Causes and treatment of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome

Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome is a condition of advancing respiratory distress, commencing at or shortly after birth. The disease follows an acute course, with deterioration within 48 hours followed by stabilisation and improvement. Treatment is to support respiratory function and maintain good oxygenation.     

Well-being in informal caregivers of survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome

OBJECTIVE: With limited community services, the complex rehabilitation period after critical illness is often the responsibility of family members who, as a result, may experience negative health outcomes. The objectives of this research were to a) identify aspects of the caregiving situation that are associated with caregivers' experiences of emotional distress and psychological well-being; and b) compare health-related quality of life of informal caregivers to survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with age- and gender-matched population values. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey of informal caregivers to ARDS survivors. SETTING: Toronto, Ontario, Canada. PATIENTS: Informal caregivers were individuals who were primarily responsible for providing and/or coordinating ARDS survivors' posthospital care and were not paid to do so. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The dependent variables were emotional distress, psychological well-being, and health-related quality of life. They were evaluated by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, the Positive Affect Scale, and Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36, respectively. Independent variables included severity of illness indicators, patient depression (Beck Depression Inventory II), aspects of the caregiving experience (care provided, lifestyle interference, personal gain), and psychosocial resources (mastery and social support). Caregivers experienced more emotional distress when they experienced more lifestyle interference, had lower levels of mastery, and were caring for ARDS survivors with more depressive symptoms (F3,42 = 15.69, p < .001, adjusted R = .50). In contrast, caregiver psychological well-being was associated with personal gains as a result of providing care and having more mastery and social support (F4,41 = 9.40, p < .001, adjusted R = .43). Caregivers reported poorer health-related quality of life across all domains of the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36 compared with age- and gender-matched population values. CONCLUSIONS: Informal caregivers experience negative health outcomes that persist almost 2 yrs after ARDS. New approaches, such as family-centered rehabilitation, caregiver education, improved respite, and home care, may benefit informal caregivers.     

Chronic sleep disorders in survivors of the acute respiratory distress syndrome

Purpose  Sleep disruption is well recognized in the Intensive Care Unit. Poor sleep quality likely continues following discharge from hospital in several patients and becomes a chronic disorder in some. The aim of this study was to describe the etiology of chronic sleep complaints in survivors of ARDS. Methods  Seven ARDS survivors with no previous sleep complaints who reported difficulty sleeping 6 months or more following discharge from hospital were evaluated. Sleep quality was assessed subjectively with a sleep history and the Insomnia Severity Index and objectively with polysomnography. Daytime sleepiness was assessed with the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Results  A chronic sleep disorder was identified in each patient who reported difficulty sleeping. The primary sleep disorder was chronic conditioned insomnia (5 patients), parasomnia (1 patient) and obstructive sleep apnea (1 patient). In addition, 4 patients had periodic leg movements, which was of uncertain clinical significance. Conclusion  Chronic sleep disorders, which originate during the acute illness, are present in some ARDS survivors several months after discharge from hospital. If unrecognized, lack of treatment may contribute to impaired quality of life and incomplete rehabilitation from their critical illness. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Treatment of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome with surfactant BL

The paper presents the results of use of the Russian drug Surfactant BL as part of complex intensive care of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in the premature newborn. The drug was used in 45 children (a study group). A control group comprised 52 children with RDS who had undergone a course of therapy before the use of the drug at our clinic. Statistical analysis indicated the practical uniformity of the study and control groups. Particular emphasis was laid on the study of changes in the parameters of blood oxygenation and those of artificial ventilation (AV) regimens in both groups of children. The study demonstrated that in the Surfactant BL-treated patients, blood oxygenation (pO2, A-aDO2, respiratory coefficient) improved much more rapidly and, from the end of the first day of treatment to the termination of therapy in the intensive care unit of a maternity hospital, the mean values of these parameters remained statistically significantly better than those in the controls. In the study group, under AV, insufflated gas FiO2 could be reduced more rapidly and by a large quantity and some other AV parameters "attenuated". Analyzing the outcome of treatment of neonatal infants with RDS has indicated that Surfactant BL has a statistically significant advantage in the positive outcomes of treatment in a group of patients treated with this agent as part of complex intensive care.     

Formation and validation of a telephone battery to assess cognitive function in acute respiratory distress syndrome survivors

PURPOSE: Describe initial development and validation of a test battery composed of established instruments designed to detect, via telephone interview, cognitive abnormalities in survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome. METHODS: Two cross-sectional studies were performed, including the following phases: (1) initial battery construction, (2) feasibility, (3) item reduction, (4) convergent and divergent validity, and (5) telephone administration compared with in-face interviews in a separate population. RESULTS: There was a broad range of cognitive function detected in the derivation population, and all subjects completed the interview. There was convergence of cognitive impairment with moderate/severe anxiety (P = .008), the Sickness Impact Profile Psychosocial Summary Score (mean difference, 15.3; 95% CI, 7.74-22.9; P = .0001), and the mental health domains of the Short Form 36. Subjects with cognitive impairment had no detectable difference in the physical function domains of the Short Form 36. When administered to the validation population, telephone tests of memory, attention, reasoning, and executive functions had good intraclass correlation with the in-face interviews (P < .01). CONCLUSIONS: Detection of cognitive abnormalities in acute respiratory distress syndrome survivors using a telephone-administered test battery derived from standard cognitive tests is feasible and has evidence of construct validity. This battery may be useful as a research tool when in-face interviews are not feasible.     

Association between inhaled nitric oxide treatment and long-term pulmonary function in survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome

ABSTRACT: INTRODUCTION: Assessment of treatments for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) has focused on short-term outcomes (for example, mortality); little information exists regarding long-term effects of ARDS treatment. Survivors of ARDS episodes may have long-term obstructive/restrictive pulmonary abnormalities and pulmonary gas exchange impairment. A 2004 prospective randomized placebo-controlled trial assessed the efficacy and safety of inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) in patients with non-septic ARDS; the primary endpoint was days alive and off assisted breathing. This analysis examined potential effects of iNO or placebo on pulmonary function six months post-treatment in ARDS survivors from that original study. METHODS: ARDS survivors (N = 92) from a large-scale randomized, placebo-controlled study evaluating mortality after either 5 ppm iNO or placebo for up to 28 days were assessed six months post-treatment. Pulmonary function testing across seven parameters was conducted. RESULTS: At 6 months post-treatment, results indicated significantly better absolute values for iNO versus placebo for mean ± SD total lung capacity (TLC, 5.54 ± 1.42 vs. 4.81 ± 1.00; P = 0.026). There were also significantly better values for mean ± SD percent predicted values for a) forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1, 80.23 ± 21.21 vs. 69.51 ± 28.97; P = 0.042), b) forced vital capacity (FVC, 83.78 ± 19.37 vs. 69.84 ± 27.40; P = 0.019), c) FEV1/FVC (96.14 ± 13.79 vs. 87.92 ± 19.77; P = 0.033), and d) TLC (93.33 ± 18.21 vs. 76.10 ± 21.84; P < 0.001). Nonsignificant differences were found in absolute FEV1, FEV1/FVC, FVC, forced expiratory flow from 25% to 75% of FVC, functional residual capacity, and CO diffusion. CONCLUSIONS: ARDS patients surviving after treatment with low-dose iNO had significantly better values for select pulmonary function tests at six months post-treatment than placebo-treated patients. Further trials are warranted to determine the effects of iNO on chronic lung function in ARDS survivors, a factor in long-term morbidity and quality of life in this population. TRIAL REGISTRATION: A Double-blind, Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Dose-response Study of Inhaled Nitric Oxide in the Treatment of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. NCT number: ISRCTN53268296.     

肺超声评分评估新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征

目的 观察肺超声评分(LUS)用于评估新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征(NRDS)的价值。方法 回顾性分析148例NRDS患儿(NRDS组)及60名非肺病新生儿(对照组)的肺超声声像图,比较组间肺部各分区及总LUS的差异,观察总LUS与NRDS患儿临床资料及相关参数的关系,评价总LUS判断临床分度的效能及总LUS、X线分级判断NRDS患儿是否需要接受有创辅助通气的效能并比较其差异。结果 NRDS组患儿肺部A线消失,B线呈散在或融合分布;对照组新生儿胸膜线规则、光滑,双肺均见A线,仅见极少量B线。NRDS组各分区及总LUS均高于对照组(P均＜0.05)。NRDS组患儿总LUS与临床分度、X线分级、辅助通气模式分级及使用呼吸机天数均呈正相关(r=0.67、0.56、0.60、0.63,P均＜0.05),与呼吸机参数呼气末正压、吸气峰压及吸入氧浓度均呈正相关(r=0.41、0.65、0.47,P均＜0.05)。总LUS评估轻、中及重度NRDS的曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.845、0.862、0.905;以总LUS 22.5分及X线分级2级判断NRDS患儿需要接受有创辅助通气的AUC分别为0.862及0.796,总LUS评估效能优于X线分级(P＜0.001)。结论 LUS可用于评估NRDS患儿病情严重程度并判断其预后。     

Education and support needs during recovery in acute respiratory distress syndrome survivors

Introduction  

There is a limited understanding of the long-term needs of survivors of the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) as they recover from their episode of critical illness. The Timing it Right (TIR) framework, which emphasizes ARDS survivors' journey from the ICU through to community re-integration, may provide a valuable construct to explore the support needs of ARDS survivors during their recovery.     

新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征的通气方案研究

目的对新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征(NRDS)的治疗方案进行分析,择优方案对患儿进行治疗。方法选取2013年1月到2015年2月在延安大学附属医院进行治疗的100例NRDS患儿作为研究对象,研究对象胎龄28~35周,出生体质量1 000~3 000g,将新生儿分为经鼻双水平正压通气(nDuoPAP)组(50例)和单一经鼻持续呼吸道正压通气(nCPAP)组(50例),对两组患儿通气后血气分析指标、呼吸支持时间和结局、两组间的并发症及治愈率进行比较,探讨nDuoPAP治疗NRDS患儿的临床效果。结果通过对两组患儿通气后血气分析指标分析比较,两组患儿无创通气2、24h后pH值、血氧分压(PaO_2)、二氧化碳分压(PaCO_2)较未通气时有显著改善,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。通气2h后,nDuoPAP组pH值、PaO_2值、PaCO_2值均优于nCPAP组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。通气24h后,nDuoPAP组和nCPAP组pH值、PaO_2值差异无统计学意义(P0.05),两组PaCO_2值差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。通过对nDuoPAP组和nCPAP组NRDS患儿呼吸支持时间和结局分析,nDuoPAP组撤机失败率8.0%,低于nCPAP组的30.0%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。nDuoPAP组撤机失败主要原因是低氧血症,nCPAP组撤机失败主要原因是高碳酸血症和呼吸暂停。通过对两组患儿通气后血气分析指标比较发现,nDuoPAP组有3例发生新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎,1例死亡,治愈率为92.0%;nCPAP组有5例发生颅内出血及多脏器衰竭,3例死亡,治愈率为84.0%,经过比较,两组差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论与nCPAP方法相比,nDuoPAP方法可以减少气管插管呼吸支持率,降低病死率,增加了肺泡的气体交换,提高了氧合能力,对治疗NRDS有较好的疗效,值得临床推广应用。     

不同通气模式对急性呼吸窘迫综合征模型犬呼吸力学和氧代动力学的影响

目的：研究在保留自主呼吸时，双相气道正压通气和间歇正压通气对急性呼吸窘迫综合征模型犬呼吸力学和氧代动力学的影响。方法：选择健康杂种犬12只，全麻后用油酸制成急性呼吸窘迫综合征模型，采用自身对照法观察其在机械通气前、间歇正压通气和双相气道正压通气等状态下呼吸、循环指标的变化。结果：与基础值相比，双相气道正压通气和间歇正压通气时的每分钟通气量、血氧分压、氧输送均显著增加（P〈0．05）；每分钟通气量相同时，双相气道正压通气状态下气道峰压、平均气道压较间歇正压通气的相应参数值显著降低，心输出量、氧输送显著增加（P〈0．05）；平均气道压相同时，双相气道正压通气气道峰压、氧利用率较间歇正压通气显著降低；每分钟通气量、血氧分压、氧输送显著增加（P〈0．05）。结论：保留自主呼吸时，双相气道正压通气可减少急性呼吸窘迫综合征犬肺气压伤发生。     

Pulmonary sequelae and lung repair in survivors of the adult respiratory distress syndrome

The high in-hospital mortality of ARDS has not diminished over the past 10 years, despite improvements in supportive intensive care. Much of the mortality arises from infections, particularly sepsis and pneumonia, and from organ failure, especially kidney failure. The rapid advances in understanding the interlocking pathophysiologic mechanisms of ARDS have not yet been translated into therapeutic trials of new methods for diminishing the injury or for stimulating normal repair. In part, this is because it is difficult to predict which high-risk patients will develop ARDS and then intervene early in the injury process. Patients in whom the risk for ARDS is extremely high have a very high mortality even without ARDS, thereby making efficacy of an early or prophylactic therapy quite difficult to prove. In spite of severe pathologic abnormalities, including fibrosis, early in the course of ARDS, most survivors return to almost normal pulmonary function. The few cases that have been studied with serial biopsies demonstrate resolution of fibrosis. This amazing recovery poses many fascinating questions about how the lung repairs itself. Given the heterogeneous causes of ARDS and the large number of structural, cellular, and biochemical abnormalities described, one can postulate that any one of numerous factors is important in normal repair. Most promising of these are the degree of basement membrane damage, the control of type II cell proliferation and differentiation, the control of collagen synthesis, the anatomic localization of fibrosis, and the control of collagenase action. These interactions of epithelial and mesenchymal tissues probably recreate the process of lung development in the injured adult lung. At a clinical level, the role of oxygen toxicity remains a significant issue. Oxygen acting as an oxidant may be partially responsible for the small airways disease seen in approximately one quarter to one third of survivors. The mortality data stress the need for better ways of preventing and diagnosing lung infections. Better definition of the clinical factors that put survivors at risk for persistent loss of lung function is also needed, and could define a subgroup in which trials of agents designed to improve repair would be most worthwhile. More information about the long-term pathologic course, though difficult to obtain, would also be very important. Perhaps some registry of ARDS survivors would permit closer follow-up and make available more late autopsy pathology when these people die of other causes. The rapid time course of ARDS provides an ideal testing ground for agents designed to either decrease lung injury or stimulate repair.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

肺部十四分区超声评分法诊断新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征

目的 观察肺部十四分区超声评分法诊断新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征(NRDS)的价值。方法 对84例NRDS(NRDS组)和40例其他疾病患儿(对照组)行肺部超声评分(LUS),分别记录肺部六分区法、十分区法、十二分区法和十四分区法评分结果,比较其与胸部X线(CXR)诊断NRDS的一致性,分析4种LUS与X线分级、血气分析结果及辅助通气参数等临床指标的相关性;计算肺部十四分区法诊断NRDS及不同CXR分级患儿NRDS的效能。结果 4种LUS评分结果与NRDS患儿CXR分级、吸气峰压、呼气末正压通气、吸入氧气浓度及使用呼吸机天数均呈正相关(P均<0.05),而与血氧浓度呈负相关(P<0.05);肺部十四分区法评分结果与上述指标的相关性最高,其诊断NRDS的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为96.43%(81/84)、95.00%(38/40)、97.59%(81/83)及92.68%(38/41),对CXRⅠ级、Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级及Ⅳ级的LUS评分分别为14.50、27.00、40.50及51.50分,曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.972、0.992、0.992及0.972,敏感度分...     

Pulmonary function and health-related quality of life in a sample of long-term survivors of the acute respiratory distress syndrome

Objective: We performed a follow-up cohort analysis in order to delineate the correlation between pulmonary function (PF) and health-related quality of life (HRQL) in patients after ARDS.¶Design: Follow-up cohort study.¶Setting: A 20-bed ICU of a university teaching hospital.¶Patients: A cohort of 50 long-term survivors of ARDS.¶Measurements and results: Measurements of PF (FVC, FEV₁, TLC, D_LCO) and HRQL (SF-36 Health Status Questionnaire) were made 5.5 years (median value) after discharge from the ICU. Impairments in PF (defined as PF results below 80 % of the predicted value) were frequent but generally mild. Twenty patients had a single PF impairment (with limitations in FEV1/FVC ratio in 12 patients being the most common), four patients had two (with D_LCO and FEV1/FVC ratio impairment the most common) and three patients had pathologic results in three PF tests (FEV₁/FVC ratio, TLC and capillary pO₂ during exercise in one case, FVC, TLC and capillary pO₂ during exercise in the second patient and FVC, TLC and D_LCO in the third). Compared to normal controls, survivors of ARDS showed impairments in all SF-36 health dimensions (p < 0.001). Patients with multiple (> 1) PF impairments described the lowest HRQL with major limitations in all SF-36 categories (p < 0.037) including physical and mental summary scores (36.5 vs 46.9, p = 0.037 and 31.3 vs 51.4, p = 0.003) when compared to patients with no or only one PF impairment.¶Conclusions: Long-term survivors of ARDS have a significant reduction in HRQL and the presence of multiple PF impairments is associated with maximal decrements in HRQL.     

肺部超声在新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征诊断中的应用价值

目的分析新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征（NRDS）超声评分与X线分级、临床指标的关联性,探讨肺部超声对NRDS的诊断价值。 方法收集2016年5月至2017年6月南京医科大学第一附属医院行肺部超声检查的80例新生儿,其中NRDS 44例,对患儿进行肺脏超声评分（LUS）。前胸壁和后胸壁评分的差异采用独立样本t检验;LUS与胸部X线分级的相关性采用Spearman相关分析;与氧合指数（PaO₂/FiO₂）及呼气末正压通气（PEEP）的相关性采用Pearson相关分析。 结果44例患儿的LUS总分平均为（18.89±10.43）分,后胸壁LUS平均为（8.59±3.14）分,显著高于前胸壁的（4.70±3.90）分,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。随着胸部X线分级越高,LUS越高,LUS与胸部X线分级呈正相关（r=0.924,P<0.05）。LUS总分与氧合指数呈负相关（r=-0.524,P<0.01）,与PEEP呈正相关（r=0.662,P<0.01）。 结论肺部超声在新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征诊断中具有一定的应用价值,LUS与胸部X线分级呈正相关,其可作为诊断新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征的重要补充。     

Natural inhibitors of neutrophil function in acute respiratory distress syndrome

OBJECTIVE: Neutrophils play a key role in the physiopathogenesis of acute lung injury in general and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in particular. To identify the anti-inflammatory mediators with a protective effect on lung tissue damage in ARDS, we correlated the concentration of the Clara cell 16-kD protein (CC16; an inhibitor of neutrophil chemotaxis), angiogenin (an inhibitor of degranulation), and the total radical oxygen neutralizing activity with the amount of elastase (a marker of neutrophil activation) and with the Pao2/Fio2 ratio, which is inversely related to lung injury. SETTING: University hospital. PATIENTS: Patients with ARDS (n = 12) and patients at risk for developing ARDS (n = 14). INTERVENTIONS: Patients underwent bronchoalveolar lavage 12 hrs after diagnosis of ARDS or at-risk status. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The amount of CC16 and radical oxygen neutralizing activity was not significantly different in patients with or at risk for ARDS. In contrast, the amount (mean +/- sem) of angiogenin in the bronchoalveolar lavage of ARDS patients (45 +/- 14 ng/mL, n = 12) was increased 11-fold (p <.05) compared with patients at risk for ARDS (4 +/- 1 ng/mL, n = 14). In patients with ARDS, the amount of protein and angiogenin in bronchoalveolar lavage increased with decreasing concentration of CC16 (p <.05). In addition, CC16 correlated with the Pao2/Fio2 ratio (p <.05) and inversely with the amount of elastase (p <.05) and thus may be regarded as a reliable protective agent for lung injury. CONCLUSION: A high concentration of CC16, a natural inhibitor of neutrophil function, decreases neutrophil-mediated lung damage of patients with ARDS. Strategies to increase natural anti-inflammatory agents, and thus influence the disruption of the balance between natural inflammatory and anti-inflammatory or protective factors, could be useful to modulate the tissue destruction and the course of ARDS.     

Quality of life in acute respiratory distress syndrome survivors may be no worst than in other ICU survivors

OBJECTIVE: To compare the health-related quality of life (HR-QOL) in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) survivors with that in a matched control group of non-ARDS survivors. DESIGN AND SETTING: Prospective, matched, parallel cohort study, comparing HR-QOL between intensive care unit (ICU) survivors with ARDS and a control group in a tertiary care hospital. PATIENTS: Between May 1997 and December 2000, all ARDS adult patients of an eight-bed medical/surgical unit of a tertiary care hospital were enrolled and a control group of non-ARDS survivors, matched for severity of disease and for previous health state, was selected. The study included 29 ARDS survivors who answered the EQ-5D questionnaire and had lung function evaluated. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: A follow-up appointment was performed 6 months after ICU discharge consisting of: (a) evaluation of HR-QOL using EQ-5D and (b) lung function tests and measure of diffusing capacity. Among ARDS survivors 41% had normal lung function and 59% mild to moderate lung function impairments. Nearly a one-third of ARDS survivors reported problems in one or more of the five dimensions of the EQ-5D, and 48% reported feeling worse at the interview than 6 month before ICU admission. No significant differences were found in HR-QOL between ARDS survivors and other ICU survivors with similar age and matched for previous health state and severity of disease. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that impairments in HR-QOL among ARDS survivors may not be distinguishable from that among other ICU survivors.     

鼻塞式CPAP治疗新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征的疗效观察

目的探讨简易鼻塞式持续呼吸道正压给氧对新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征的治疗效果。方法对56例新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征应用简易鼻塞式持续呼吸道正压给氧,并对其临床疗效、不良反应进行分析评估。结果Ⅰ、Ⅱ级病例使用CPAP呼吸机时间较短,Ⅲ病例使用呼吸机的时间较长,Ⅳ级病例需要改为气管插管配合肺表面活性物质治疗。结论简易鼻塞式持续呼吸道正压给氧是基层治疗新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征的最有效的方法,值得推广。