精神分裂症患者神经系统软体征随访观察

目的:探讨缺陷型、非缺陷型精神分裂症患者神经系统软体征(NSS)的长期随访特点.方法:对1997年9月曾进行NSS评定、持续住院的缺陷型和非缺陷型精神分裂症患者分别23例和30例于4年后再次进行评定,同时采用简明精神病评定量表(BPRS)、阳性症状评定量表(SAPS)、阴性症状评定量表(SANS)评定其精神症状.结果:4年后精神分裂症患者NSS总分及顶叶、额叶、枕叶因子分均明显增加;非缺陷型患者仅顶叶、额叶因子分显著增加.NSS评分均与同期的SANS评分呈正相关,而与SAPS评分无显著相关性.结论:缺陷型精神分裂症患者NSS随病程进展呈加重趋势,其严重程度与阴性症状密切相关.     

精神分裂症神经系统软体征初探

对７５例男性精神分裂症病人进行神经系统软体征检查，并与临床作比较分析。神经系统软体征发生率为６８％，与文化程度、起病急缓及病期长短无关，而家族史阳性、偏执型精神分裂症及病情较重（ＢＰＲＳ＞５０分）的病人神经系统软体征发生率显著增高。随着抗精神病治疗、病情改善，软体征出现的平均项数也显著减少。对其可能原因进行了讨论。     

精神分裂症神经系统软体征及其相关因素的研究

目的 搪塞精神分裂症神经系统软体征的发生率及其与临床关系。方法 入院时对符合入组标准的精神分裂症患者进行ＢＰＲＳ评分及了２项软件体征检查。于疗后１月、２月时各进行一镒ＢＰＲＳ评分及国欠体征检查。结果 精神分裂症神经系统软体征发生率为６８％;与文化程度、起病急缓、病期主分型无关,而家族史阳性及病情较重者神经系统软体征发生率显著增高。软体征出现平均项数,随主病情改善也显著减少。结论神经系统软体征的研究     

精神分裂症神经系统软体征与临床变量的关系

精神分裂症神经系统软体征与临床变量的关系甘景梨为探讨精神分裂症神经系统软体征（ＳＳ）与临床变量的关系，我们对有与无ＳＳ的精神分裂症病人进行了治疗前后的对照研究。１．对象与方法：对象为我院连续入院病人，共１５６例，其中男性１０８例，女性４８例；年龄１７...     

精神分裂症的神经系统软体征

一、历史 1947年Bender在研究儿童精神分裂症时,注意到在患儿身上同时存在着运动、感觉及平衡等多方面的功能不良,经过系统观察,她总结出一套描述和评定这些功能不良的项目(共26项),命名为“神经系统软体征”,以区别于具     

情感性精神障碍与精神分裂症患者神经系统软体征对照分析

目的 为探讨精神分裂症及情感性精神障碍患者神经系统软体征的发生频率及其所具有的病理意义。方法:参照Bartko·G等人选定的神经系统软体征条目,检查符合CCMD-2-R诊断标准的115例情感性精神障碍、120例精神分裂症患者和100名正常对照者的神经系统软体征的发生频率。结果:115例情感性精神障碍患者的神经系统软体征阳性频率为55％,与精神分裂症患者59％的比率无统计学差异(X~2=0.63,P>0.05),非常显著地高于正常对照资料(X~2=82.95,df=2,P<0.01)。结论:情感性精神障碍患者与精神分裂症患者一样存在脑结构异常。     

精神分裂症患者神经系统软体征与抗精神病药的相关性研究

用直线相关回归及方差分析法对100例精神分裂症患者的软体征与应用抗精神病药物的剂量、药物副反应、锥体外系反应及用药时间的相关性进行了研究,发现软体征的发生率与以上因素无相关。     

300例精神分裂症病人神经系统体征调查

本文报告300例住院精神分裂症患者神经系统体征调查的结果,并与100例神经症患者作对照。精神分裂症组体征检出率为50.2%,其中软体征为47%,硬体征为7.7%。对照组体征检出率为12%,全系软体征。统计学分析有极显著性差异,提示精神分裂症存在脑器质性改变的可能。     

缓解期精神分裂症患者及其一级非患病亲属神经系统软体征比较研究

目的探讨缓解期的精神分裂症患者及其非患病一级亲属神经系统软体征(neurological soft signs,NSS)的差异。方法使用中文版剑桥神经科检查(the Cambridge neurological inventory,CNI)软体征测试分量表对86例缓解期精神分裂症患者(患者组)、86名患者的非患病一级亲属(亲属组)和86名健康对照(对照组)进行NSS的评估。结果与亲属组比较,患者组NSS总分、运动协调因子及感觉整合因子得分更高(P0.01)。患者组与对照组比较,患者组的NSS总分、运动协调因子得分和感觉整合因子的得分更高(P0.01)。亲属组与对照组比较,亲属组的NSS总分和运动协调因子得分更高(P0.01)。结论缓解期的精神分裂症患者及其非患病一级亲属较正常对照有更多神经系统软体征,而患者的神经系统软体征多于其非患病一级亲属。神经系统软体征中的运动协调因子可能为精神分裂症潜在的内表型。     

Reduced cerebellar volume and neurological soft signs in first-episode schizophrenia

Recent studies indicate that morphological and functional abnormalities of the cerebellum are associated with schizophrenia. Since the cerebellum is crucial for motor coordination, one may ask whether the respective changes are associated with motor dysfunction in the disease. To test these hypotheses in a clinical study, we investigated cerebellar volumes derived from volumetric magnetic resonance imaging of 37 first-episode patients with schizophrenia, schizophreniform or schizoaffective disorder and 18 healthy controls matched for age, gender and handedness. To control for potential interindividual differences in head size, intracranial volume was entered as a covariate. Neurological soft signs (NSS) were examined after remission of acute symptoms. Compared with the controls, patients had significantly smaller cerebellar volumes for both hemispheres. Furthermore, NSS in patients were inversely correlated with tissue volume of the right cerebellar hemisphere partialling for intracranial volume. No associations were detected between cerebellar volumes and psychopathological measures obtained at hospital admission when patients were in the acute psychotic state or after remission, treatment duration until remission, treatment response or prognostic factors, respectively. These findings support the hypothesis of cerebellar involvement in schizophrenia and indicate that the respective changes are associated with NSS.     

精神分裂症神经系统软体征与认知功能相关性研究进展

既往众多研究发现,健康人群及包含精神分裂症、情感障碍、强迫障碍、注意多动障碍在内的多种精神疾病患者都伴有认知功能的损害及神经系统软体征（NeurologicalSoftSigns,NSS）。两者常同时在精神疾患的临床表现中可见,现对两者之间是否存在关联及关联为何进行综述。     

Dyskinesia and soft neurological signs in schizophrenia: a comparative study

Objective. Several neurological abnormalities can be found at a greater frequency in patients with schizophrenia, including neurological soft signs (NSS) and signs of the “pyramidal” and “extrapyramidal” systems. We aimed to explore the frequency of movement disorders in patients with antipsychotic naïve schizophrenia and to compare and contrast with antipsychotic-treated patients and healthy controls. Methods. Twenty-two antipsychotic naive schizophrenic patients, 22 antipsychotic treated patients and 22 healthy control subjects were assessed by Neurological Evaluation (NES), Abnormal Involuntary Movements (AIMS), and Positive and Negative Syndrome (PANSS) Scales. Results. The NES scores of the never-medicated schizophrenic group were significantly higher than those of normal controls but did not differ significantly from the medicated group. Dyskinesia rates in the both schizophrenic groups were higher than in healthy controls. Medicated and non-medicated schizophrenic patient scores did not differ in AIMS with regard to facial and oral movements, but medicated patients scored higher than non-medicated subjects with respect to extremity movements. Conclusion. Our data suggest that: soft neurological signs and abnormal involuntary movements in the facial region are more prevalent in patients with schizophrenia, whether they are medicated or antipsychotic naïve. On the contrary, abnormal involuntary movements in the trunk and the extremities seem to be associated with medication.     

Neurological soft signs in schizophrenia: Assessment and correlates

A German version of the Neurological Evaluation Scale (NES) was administered to 143 schizophrenic patients, 45 of them being severly chronic and disabled. Seventy-eight alcohol-dependent inpatients and 57 healthy volunteers were tested as control groups. Neurological soft signs (NSS) were rated with convincing agreement. Schizophrenic patients are more impaired on all scales than healthy controls. The chronic, severly disabled schizophrenic patients are more impaired compared with the main group of schizophrenic patients and both control groups. A significant patients and alcohol-dependent patients was only found for the subscale Motor Coordination. Compared with healthy controls the alcohol-dependent patients show a higher NES total score. The NES total score was related to the relative width of the third ventricle. Total score and subscales were correlated consistently with the level of cognitive functioning as measured by the Raven Standard Progressive Matrices and various neuropsychological tests presumably sensitive to dysfunctions of the prefrontal cortex. The NSS were related to positive as well as to negative symptoms, the correlations with negative symptoms being confined to items of Cognitive Disorganization. This close association of psychomotor and cognitive dysfunctions may be seen as related to the frequently discussed dysfunctions of the prefrontal cortex or the neurointegrative deficit postulated by Meehl.     

The presence of neurological soft signs along the psychosis proneness continuum

Neurological soft signs have been observed in patients with schizophrenia and their relatives. However, it has not been considered whether the increased rates of neurological soft signs are related to measures of psychosis proneness in the general population. We tested this hypothesis in a group of normal volunteers (n = 28) who scored highly for positive schizotypy when assessed online and a control group (n = 33) who scored below the mean. Compared with the controls, high psychosis-prone individuals showed significantly higher Total and Other Soft Signs subscale scores on the Neurological Evaluation Scale. It appears that soft signs are also associated with psychosis proneness when measured in the general population, which suggests that soft signs are distributed along a continuum of risk for schizophrenia.     

Neurological soft signs in never-treated schizophrenia

Objective: Studies of Neurological Soft Signs (NSS) in schizophrenia are confounded by handedness, inconsistent methodology, and prior treatment with neuroleptics. The study objective is to examine NSS in never‐treated schizophrenia. Method: We examined the NSS in treatment‐naïve schizophrenia patients (n = 21) and age, sex, education, and handedness matched normal controls (n = 21) using the modified Neurological Evaluation Scale with good inter‐rater reliability. Results: Schizophrenia patients had significantly more NSS than normals. No significant correlation was found between illness duration and NSS. Conclusion: Higher neurological signs in never‐treated patients and their lack of association with illness duration suggest neurodevelopmental etiopathogenesis of schizophrenia.     

Correlations between obstetric complications and neurological soft signs in Tunisian patients with schizophrenia

The objective of this study was to examine the correlations between a history of obstetric complications (OC) and neurological soft signs (NSS) in Tunisian patients with schizophrenia. Forty‐six patients were assessed using the Krebs et al. NSS scale. History of OC was obtained from the patients' mothers using the McNeil–Sjöström scale. Although there was no significant difference in NSS between patients with and without OC, there were negative correlations between OC total score and motor coordination and integration sub‐scores. These negative correlations suggest that OC could enhance the effects of genetic risk factors for schizophrenia.