed at least 2 CK markers but did not express SMA, desmin, or ALK and a more epithelioid morphology. These cells were interpreted as residual tumors cells. When interpreting CK stains for the detection of residual tumor cells, one should pay attention to the nature of the cells and not assume all CK staining cells are residual tumor cells.     

Tuberculous lymphadenitis in patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

The aim of this study was to review the clinical features of tuberculous (TB) lymphadenitis in patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Nine cases of TB lymphadenitis were diagnosed among 910 patients over a period of 10 years. There were five men and four women with a mean age of 51 ± 15.5 years. The TB lymphadenitis involved the cervical lymph nodes in six patients, supraclavicular lymph nodes in two patients and mediastinal lymph nodes in one patient. Six patients presented with clinically enlarged lymph nodes of whom four also had fever. Three other patients were incidentally found to have enlarged lymph nodes on routine chest X-ray or ultrasound examination of the neck. Diagnosis of TB lymphadenitis was made by demonstrating caseating granulomata with or without positive acid-fast bacilli on excisional lymph node biopsy. All patients were cured with standard anti-tuberculosis drugs for 12 months. No recurrence of the TB lymphadenitis was observed after a mean follow-up of 59 ± 30 months. We conclude that TB lymphadenitis is not uncommon among patients on CAPD. A high index of suspicion is needed for early diagnosis of this condition. Prompt initiation of anti-tuberculosis treatment is associated with good prognosis.     

Lymphoplasmacytic/lymphoplasmacytoid immunocytoma with a high content of epithelioid cells. Histologic and immunohistochemical findings

Fifty-four lymph node biopsy specimens from 36 patients with lymphoplasmacytic/lymphoplasmacytoid immunocytoma with a high content of epithelioid cells (LPICep) were studied by light microscopy using conventional histologic and immunohistochemical techniques. Three other patients with extranodal involvement only were also included in the study. Of a total of 39 patients, 31 had the polymorphic subtype, six the lymphoplasmacytoid subtype, and two the lymphoplasmacytic subtype. Cellular composition and histologic structure are described in detail as a basis for discriminating LPICep from similar lymphomas with a high content of epithelioid cells, especially from lymphoepithelioid cell lymphoma (Lennert's lymphoma), angioimmunoblastic peripheral T-cell lymphoma with a high content of epithelioid cells, and Hodgkin's disease, mixed cellularity type with a high content of epithelioid cells. In 10 patients (26%) LPICep developed into a high-grade malignant lymphoma of B-immunoblastic type. Forty-seven biopsy specimens were studied with the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method to detect intracytoplasmic immunoglobulin. Plasma cells and plasma cell precursors revealed a monotypic immunoglobulin pattern in all specimens. In 25 biopsy specimens in which giant cells resembling Sternberg-Reed and Hodgkin's cells were found, these cells were CD15 negative. A comparison of the main clinical and laboratory data in these four lymphomas with a high content of epithelioid cells revealed both similarities and differences.     

Comparison of sampling methods, culture, acid-fast stain, and polymerase chain reaction assay for the diagnosis of mycobacteriosis in ring-neck doves (Streptopelia risoria)

Even when different diagnostic modalities are available, mycobacteriosis is difficult to diagnose in a live bird. To investigate the diagnostic value of sampling different tissues and using different diagnostic methods, we evaluated results of mycobacterial culture, Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) staining, and single-amplification polymerase chain reaction assay (PCR) of 18 ring-neck doves (Streptopelia risoria) with confirmed natural infection with Mycobacterium avium avium. Results of testing liver biopsy, duodenal aspirate, and bone marrow aspirate samples and liver and spleen samples collected at necropsy were compared. Results showed the use of one single technique did not allow identification of all infected birds. In liver biopsy and bone marrow aspirate samples, culture had the highest sensitivity, whereas PCR assay and ZN staining had low sensitivity, and their combination was less sensitive than culture alone. Examination of ZN staining of the intestinal aspirate samples failed to detect infection in most birds. More splenic lesions contained acid-fast organisms than did liver lesions, suggesting that splenic biopsy may have the greatest potential for diagnosis of mycobacterial infection antemortem. Sensitivity was higher for postmortem examination of multiple liver sections than of a single biopsy section; therefore, obtaining multiple liver biopsy sections may increase detection of mycobacteria. Examination of multiple tissues and the use of several different diagnostic techniques significantly increases the probability of diagnosis of mycobacteriosis.     

Etiology of intestinal metaplasia at the gastroesophageal junction

Background: Intestinal metaplasia occurs in the esophagus as a consequence of gastroesophageal reflux disease and in the stomach secondary to H. pylori infection. The etiology of intestinal metaplasia limited to the gastroesophageal junction or cardia (CIM) is disputed. We hypothesized that CIM has dual etiologies: gastroesophageal reflux in some, H. pylori infection in others, and that cytokeratin immunostaining can help to differentiate between these two etiologies. Methods: We defined CIM as the presence of intestinal metaplasia within cardiac mucosa on biopsy from an endoscopically normal-appearing gastroesophageal junction. Thirty patients with CIM who had multiple biopsy specimens taken from the esophagus, gastroesophageal junction, and stomach were identified. Tissue blocks from biopsy specimens taken at the gastroesophageal junction were sectioned and immunostained for cytokeratins 7 and 20. The cytokeratin 7/20 staining of the CIM in each patient was determined to be either a Barrett's or non-Barrett's pattern. H. pylori infection was assessed by Giemsa staining of antral biopsy specimens. Results: H. pylori infection was present in 16 patients. A Barrett's cytokeratin 7/20 staining pattern in the CIM was present in only 46% of the H. pylori–positive patients, as compared to 86% in the 14 patients with CIM and no H. pylori (p = 0.025). Objective evidence of reflux disease was present in 71% of patients with CIM and no H. pylori, as compared to 31% of patients with H. pylori. Conclusions: The two different patterns of cytokeratin 7/20 staining found in patients with CIM support the concept of dual etiologies for CIM. A Barrett's staining pattern was associated with objective evidence of gastroesophageal reflux and the absence of H. pylori, suggesting that cytokeratin 7/20 immunostaining is useful to determine the likely etiology of CIM.     

The use of routine special stains for upper gastrointestinal biopsies

Helicobacter pylori and intestinal metaplasia (IM) are readily seen in hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides of gastric and/or esophageal biopsies, yet many pathology laboratories perform routine special stains on all of these biopsies. We wished to determine if special stains are necessary for every single gastric and/or esophageal biopsy. We prospectively studied 613 gastric and/or esophageal biopsies from 494 consecutive patients. The slides were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, toluidine blue (TB) for H. pylori, and Alcian blue (AB) for IM. The hematoxylin and eosin slide was classed as positive or negative for H. pylori and IM. Then it was determined if the case needed a TB or AB stain. A total of 436 cases (71.1%) were identified as H. pylori-negative and not needing a TB stain, and none was TB+. A total of 126 (20.6%) of hematoxylin and eosin slides were inconclusive for H. pylori and were regarded as needing a TB stain. Twenty of these (15.9%) were TB+. Fifty-one biopsies (8.3%) were regarded as H. pylori+ on hematoxylin and eosin; the TB stain was also positive in 49. IM was present in 113 (18.4%) hematoxylin and eosin biopsies. Hematoxylin and eosin slides were IM-negative in 498 cases (81.2%). The AB stain revealed rare goblet cells in 3 of 498 cases (0.6%). Only one of those biopsies was esophageal, and that had one goblet cell that was missed on hematoxylin and eosin. Only 2 (0.3%) were regarded as needing an AB stain. We conclude that routine special stains for all gastric and/or esophageal biopsies are not required, and hematoxylin and eosin assessment combined with selective ordering of these stains will identify virtually all cases of H. pylori gastritis and intestinal metaplasia.     

Tubulointerstitial nephritis in active tuberculosis - a single center experience

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is a common disease worldwide, but kidney affection, i.e. tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis is rare. More frequent in patients with TB is drug induced TIN, i.e. the result of intensive antitubercular treatment. Patients and methods: In the time between April 2005 until August 2011 data from all patients (4 male, 1 female) with clinical evidence of active TB and significant renal disease were collected. All patients were treated with antitubercular treatment according to standard protocols. All patients underwent kidney biopsy due to progressive renal failure and all of the renal biopsies revealed an interstitial inflammation with eosinophilia. Epitheloid granulomata were found in 3 of 5 patients, whereas caseating granulomata were found in only one patient. No patient had sterile leucozyturia and all patients were negative for Mycobacterium tuberculosis on PCR; of note, none of the renal biopsies examined were positive for acid and alcohol fast bacilli by Ziehl-Neelsen staining. Conclusions: TB associated TIN is rare, but needs a rapid recognition and an early treatment. Kidney biopsy should be performed in patients with TB and renal disease to ensure the diagnosis of renal involvement of active TB and established correct treatment (intensifying TB treatment or changing TB therapy in drug induced TIN). Additionally, negative PCR of the histopathological samples should not exclude TB associated TIN and sterile leukocyturia is less common than expected.     

Angiosarcoma involving the gastrointestinal tract: a series of primary and metastatic cases

Angiosarcoma occurs very rarely in the intestinal tract as either a primary or metastatic malignancy and can present great diagnostic difficulty, especially when it displays epithelioid cytomorphology. Since only isolated case reports have been published, the purpose of this study is to more fully delineate the histopathological and clinical features from a series of 8 angiosarcomas involving the gastrointestinal tract. There were 5 male and 3 female patients whose ages ranged from 25-85 years (median 57). Presenting symptoms included intestinal bleeding, anemia and pain. Five cases involved the small bowel and 3 involved the colon/rectum. Four cases were primary to the intestinal tract, 2 patients initially presented with secondary involvement of the large bowel from occult retroperitoneal primaries, 1 patient presented with disseminated disease including small bowel involvement, and 1 case was metastatic from a breast primary. Seven cases were composed predominantly of sheets of malignant appearing epithelioid cells with subtle areas forming cleft-like spaces suggestive of vascular differentiation. Immunohistochemical studies revealed the lesional cells to be immunoreactive for CD31 (8/8), CD34 (8/8), Factor VIII (8/8), cytokeratins AE1/AE3 (7/8), cytokeratin 7 (2/8), Cam5.2/cytokeratin 8 (5/8), and cytokeratin 19 (5/8). Cytokeratin 20 was negative in all eight cases, which contrasts sharply with the characteristic positivity for cytokeratin 20 in virtually all intestinal carcinomas. One case was weakly and focally positive for EMA and all cases were negative for S-100 protein. Cytokeratin staining was variable and ranged from focal to extensive. Follow-up was available in eight cases and ranged from 1-33 months (median 12.5). Five patients died of disease, between 1 and 33 months (median 6) after diagnosis. One recently diagnosed patient is alive with disease 18 months after diagnosis, and one patient is free of disease 27 months after original diagnosis. Angiosarcomas of the gastrointestinal tract commonly display epithelioid cytomorphology, may be diffusely and strongly positive for cytokeratins and only show subtle signs of vascular differentiation, creating potential diagnostic confusion with primary or metastatic carcinoma. Given the clinically aggressive behavior of angiosarcoma, proper classification and treatment is important. Immunohistochemistry with vascular markers, CK20, and S-100 protein may be helpful in differentiating angiosarcoma from carcinoma and melanoma.     

Concurrent Hepatic Tuberculosis and Hepatic Graft-versus-host Disease in an Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipient: A Case Report

Background

Infection and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) are among the most common complications after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). With well-known risk factors including allogeneic HSCT and GVHD, tuberculosis (TB) has a higher incidence and shorter survival rate in HSCT recipients than in the general population.