胸膜活检对原因不明的渗出性胸腔积液的诊断价值

目的观察胸膜活检术在渗出性胸腔积液诊断中的价值。方法对146例渗出性胸腔积液患者行胸膜活检，同时取胸水及痰送检抗酸杆菌及癌细胞。结果146例胸膜活检第一次活检成功率71．9％，特异性病理诊断92例，病理诊断阳性率63％。恶性胸腔积液胸膜活检阳性率58％，胸水细胞学检查阳性率22％，痰找癌细胞阳性率16％。结核性胸腔积液胸膜活检阳性率66．6％，痰找抗酸杆菌阳性率5．2％。结论胸膜活检是一项安全、简单、有效的胸膜疾病的重要的内科确诊手段。     

闭式胸膜刷检术对恶性胸腔积液的诊断价值

目的评价闭式胸膜刷检术对恶性胸腔积液的诊断价值。方法临床疑诊的48例恶性胸腔积液行胸膜刷检、胸膜活检和胸水细胞学检查,比较各种方法和组合对肿瘤细胞的阳性率。结果43例确诊为恶性胸腔积液,胸膜刷检阳性率为62.8%,胸水细胞学检查阳性率为55.8%,胸膜活检阳性率为37.2%,以胸膜刷检最高,明显高于胸膜活检(P<0.05),但与胸水细胞学检查比较无显著性差异(P>0.05)。联合胸膜活检和胸膜刷检,阳性率提高为76.7%,3种方法联合应用阳性率为83.7%。结论胸膜刷检是一种简单、安全、有效的检查手段,对诊断恶性胸腔积液有较大的应用价值。     

胸膜刷检在恶性胸腔积液诊断中的应用

目的观察胸膜刷检在恶性胸腔积液的诊断上的价值。方法15例胸腔积液患者胸腔穿刺术后行胸膜活检、抽取胸液、胸膜刷检分别留取组织及胸液送细胞学检查。结果恶性胸腔积液诊断的阳性率分别为：胸膜刷检73．3％（11／15），胸液细胞学检查53．3％（8／15），胸膜活检33．3％（5／15）。胸膜刷检的阳性率高于胸液细胞学检查及胸膜活检，比较有显著性差异。结论胸膜刷检在恶性胸腔积液的诊断有重要价值。     

67例老年性恶性胸腔积液评价三种检查诊断价值

目的观察老年性恶性胸腔积液的病因及临床特点,综合评价三种手段的诊断价值。方法对67例老年性恶性胸腔积液进行回顾性分析。结果67例老年性恶性胸腔积液中有46例胸液脱落细胞学阳性,14例纤支镜阳性,3例经皮穿刺胸膜活检阳性,4例术中冷冻及术后常规证实。胸腔积液脱落细胞学检查、纤支镜检查、胸膜活检或肺穿刺活检的阳性率分别68.66%、66.67%、42.86%,三者联合阳性率为94.03%。结论呼级系统、乳腺肿瘤、消化系统、血液系统是恶性胸腔积液的主要原因,胸腔积液脱落细胞学检查、纤支镜检查、胸膜活检或肺穿刺活检对诊断恶性胸腔积液有重要价值,联合应用能提高阳性率。     

胸膜活检联合液基细胞学检查对恶性胸腔积液的诊断价值

目的 探讨胸膜活检联合液基细胞学检查对恶性胸腔积液的诊断价值.方法 分析我院2006年5月～2011年12月经病理组织学或细胞学检查诊断为恶性胸腔积液的46例病人,对胸膜活检联合液基细胞学检查对恶性胸腔积液的诊断率进行分析.结果 胸膜活检、液基细胞学检查、胸膜活检联合液基细胞学检查对恶性胸腔积液的诊断率分别为63.0%、82.6%、91.3%.结论 胸膜活检联合液基细胞学检查可明显提高恶性胸腔积液的诊断率.     

纤维支气管镜代胸腔镜治疗诊断不明的胸腔积液18例分析

胸腔积液病凶复杂,常给治疗带来困难。采用胸水脱落细胞检查、胸腔积液分析或闭式胸膜活检等检查,阳性率低。我们对我院18例临床诊断不明的胸腔积液患者进行直视下胸腔镜检查,实施胸膜活检,大大提高了诊断准确率。     

胸膜活检在渗出性胸腔积液中的价值

目的探讨胸膜穿刺活检在渗出性胸腔积液中的诊断价值。方法对40例渗出性胸腔积液患者进行经皮胸膜活检术,同时取胸水送涂片查抗酸杆菌、脱落细胞检查。结果 40例胸膜活检成功率70%,特异性病理诊断21例,病理诊断阳性率52.5%。胸膜活检病理诊断为结核17例（42.5%）、肿瘤4例（10%）、慢性炎症6例（15%）、急性炎症表现1例（2.5%）骨骼肌,未获得胸膜组织12例（30%）。全部40例胸膜活检患者无1例气胸及胸膜反应发生。结论胸膜穿刺活检在渗出性胸腔积液诊断中具有重要价值,是一项安全、简单、有效的手段。     

电子支气管镜在74例不明原因胸腔积液中的诊断价值

胸腔积液是胸膜疾病最常见的表现，经常规X线、胸部CT检查以及胸水细胞学及胸膜活检等检查，仍有20％～30％的患者难以确诊。内科胸腔镜检查及开胸活检有较高的确诊率，但费用高昂，临床应用环境要求高，使其在基层应用受到限制。电子支气管镜操作方便，切口小，费用低廉，病人耐受性好，可作为胸腔积液的诊疗手段之一。我科从2003年3月始开展此项技术，获得较高的临床诊断率。现将结果报道如下。     

1 例淋巴瘤误诊为结核性胸腔积液并文献复习简

结核性胸腔积液是临床常见的一类胸腔积液,而它的确诊还是相对困难的.结核性胸膜炎的确诊需要胸腔积液或胸膜活检标本中找到结核杆菌,或胸膜活检有典型结核性肉芽肿改变;然而根据病史和临床表现,以及胸腔积液ADA增高,临床上也可诊断结核性胸腔积液[1].超过一半的结核性胸腔积液患者,胸腔积液是唯一的临床表现.由于结核性胸腔积液胸膜结核分枝杆菌负荷低,胸腔积液离心沉淀后的结核菌涂片阳性率在5%以下[2],结核性胸腔积液胸水培养结果阳性率〈20%[3],而且这往往需要等待几个星期.胸膜活检病理检查作为诊断结核性胸腔积液的一种重要手段,但并非只有结核性胸腔积液的胸膜病理呈肉芽肿病变,还有如真菌性疾病、结节病、土拉菌病和类风湿胸膜炎也可有肉芽肿病变[1],有时还得抗酸染色或活检标本的培养.     

胸膜活检联合胸水脱落细胞学检查在恶性胸积液诊断中的应用

为探讨经胸壁针刺胸膜活检对恶性胸腔积液的诊断价值 ,回顾分析恶性胸腔积液 75例。原发病中肺癌占 74.7% ,其次为恶性胸膜间皮瘤 ( 14.7% )、乳腺癌 ( 5 .3% )和恶性淋巴瘤 ( 2 .7% )。共行110例次胸膜活检 ,取材成功率为 93.6 % ( 10 3/ 110 )。 75例患者 39例胸膜活检病理组织学阳性 ,阳性率为 5 2 .0 % ( 39/ 75 )。增加活检次数可一定程度提高诊断阳性率。胸水脱落细胞学检查阳性率为45 .3% ( 34 / 75 ) ,略低于胸膜活检。两者联合使用 ,诊断阳性率可提高至 73.3% ( 5 8/ 75 )。 110例胸膜活检气胸发生率为 0 .9% ,并发症总发生率为 4.5 %。结果提示胸膜活检可作为恶性胸腔积液诊断非常有用的手段 ,并且安全性好。联合应用胸水细胞学检查 ,具有更高的临床实用价值     

Investigation of pleural effusion: comparison between fibreoptic thoracoscopy, needle biopsy and cytology

Twenty-eight patients with exudative pleural effusion have been investigated by fibreoptic thoracoscopy, Abrams needle biopsy and pleural fluid cytology. Sixteen patients had previously had negative pleural biopsies and cytology. Twenty effusions were malignant (16 mesothelioma, four metastatic carcinoma), seven were due to nonspecific inflammation and in one case no abnormality was found. The diagnostic yield for all three techniques combined was 85%, for thoracoscopy alone 65%, Abrams biopsy 60% and cytology 45%. In 12 patients presenting without previous investigation all eight malignant effusions were correctly diagnosed by at least one of the techniques with individual sensitivities of 75% for thoracoscopy, 63% for Abrams and 38% for cytology. Of the 16 patients who had previously had negative investigations 12 had malignant effusions, nine (75%) of which were diagnosed by a combination of the techniques. In this group, the individual sensitivities were 58% for both thoracoscopy and Abrams and 50% for cytology. A correct diagnosis of malignancy was made by a combination of needle biopsy and cytology in 75% of patients with previous investigations and 88% of those without. Fibreoptic thoracoscopy added only two diagnoses of malignancy to those obtained by Abrams and cytology. The limitations of the technique render it unsuitable for routine investigation of pleural effusions.     

Thoracoscopy with pleural brushing. A new diagnostic method for pleural diseases

Pleural brushing can be performed under thoracoscopic examination. The combined use of all three methods of diagnosis (macroscopy, biopsy, cytology) achieved optimal diagnostic results. From September 1980 to October 1981 we have performed 150 thoracoscopies for pleural effusions, while the results of conventional pleural cytology and biopsy were negative. In 108 cases pleural brushing and biopsy were both performed. The diagnosis was in 37 cases non malignant disease states associated with effusions and in 71 cases tumoural effusions. Among the 37 cases of non malignant diseases states associated with effusions were 6 mechanical effusions, 27 inflammatory processes, 4 infectious processes. Among the 71 cases of tumoural effusions were 3 benign pleural lipomas, 50 metastatic carcinomas, 18 carcinomatous mesotheliomas. We studied the diagnostic accuracy of pleural brushing: in non malignant diseases pleural brushing show the non tumoural features of the process, in metastatic tumours biopsy was positive in 80% of the cases; pleural brushing in 78% of cases; taken together they allowed the diagnosis in 86% of the cases, in carcinomatous mesotheliomas biopsy was positive in 82.3%, pleural brushing in 78%; taken together they allowed the diagnosis in 89% of the cases. Pleural brushing allows a rapid cytological diagnosis, enhances the histological results and may be used to get cellular material in areas dangerous to biopsy.     

Use of a panel of tumor markers (carcinoembryonic antigen, cancer antigen 125, carbohydrate antigen 15-3, and cytokeratin 19 fragments) in pleural fluid for the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant effusions

STUDY OBJECTIVE: The diagnostic value of tumor markers in pleural fluid is subject to debate. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of several tumor markers in common use for detecting malignant pleural disease. DESIGN: Blinded comparison of four tumor markers in pleural fluid with a confirmatory diagnosis of malignancy by pleural cytology or thoracoscopic biopsy. SETTING: Two teaching hospitals in Spain. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 416 patients (166 with definite malignant effusions, 77 with probable malignant effusions, and 173 with benign effusions) were enrolled. Among them, there were 42 patients recruited from one of the participant centers with thoracoscopic facilities, who had false-negative fluid cytology findings and malignancy confirmed by medical thoracoscopy. Tumor markers in pleural fluid were determined either by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (carcinoembryonic antigen [CEA], carbohydrate antigen 15-3 [CA 15-3], cytokeratin 19 fragments [CYFRA 21-1]) or microparticle enzyme immunoassay (cancer antigen 125 [CA 125]) technologies. Cutoff points that yielded 100% specificity (ie, all patients with benign effusions had levels below this cutoff) were selected for each marker. RESULTS: Malignant pleural effusions (PEs) had higher levels of pleural fluid markers than did effusions due to benign conditions. At 100% specificity, a pleural CEA > 50 ng/mL, CA 125 > 2,800 U/mL, CA 15-3 > 75 U/mL, and CYFRA 21-1 > 175 ng/mL had 29%, 17%, 30%, and 22% overall sensitivities, respectively. The combination of the four tumor markers reached 54% sensitivity, whereas the combined use of the cytology and the tumor marker panel increased the diagnostic yield of the former by 18% (95% confidence interval, 13 to 23%). More than one third of cytology-negative malignant PEs could be identified by at least one marker of the panel. CONCLUSIONS: No single pleural fluid marker seems to be accurate enough as to be introduced in the routine workup of PE diagnosis. However, a tumor marker panel may represent a helpful adjunct to cytology in order to rule in malignancy as a probable diagnosis, thus guiding the selection of patients who might benefit from further invasive procedures.     

胸腔积液端粒酶和癌胚抗原测定对良恶性胸腔积液诊断价值对比研究

目的 研究胸腔积液端粒酶活性在良恶性胸腔积液中的鉴别诊断价值,并与癌胚抗原（CEA）进行比较。方法 用聚合酶链反应－酶联免疫吸附分析法（PCR－ELISA）检测胸腔积液端粒酶活性,用酶免疫分析法（EIA）检测胸腔积液CEA水平。根据最终诊断结果,65例患者分成2组：（1）非恶性胸腔积液组：35例,（2）恶性胸腔积液组：30例。并将端粒酶活性检测结果与胸腔积液CEA测定结果进行比较。结果 非恶性胸腔积液中端粒酶阳性2例（5．7％）,恶性胸腔积液中阳性27例（90％）,端粒酶活性测定诊断恶性胸腔积液的灵敏度为0．90,特异度0．94,阳性预测值0．93,阴性预测值0．92,正确率0．92。CEA诊断灵敏度为0．60,特异度0．89,阳性预测值0．82。阴性预测值0．72,正确 率0．75。结论 胸腔积液端粒酶活性鉴别良恶性胸腔积液的诊断效能明显优于CEA测定,可作为一种诊断恶性胸腔积液的辅助手段。     

Diagnosis and treatment of tuberculous pleural effusion in 2006

Tuberculous (TB) pleural effusion occurs in approximately 5% of patients with Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. The HIV pandemic has been associated with a doubling of the incidence of extrapulmonary TB, which has resulted in increased recognition of TB pleural effusions even in developed nations. Recent studies have provided insights into the immunopathogenesis of pleural TB, including memory T-cell homing and chemokine activation. The definitive diagnosis of TB pleural effusions depends on the demonstration of acid-fast bacilli in the sputum, pleural fluid, or pleural biopsy specimens. The diagnosis can be established in a majority of patients from the clinical features, pleural fluid examination, including cytology, biochemistry, and bacteriology, and pleural biopsy. Measurement of adenosine deaminase and interferon-gamma in the pleural fluid and polymerase chain reaction for M tuberculosis has gained wide acceptance in the diagnosis of TB pleural effusions. Although promising, these tests require further evaluation before their routine use can be recommended. The treatment of TB pleural effusions in patients with HIV/AIDS is essentially similar to that in HIV-negative patients. At present, evidence regarding the use of corticosteroids in the treatment of TB pleural effusion is not clear-cut.     

Malignant pleural effusions. A clinical cytopathologic study

From 1978 to 1982, 620 pleural fluid cytology specimens were examined, of which 80 were positive in 64 patients. Of these 64, three (0.5%) specimens had false-positive results. Adenocarcinoma of the lung was the most frequent (25 of 61) primary site, followed by breast (12 of 61), ovary (six of 61), and pancreas (five of 61). Comparing cytology with pleural core needle biopsy specimens in 26 patients, the cytology results were positive in 96%, while the needle biopsy specimens alone were positive in only 69%. Following the diagnoses of malignant pleural effusions, the patients receiving combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy had a mean survival of 328 days, compared with only 79 days for those who received no therapy. In conclusion, cytologic examination of Papanicolaou-stained smears yielded a greater percentage of positive diagnoses than either cell block preparations or pleural needle biopsy specimens. Over the past 25 years, the mean survival after the diagnosis of malignant pleural effusions has shown no improvement.     

Evolution of semi-rigid thoracoscopy

Pleural effusions despite being so common, there is no much literature available regarding definite diagnosis for pleural effusions. Application of Light's criteria changed the approach to pleural effusion and till date remains a very useful step in the diagnosis of pleural effusions. Pleural fluid biochemistry and adenosine deaminase (ADA) enzyme levels play a significant role in the diagnosis of tubercular effusion. Studies have shown that levels of ADA are more often higher in tubercular effusion than in any other cause for it. But ADA levels can also be elevated in other types of parapneumonic effusions (PPEs), especially complicated PPEs. Hence it is difficult to distinguish a tubercular pleural effusion (TPE) from other PPEs based on pleural fluid ADA levels alone. LDH/ADA ratio as an indicator for ruling out tuberculosis was analyzed in few studies with high sensitivity and specificity. The pleural fluid cytology has a varying sensitivity, with a maximum of only 60% and it may increase with subsequent tapping. Closed pleural biopsy using a Cope or Abrams needle has a sensitivity up to 80% in cases of tuberculous effusion and 40%–73% in cases of Malignancies.Semi-rigid thoracoscopy not only allows for visualization of the pleura but also helps in procuring the biopsies under direct visualization from the abnormal looking areas. In cases of primary pleural malignancies like mesothelioma, pleurodesis can also be done in the same setting after taking the biopsy, hence reducing the number of procedures. Limitation of the semi-rigid thoracoscopy is smaller sample size and more superficial sampling of the pleura. Cryobiopsy and Electrocautery guided pleural biopsy using the IT knife are the modifications in the semi-rigid thoracoscopy to overcome the drawback of smaller sample size. While navigation band image guided pleuroscopy helps in better visualization of the vasculature of pleura during the biopsy.Management of pleural effusions has evolved over a period of time. Starting with a single criterion based on pleural fluid proteins to semi-rigid thoracoscopy. The inexhaustible research in this field suggests the desperate need for a gold standard procedure with cost effectiveness in the management of undiagnosed pleural effusions. Semi-rigid thoracoscopy has revolutionized the management of undiagnosed pleural effusions, but it has its own limitations. Various modifications have been proposed and tried to overcome the limitations to make it a cost-effective procedure.     

Diagnostic tools in tuberculous pleurisy: a direct comparative study.

Thoracoscopy is the most accurate yet most expensive tool for establishing the diagnosis of tuberculous (TB) pleurisy. However, most high TB-incidence regions have limited financial resources, lack the infrastructure needed for routine thoracoscopy and require an alternative, cost-effective diagnostic approach for pleural effusions. Altogether, 51 patients with undiagnosed exudative pleural effusions were recruited for a prospective, direct comparison between bronchial wash, pleural fluid microbiology and biochemistry (adenosine deaminase (ADA) and cell count), closed needle biopsy, and medical thoracoscopy. The final diagnosis was TB in 42 patients (82%), malignancy in five (10%) and idiopathic in four patients (8%). Sensitivity of histology, culture and combined histology/culture was 66, 48 and 79%, respectively for closed needle biopsy and 100, 76 and 100%, respectively for thoracoscopy. Both were 100% specific. Pleural fluid ADA of > or = 50 U x L(-1) was 95% sensitive and 89% specific. Combined ADA, lymphocyte/neutrophil ratio > or = 0.75 plus closed needle biopsy reached 93% sensitivity and 100% specificity. A combination of pleural fluid adenosine deaminase, differential cell count and closed needle biopsy has a high diagnostic accuracy in undiagnosed exudative pleural effusions in areas with high incidences of tuberculosis and might substitute medical thoracoscopy at considerably lower expense in resource-poor countries.     

聚合酶链反应在诊断结核性胸膜炎中的应用

目的：应用ＰＣＲ技术对７０例胸水进行结核菌ＤＮＡ检测。方法：７０例胸水做ＴＢ－ＰＣＲ、胸水抗酸菌涂片，皮肤结素试验及血结核菌抗体检测，并与临床诊断标准进行比较。结果：７０例胸水中，结核性胸腔积液４６例，ＰＣＲ阳性率４５．７％，涂片镜检、结素强阳性、结核菌抗体（＋）则分别为２．２％，８．７％，１０．９％，前者明显高于后三者（Ｐ值均＜０．００５），但其ＰＣＲ敏感性与临床诊断标准比较相关性仍低，非结核性胸水２４例中，ＰＣＲ阳性率８．３％。结论：ＰＣＲ检测结核菌尚有一些条件需进一步完善，目前临床尚不能将其作为诊断结核病包括结核性胸膜炎的标准，仍需结合病人的临床表现及其它检查结果来综合判断。