婴儿常见营养性疾病与家长营养知识、喂养态度和喂养技术的相关性分析

[目的]了解婴儿常见营养性疾病与家长的营养知识、喂养态度、喂养技术的关系,以便更好地进行喂养方面的护理指导.[方法]选取进行健康检查的6月龄～11月龄婴儿100名,检测其营养性疾病(维生素D缺乏病、营养性贫血、碘缺乏、锌缺乏)的发生情况,并对其代养人进行问卷调查.了解其营养知识、喂养态度、喂养技术情况.[结果]婴儿营养性疾病的发生率较高,家长营养知识、喂养技术较差.从医务人员处获得喂养指导的比率较低.[结论]婴儿营养性疾病的发生与家长的营养知识、喂养态度、喂养技术密切相关,因此,应加强医务人员在指导婴儿科学喂养方面的作用.     

贫血与婴儿喂养方式的关系

贫血是婴儿时期常见的营养性疾病,是我国重点防治的儿童四大疾病之一,对小儿健康危害较大.本文通过对250例6个月～1岁的婴儿患贫血病的调查发现,婴儿贫血总患病率为22.79%,贫血发生率与喂养的方式有非常显著的差异;人工喂养的婴儿患病率明显高于母乳喂养的婴儿,说明母乳喂养好.提示:让全社会重视儿童贫血病的预防.通过各种方式加强对儿童家长母乳喂养知识指导,辅食添加指导,减少贫血病的发生.     

社区儿童保健医师营养与喂养知识现状及培训需求

社区儿童保健医师的指导能力和水平对家长的喂养行为具有重要影响.为了解城市基层社区儿童保健医师对婴幼儿营养与喂养知识的知晓情况及培训需求,我们于2010 年5 ～7 月对全国15 个城市(区)进行了调查研究,以便为制订针对性的培训计划提供参考,进而提高儿童保健医师的指导能力,保障并提高当地儿童的营养和健康水平.     

极低出生体重儿胃肠喂养开始时间的临床研究

[目的]探索极低出生体重儿开始胃肠喂养的时间.[方法]将88例极低出生体重儿随机分为早开始胃肠喂养组和晚开始胃肠喂养组,采用同一种低出生体重婴儿配方奶粉喂养.记录每日体重、奶量、达足量喂养日龄、住院时间、高胆红素血症、喂养不耐受的情况.[结果]早开始胃肠喂养组胃肠外营养时间20.5 d±7.7 d、恢复出生体重日龄5.6 d±3.2 d、达足量喂养日龄24.2 d±7.2 d和住院时间27.9 d±4.8 d与晚开始胃肠喂养组胃肠外营养时间26.8 d±9.6 d、恢复出生体重日龄10.2 d±4.7 d、达足量喂养日龄36.2 d±13.0 d和住院时间36.7 d±15.8 d比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);早开始胃肠喂养组喂养不耐受发生率27.3%、高胆红素血症发生率29.5%与晚开始胃肠喂养组喂养不耐受发生率(72.7%)、高胆红素血症发生率(52.3%)比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).[结论]极低出生体重儿出生48 h内尽可能早开始胃肠喂养,有利于其胃肠道功能成熟,减少喂养不耐受的发生率,获得较理想的体重增长,降低高胆红素血症的发生率,缩短住院时间.     

先天性心脏病患儿营养问题与母亲喂养行为的相关性研究

[目的]探索先天性心脏病患儿的营养问题与母亲喂养因素的相关性.[方法]以方便抽样的方法选择80例先天性心脏病患儿及其母亲,用自行设计的先天性心脏病患儿母亲喂养状况调查表进行资料收集.[结果]患儿体重、身高、胸围、上臂围及腹部皮褶厚度较我国正常各月龄小儿生长发育指标低;患儿的体重、身高、胸围、上臂围与母亲喂养状况呈正相关(P<0.05).[结论]先天性心脏病患儿营养状况不佳与母亲喂养行为密切相关.     

婴儿钙铁锌铅失衡与母亲养育知识关系

0～3岁是儿童早期生长发育的重要阶段,这段时期是婴幼儿性格初步形成的关键时期,并且这种早期发育的影响可持续终生[1].影响儿童早期发展的后天环境因素主要有早期营养和早期养育环境.母亲缺乏科学的营养与喂养知识是造成婴儿喂养不良、营养不佳的重要原因之一[2].为了了解婴儿常见微量元素失衡的发生情况与母亲的营养知识、喂养态度和喂养技术的关系,作者进行了相关调查.结果报告如下.     

4～8月龄婴儿补充营养米粉的喂养观察

目的：研究某种营养米粉对4－8个月的婴儿生长发育的影响。方法：采用成组设计,进行问卷调查并测定身高、体重和血红蛋白等指标。结果：给予组婴儿身长与自选组相比,有显著性差异。其它指标两组无显著性差异。结论：①农村婴儿辅食添加存在较多问题,应加强营养指导;②此类营养米粉可以作为改善4－8月龄婴儿营养状况的较好辅助食品。     

51例早产儿胃肠喂养不耐受原因分析

[目的]探讨早产儿胃肠喂养不耐受的原因及其对策.[方法]将143例患儿按1min Apgar评分、孕周、出生体重分别分为3组,记录胃肠喂养不耐受的发生情况.[结果]出生时1min Apgar评分越低、孕周越小、体重越轻的新生儿发生胃肠喂养不耐受的几率越大.[结论]早期微量喂养结合非营养性吸吮,肠内营养和肠外营养的联合应用可以保证早产儿在住院早期的营养需求,而个性化的喂养方案有利于早产儿早日实现全肠道喂养.     

成都市金牛区婴幼儿喂养情况及其母亲的喂养知识调查

目的了解成都市金牛区婴幼儿喂养情况及其母亲的喂养知识水平,为合理喂养提供科学依据。方法以随机整群抽样的方法,抽取成都市金牛区400名婴幼儿的母亲进行问卷调查。结果 4个月母乳喂养率为67.35%,6个月母乳喂养率为57.80%,辅食添加时间为（4.61±1.13）月龄;6～12月龄鱼、肉和禽类添加率较低,仅为62.11%。不同年龄段低体重、生长迟缓、肥胖和超重发生率等方面比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;母亲的喂养知识水平与年龄、职业无显著相关性（P〉0.05）,与文化程度有关（r=0.132,P〈0.05）,母乳喂养者的喂养知识水平较高（χ2=7.055,P〈0.05）。结论婴幼儿喂养主要问题是母乳喂养率较低,婴儿辅食添加存在较早现象,婴儿动物性食物家长喂养知识水平较低,应积极宣传和普及科学喂养知识。     

陕西农村婴幼儿综合营养干预研究

目的了解西部贫困地区农村婴幼儿喂养现状和影响家长喂养行为的因素,并对家长进行健康教育和对婴幼儿发放营养包以进行营养综合干预。经过8个月的营养综合干预后,比较干预前后和干预组与对照组婴幼儿贫血状况及家长辅食添加知识的差异,以评价营养综合干预的有效性、可行性,探讨营养综合干预指导模式在农村儿保指导体系中的应用前景,为提高我国农村儿童保健质量、改善婴幼儿辅食添加状况、促进婴幼儿营养健康水平提供科学依据。方法在国家级和省级贫困县陕西省商南县,应用自编问卷对2个乡镇的504名儿童及家长进行现况调查;并对所有参与项目的家长进行健康教育及对儿童发放营养包。结果经过8个月干预研究,干预组家长的婴幼儿辅食添加知识水平明显提高,主要表现为能更好地认识和掌握添加辅食时间、要求及婴幼儿进食频率等,干预组婴儿的辅食添加行为明显优于对照组。同时,基线组贫血率为18.2%、干预组贫血率为8.7%、对照组贫血率为22.8%,干预组婴幼儿的贫血率有明显好转(P<0.05)。结论目前商南农村婴幼儿辅食添加存在诸多问题,采用综合营养干预指导模式,能对家长进行有效的喂养指导,改善婴幼儿辅食添加行为,促进婴幼儿的营养和健康生长。     

Infant feeding attitudes of expectant parents: breastfeeding and formula feeding

BACKGROUND: Research has indicated that parental attitudes are strong predictors of choice of infant feeding. Identification and understanding of the infant feeding attitudes of mothers and their social networks should be an early step in the design and implementation of breastfeeding interventions. AIM: To compare the infant feeding attitudes of parents of breastfed infants with those of parents of formula fed infants. METHODS: A survey was carried out with a convenience sample of pregnant women (gestational age 8-12 weeks) attending three maternity clinics in Scotland in 2000. Expectant mothers and their partners (n = 108 couples) completed the 17 item Iowa Infant Feeding Attitude Scale. Demographic information was collected by face-to-face interview and the method of feeding at discharge from hospital was obtained from medical records. RESULTS: Parents of breastfed infants had more positive attitudes towards breastfeeding than parents of formula fed infants, and were more knowledgeable about the health benefits and nutritional superiority of breastfeeding. Fathers of both breastfed and formula fed infants were more likely than their partners to disapprove of women breastfeeding in public. Parents considered their chosen method of feeding to be the more convenient alternative. Mothers of formula fed infants were more likely to think that women who occasionally drink alcohol should not breastfeed. CONCLUSION: Parents of formula fed infants had several misconceptions about breastfeeding. Use of the Iowa Infant Feeding Attitude Scale could help health professionals identify and address these in infant feeding discussions in the early antenatal period. Efforts should be made to include fathers in these infant-feeding discussions.     

两种喂养方法对早产儿喂养耐受性及营养状况的影响

目的探讨两种喂养方法对早产儿喂养耐受性及营养状况的影响。方法将48例早产儿随机分为试验组和对照组,每组各24例。试验组采用输液泵持续输注法,持续输注24h;对照组采用注射器推注法,推注时间3。5min,1次／2h。观察两组早产儿喂养不耐受性、体重增长及营养状况情况。结果试验组早产儿喂养不耐受发生率低于对照组,体重增长优于对照组,前白蛋白高于对照组,两组比较,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。结论输液泵持续输注法是早产儿较为理想的喂养方法,可提高早产儿喂养耐受性,促进其生长发育。     

红原县0～3岁儿童家长喂养知识及喂养状况的调查

目的通过对红原县0~3岁儿童的家庭成员进行问卷调查,了解该区域婴幼儿喂养状况及家长对喂养知识的掌握情况。方法在红原县各乡镇按比例随机抽样288例,自行设计问卷调查表对家长进行问卷调查,收集到的数据录入Excel表格,并进行相关的统计分析。结果对喂养知识完全不知的62人(21.53%),部分知道的198人(68.75%),完全知道的28人(9.72%),喂养知识的来源主要来自电视节目,亲属等;母亲文化程度高者喂养知识掌握情况优于文化程度低者。母乳喂养率为52.08%,但母乳喂养持续时间超过一个月的只有52人,占调查对象的18.05%。1~6月龄实行人工喂养的以牦牛鲜奶为主,191人(89.67%),配方奶仅16人(7.51%),71.88%的家庭都未给应加辅食的小儿添加辅食,添加辅食者也不尽合理。结论 0~3岁儿童喂养状况不乐观,家长缺乏喂养知识,应对婴幼儿家长及看护人进行形式多样的喂养指导,促进婴幼儿健康成长。     

Effects of a feeding skills training programme on nursing assistants and dementia patients

Aims and objectives. The purposes of this study were to develop a comprehensive feeding skills training programme for nursing assistants and to test the effects of this training programme on their knowledge, attitude and behaviour and the outcome of dementia patients including total eating time, food intake and feeding difficulty. Background. Dementia patients have a high probability of feeding problems that result in a substantial risk of malnutrition. Assisting residents with eating is a major task for nursing assistants and they require better training to provide adequate quality of nutritional care. Design methods. A quasi‐experimental study was conducted. Two convenience‐chosen dementia‐specialized long‐term care facilities in North Taiwan were randomly assigned into either a control or a treatment group. Sixty‐seven nursing assistants were enrolled (treatment: 31; control: 36). Twenty nursing assistants and the same number of dementia patients were observed during mealtime. The treatment group participated in a feeding skills training programme including three hours of in‐service classes and one hour of hands‐on training, whereas the control group did not receive any training. Results. The treatment group had significantly more knowledge (F = 47·7, P < 0·001), more positive attitude (F = 15·75, P = 0·001) and better behaviours (t = 6·0, P < 0·001) than the control group after the intervention. Dementia patients in the treatment group had significantly longer total eating time (t = 2·7, P < 0·05) and higher Edinburgh Feeding Evaluation in Dementia scores (more feeding difficulty) (t = 2·1, P < 0·05) than the control group. There was no significant difference on food intake between the two groups (t = 0·8, P = 0·49). Conclusion. This feeding skills training programme has been found to change nursing assistants’ knowledge, attitude, and behaviour as well as increasing the eating time for the dementia patients. Relevance to clinical practice. This study raises attention regarding on‐the‐job training for nursing assistants. Furthermore, the feeding problems among dementia patients should be further explored as well as the nutritional care.     

情景教学法健康宣教在婴幼儿唇腭裂整形修补术后喂养中的应用

目的 探讨情景教学法健康宣教对婴幼儿唇腭裂整形修补术后喂养质量及并发症的影响.方法 采用随机数字表法将在我院实施整形修补术的112例唇腭裂婴幼儿分为对照组和观察组,每组56例,对照组采用常规口头健康宣教和喂养护理,观察组采用情景教学法健康宣教,并按照宣教方法开展喂养护理,比较两组患儿家长喂养相关知识掌握度、患儿喂养依从...     

Breast-feeding increases sleep duration of new parents

OBJECTIVES: This study describes sleep patterns for mothers and fathers after the birth of their first child and compares exclusive breast-feeding families with parents who used supplementation during the evening or night at 3 months postpartum. METHODS: As part of a randomized clinical trial, the study utilized infant feeding and sleep data at 3 months postpartum from 133 new mothers and fathers. Infant feeding type (breast milk or formula) was determined from parent diaries. Sleep was measured objectively using wrist actigraphy and subjectively using diaries. Lee's General Sleep Disturbance Scale was used to estimate perceived sleep disturbance. RESULTS: Parents of infants who were breastfed in the evening and/or at night slept an average of 40-45 minutes more than parents of infants given formula. Parents of infants given formula at night also self-reported more sleep disturbance than parents of infants who were exclusively breast-fed at night. CONCLUSIONS: Parents who supplement their infant feeding with formula under the impression that they will get more sleep should be encouraged to continue breast-feeding because sleep loss of more than 30 minutes each night can begin to affect daytime functioning, particularly in those parents who return to work.     

Parental issues in feeding young children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia

This study examined the feeding issues that parents of 11 children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) identified and explored the informational bases or criteria for decisions to initiate, continue, and/or terminate the feeding. An oral feeding by the parents was videotaped and replayed to assist in interviewing the parents regarding the decisions they had made during the feeding. Six types of feeding issues were identified. The smoothness or amenability of the child's feeding behavior was most frequently expressed as important, and about half of the parents mentioned the child's dietary intake as an issue. Most parents consistently tried to maintain the child's eating and to achieve a predetermined amount of nutritional intake. Over half the parents were concerned about adequacy of the child's nutrition, and many were concerned about their child's acceptance of or resistance to food. Parents did not express concern about their child's development but were concerned about their child's somatic growth. Parents' concern about feeding behaviors requires joint problem-solving by nurses and parents. Whether use of decision criteria that refer to the child's behavior rather than a predetermined amount of food is possible for parents and likely to contribute to reduced vomiting and resistive behavior and increased dietary intake needs further study.     

Mothers' experiences of feeding situations - an interview study

Aim. The aim of the study was to describe parents’ experiences concerning feeding situations and their contact with the nurse at the Child Health Service (CHS). Background. Some of the most important tasks for the nurse at the CHS are to monitor growth, detect feeding difficulties and give advice concerning food intake and feeding practices. Method. Eighteen mothers differing in age, education, ethnicity and number of children and recruited from different CHS were interviewed. The narratives were transcribed verbatim and analysed by content analysis at manifest and latent levels. Result. All mothers’ described that food and feeding were essential parts of their lives requiring a great deal of time and involvement. Two major categories of mothers’ attitudes in feeding situations were identified – a flexible attitude and a controlling attitude. Mothers with a flexible attitude were sensitive to the child's signals and responded to them in order to obtain good communication. Mothers who expressed a need for control established rules and routines regarding the feeding situations. Mothers with a controlling attitude expressed receiving inadequate support from the nurse at the CHS. Conclusion and clinical implication. This study shows that some mothers experience inadequate support from the nurse at the CHS. Knowledge about mothers’ experiences of feeding situations and their different attitudes towards the child during feeding might improve the CHS nurses’ knowledge and help them understand and more adequately support mothers who experience feeding difficulties.