神经导航辅助胶质瘤手术

目的　评价神经导航系统在胶质瘤手术中的应用。方法　在 80例胶质瘤手术中 ,应用StealthStation神经导航系统指导手术操作。在其中 2 7例手术中测量硬膜、皮质以及病灶移位程度。在大脑浅表胶质瘤手术中 ,使用微导管栅栏法纠正脑移位的影响 ,判断肿瘤边界。结果　 80例平均座标误差为 (2 .0 3± 0 .89)mm ,10cm预期准确性 (2 .4 3± 0 .99)mm。术中硬膜、皮质以及病灶移位分别为 (3.4 4± 2 .39)mm、(7.5 8± 3.75 )mm以及 (6 .5 5± 3.19)mm。 5例虽然导航显示肿瘤残留 ,但未强行切除 ;其余 75例肿瘤全切 6 2例 (82 .7% ) ,次全或大部切除 13例 (17.3% )。术后症状改善或不变 6 8例 (85 .0 % ) ,术后症状加重或出现新症状 12例 (15 .0 % ) ,无死亡病例。结论　在胶质瘤手术中 ,术中脑移位是影响神经导航准确性的重要因素。微导管栅栏法简便、实用 ,有助于提高肿瘤切除率 ,降低手术并发症     

神经导航在颅脑手术中的应用(附70例临床分析)

目的　探讨StealthStation神经导航系统在颅脑手术中的应用。方法　观察 70例颅脑手术中应用StealthStation神经导航系统的情况 ,包括测量注册准确性 ,参考头架的不同使用方法对导航准确性的影响 ,检测术中准确性及不同部位病灶的术中脑移位 ,并对导航在不同肿瘤手术中的作用进行分析。结果　平均注册误差和 10cm预期准确性分别为 ( 2 5 6± 1 0 0 )mm和 ( 2 45± 0 78)mm。有 5例因平均注册误差 >4mm加用表面注册 ,结果误差减至 ( 1 0 9± 0 2 4)mm。除了微血管减压术 1例和活检 3例 (术后均症状改善或不变 )外 ,其余 66例病人共 67个病灶 ,全切除 5 5个 ( 82 9% )、次全切除 6个( 9 0 % )、大部切除 6例 ( 9 0 % )。术中持续准确性SA1、SA2和SA3分别为 ( 2 3 8± 1 2 7)mm ,( 1 2 1± 0 98)mm和 ( 1 3 5±1 13 )mm。症状改善或不变 5 8例 ( 87 9% )、加重 6例 ( 9 1% )、死亡 2例 ( 3 0 % )。结论　StealthStation神经导航系统在颅脑手术中提供术中动态跟踪、实时导航 ,准确可靠 ,有助于病灶全切除及降低手术并发症的发生。     

神经导航在颅内肿瘤手术中的应用（附106例报告）

目的报告使用StealthStation神经导航系统在颅脑手术中应用的经验.方法应用StealthStation神经导航系统指导106例颅内肿瘤手术进行回顾性分析.术中对导航准确性进行监测并对46例不同部位病灶进行术中脑移位检测.结果首次平均坐标误差和10厘米预期准确性分别为3.60±1.60mm和3.12±1.77mm,经去除或重新注册"不准确”的皮肤坐标后两者分别降为2.34±0.91mm和2.79±0.93mm.有5例因平均坐标误差＞4mm加用表面注册,其结果为1.09±0.24mm.106例病人共108个病灶,除了活检1例(0.9%)外,全切除92个(85.2%)、次全切除8个(7.4%)、大部切除7例(6.5%).术中准确性分别为1.22±0.90mm和1.29±1.30mm.术后症状改善或不变98例(92.5%)、加重6例(5.7%)、死亡2例(1.9%).结论StealthStation神经导航系统在颅脑手术中提供术中动态跟踪、实时导航,准确可靠,有助于病灶全切除及降低手术并发症的发生.     

神经导航在经小切口切除颅内表浅肿瘤术中的应用

目的评价神经导航系统在经小切口切除颅内表浅肿瘤中的应用。方法术前对37例病人(导航组)行MRI或CT连续薄层扫描,将影像学资料输入VectorVision2神经导航系统进行三维重建,标记肿瘤后,设计最佳手术入路和头皮切口。术中在导航引导下准确定位并切除肿瘤。以同期30例常规骨瓣开颅手术的大脑半球肿瘤病人(对照组)作为对照。结果导航组均准确全切肿瘤;注册误差0.5～1.6mm,平均(1.12±0.38)mm。导航组平均手术切口长4.9cm,骨瓣面积8.26cm2,出血64.5ml;对照组平均手术切口长13.7cm,骨瓣面积16.34cm2,出血214.1ml。结论与常规手术比较,神经导航引导下经小切口切除颅内表浅肿瘤具有定位准确,创伤小,手术时间短,失血量小及并发症少等优点,值得推广应用。     

神经导航辅助显微手术治疗边缘系统胶质瘤(附36例分析)

目的 探讨神经导航辅助显微手术治疗边缘系统胶质瘤的疗效.方法 回顾性分析神经导航辅助显微手术治疗36例边缘系统胶质瘤的临床资料,对神经导航术中应用的优越性、精确性等进行分析.结果 本组神经导航平均注册误差(1.6±0.8)mm,肿瘤和大脑中动脉、基底核等重要解剖结构定位准确.肿瘤全切除30例,部分切除6例.术后神经功能未受明显影响,无手术并发症及死亡.结论 神经导航辅助显微手术治疗边缘系统胶质瘤具有定位准确、可动态示踪、实时导航、侵袭性小和安全可靠等优点,有助于提高肿瘤全切除率及减少手术并发症.是边缘系统胶质瘤治疗的首选方法.     

多技术辅助下幕上胶质瘤的显微外科治疗

目的探讨神经导航联合术中超声多技术辅助下切除幕上脑胶质瘤的临床疗效。方法将53例幕上胶质瘤手术病人按手术方式不同分成两组,其中采取神经导航联合术中超声多技术辅助显微镜下切除肿瘤(多技术辅助组)26例,单纯显微镜下切除肿瘤(显微镜组)27例。比较分析两组病人的肿瘤定位准确率、手术全切除率、术后并发症发生率、手术时间、住院时间、术后3个月KPS评分等差异。结果多技术辅助组肿瘤定位准确率、肿瘤全切除率及术后3个月KPS评分均明显高于显微镜组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组在术后并发症、手术时间和住院时间方面差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论神经导航联合术中超声多技术辅助下显微手术切除幕上胶质瘤,临床疗效肯定,值得推广应用。     

多模态影像联合电生理监测在脑功能区胶质瘤手术中的应用研究

目的研究多模态影像联合电生理监测技术在脑功能区胶质瘤手术中的保护脑功能的应用价值。方法回顾性分析5例语言区和55例运动区胶质瘤患者的临床资料。术前行功能磁共振定位功能区,弥散张量成像显示重要传导束,融合多模态影像构建功能神经导航,术中采用皮层体感诱发电位定位中央沟,并运用皮层-皮层下电刺激技术监测语言区、运动区和皮层下重要神经传导束,在保护功能前提下尽可能切除病灶。术后评价肿瘤切除程度和神经功能。结果 5例语言区胶质瘤和30例病变毗邻运动皮层胶质瘤患者术前功能磁共振成功定位功能区,通过弥散张量成像3例语言区胶质瘤和42例运动区胶质瘤患者分别重建出弓状束和锥体束。术中电刺激语言区和运动区检出率分比为100%和92.7%;92.7%的运动区肿瘤患者可通过皮层体感诱发电位技术定位中央沟。术中神经导航对手术具有指导作用。肿瘤影像全切率86.7%,术后功能保留率91.7%。结论运用多模态影像技术有助于术前定位脑功能区,功能神经导航有助于术前规划、术中引导病灶切除,但需注意影像漂移。术中电生理监测技术是定位和保护脑功能结构的主要手段。     

神经导航辅助锁孔手术切除脑功能区小病灶32例临床分析

目的 探讨应用 Stryker LEIBNGER 神经导航指导锁孔显微手术切除重要功能区小病灶的手术效果和精确性以及提高手术疗效及降低并发症的作用.方法 32例患者应用神经导航辅助锁孔显微手术切除重要功能区小病灶.病变直径0.5～1.8cm.对其注册精度、术中导航精度、手术效果进行分析.结果 神经导航系统平均注册误差0.5mm.术中脑移位的平均水平误差0.8mm,平均垂直误差0.7mm.所有病例均顺利寻找到病灶并作显微镜下全切除.骨窗面积平均为2.5cm×2.5cm.术后神经系统功能保留良好.无严重并发症.无手术死亡.结论 神经导航引导下采用锁孔开颅显微手术切除脑重要功能区小病灶具有定位精确,动态示踪和实时导航,侵袭性小,安全、可靠等特点.     

神经导航在颅底肿瘤手术中的应用

目的评价神经导航系统在颅底肿瘤手术中的应用.方法在74例颅底肿瘤手术中,应用StealthStation神经导航系统指导手术操作.术中应用神经导航实时定位颅底解剖标志点并判断肿瘤切除程度.结果74例平均坐标误差为(2.26+-0.99)mm,预期准确性为(3.00±0.92)mm.CT和MRI融合误差为1.04 mm.靶点准确性为＜2 mm.74例肿瘤全切55例,次全切除10例,大部切除8例,穿刺1例.术后症状改善或无变化61例(61/74),加重或出现新症状13例.2例死于与手术无关的原因,分别为窒息和多器官功能衰竭.结论在颅底肿瘤手术中,神经导航定位准确可靠,有助于提高肿瘤切除率,降低手术并发症.     

脑磁图神经导航引导下的脑功能区手术

目的 研究大脑半球功能区的手术治疗,提高神经功能的保护.方法 本组15例大脑半球内病灶包括:脑胶质瘤、脑膜瘤、海绵状血管瘤、脑脓肿,涉及运动区及语言区.手术前均行脑磁图功能定位,采取脑磁图-神经导航引导下的手术切除.结果 术前肢体运动功能正常的8例中7例术后肌力依然正常,1例对侧肌力减弱;术前肌力减弱的4例中3例术后恢复正常,无变化1例;2例语言区的肿瘤术后功能正常.结论 脑磁图可以准确定位神经功能区域,与神经导航联合应用可以设计合理的手术入路;对皮层表面的腩胶质瘤采用经硬脑膜病灶-脑界面栅栏分隔法,可有效地防止手术早期脑移位的误差,提高手术的准确性,有效地保护神经功能.     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.