具有复合靶向抗癌功能的纳米高分子材料：阿霉素免疫磁性毫微粒的…

用氧化还原法制备出具有复合靶向抗癌功能的纳米高分子材料－阿霉素免疫磁性毫微粒，并对制备条件进行优化，有用扫描电镜和光子相关光谱对产物进行了定性和定量表征，并进行了体外抑瘤试验和体外磁导向定位试验，证实了该多功能生物导弹的实际功效。     

甲壳素短纤维增强聚己内酯复合材料的制备及生物学评价

用共混法制备甲壳察短纤维增强聚己内酯复合材料，并对纯聚己内酯和甲壳察短纤维增强聚己内酯复合材料进行体外细胞毒性和生物相容性评价，为临床应用提供有价值的实验依据。对该两种材料进行体外细胞毒性试验、急性全身毒性试验、溶血试验、热源试验和过敏试验。结果显示受试材料最终细胞毒性级为0级，对细胞生长和增殖无明显抑制作用，材料中不存在潜在致敏性物质，浸提液无溶血反应和急性全身毒性反应，无热源反应，表明该复合材料具有良好的细胞和组织相容性，其作为胸壁缺损修补材料应用于临床具有可行性和安全性。     

海泡石-胶原复合物上成纤维细胞的粘附和扩散

本文通过短期的体外试验,研究了成纤维细胞在海泡石-胶原复合物制备的底物表面上的粘附和扩散。作者从胎牛皮提取Ⅰ型胶原并纯化,用文献报导的方法制备海泡石-胶原复合物(SC-复合物)。将SC-复合物置于pH为7.4、浓度为0.1M的磷酸盐缓冲液中,用0.5％的戊二醛室温处理10～20分钟制备戊二醛交联的海泡石-胶原复合物(SCG-复合物)。用以前介绍的方法对复合物进行了交联度的评价后,用从人体得到的成纤维细胞进行体外细胞粘附和扩散试验。把以海泡石-胶原复合物作为     

人体造血干细胞集落刺激因子的制备与生物活性的测定

本文对人体多种器官组织进行了体外培养,对其条件培养液中存在的集落刺激因子的较好制备、纯化和使用方法,提出了一些见解。并对是否可以用淋巴细胞转化试验测定集落刺激因子的生物学活性,作了初步探索。     

盐酸恩丹西酮缓释片的研制及体外释药特性

制备盐酸恩丹西酮缓释片并对影响释药的因素进行考察。以羟丙甲纤维素（HPMC）为骨架材料制备了盐酸恩丹西酮缓释片，通过正交设计试验优选最佳处方和工艺。对影响释药的因素，如HPMC的黏度和用量、填充剂的种类、制片工艺、润湿剂及释放介质pH等进行了考察。盐酸恩丹西酮缓释片体外释药符合Higuchi方程，HPMC的黏度、填充剂的种类及测定释放度的转速对该缓释片的释药几乎无影响，而制片工艺、润湿剂及释放介质pH值对缓释片释药影响较大。盐酸恩丹西酮缓释片在体外12h缓释效果较好。     

脑梗塞患者体外模拟血栓试验的研究

目的 探讨脑梗塞病人的体外模拟血栓试验的意义。方法 用标准摆动式旋转CAST法对深圳市43例脑梗塞患者和51例健康人进行体外模拟血栓指数的试验，并对30例患者用降纤酶治疗和治疗前后进行比较。结果 患者模拟血栓湿重和指数Q值与健康人有显著差异（P＜0．05），血栓长度改变不明显（P＞0．05）；用降纤酶治疗前后，血栓长度、湿重均有显著性改变（P＜0．05）、Q值有极显著性改变（P＜0．01）。结论 对脑梗塞病人和溶栓治疗病人进行体外模拟血栓检查对了解血栓形成的趋势有积极意义。     

包裹阿霉素超声造影剂的制备及体外抗肿瘤作用研究

目的:研究包裹阿霉素超声造影剂的制备方法,并观察其体外显影及体外抗肿瘤活性。方法:用双乳化法对盐酸阿霉素进行包裹,并测量其粒径;以乳腺癌细胞MD-MBA-231为研究对象,用超声空化效应细胞内给药,以MTT法评价其体外抗肿瘤活性,并与阿霉素裸药进行比较。结果:本实验成功制备了包裹阿霉素的超声造影剂,粒径分布均匀(1μm左右),载药量为3.14%,包封率为35.84%,体外能够显著增强显影效果,作用24小时后,相同浓度抑制率差别不是很大,48小时和72小时后,高浓度给药差异较大。结论:本研究为超声成像与给药一体化研究奠定了基础。     

正交设计优化TMZ-SLN处方组成与制备工艺

以替莫唑胺为模型药物，硬脂酸为载体材料，采用乳化一低温固化法制备替莫唑胺固体脂质纳米粒，正交试验设计优化处方组成和制备工艺，并对纳米粒的结构形态、粒径、表面电位、包封率、体外释药特性等进行了研究。结果表明，以优化处方制备的替莫唑胺固体脂质纳米粒为类球形实体，粒径分布比较均匀，平均粒径为65．0±6．2m1，E电位为-37．2mV，包封率为58．9％±1．21％，药物体外释放符合Higuchi方程，经差示扫描量热法（DSC）分析证明纳米粒确已形成。     

用于肿瘤热疗的锰锌铁氧体纳米粒子的制备及表征

以硫酸盐为原料，NaOH为沉淀剂制备了Mn0.4Zn0.6Fe2O4纳米粒子，对其进行了X-射线衍射分析．证实其为尖晶石锰锌铁氧体；透射电镜观察其为近似球状。图像分析系统测算其平均粒径约50nm，并进行了居里温度测定和交变磁场下的体外升温、恒温试验．结果显示所制备材料的居里温度为105．407℃，其不同浓度的磁流体在高频交变磁场下可升温至43℃～47℃并保持不变。实验结果为筛选出适合肿瘤热疗的材料及相应的的质量浓度提供了理论及实验依据。     

琥珀酸美托洛尔HPMC骨架片释放影响因素研究

以羟丙基甲基纤维素（HPMC）为骨架材料，乙基纤维素（EC）为阻滞剂，采用湿颗粒压片法制备琥珀酸美托洛尔亲水凝胶骨架片，考察HPMC用量、HPMC黏度、EC用量、制备方法、压片压力、释放介质及转速对琥珀酸美托洛尔（MS）骨架片体外释药的影响。结果表明，MS骨架片体外释药符合Higuchi方程，药物释放机制是骨架溶蚀和药物扩散的综合效应；HPMC用量与黏度、阻滞剂用量、制备方法、压片压力对释放速率均有显著性影响；释放介质的pH值及转速对释放速率无显著性影响。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.