酵母表达的重组戊型肝炎病毒结构区ORF2蛋白的抗原性鉴定

目的 对应用巴氏毕赤酵母表达系统制备的重组戊型肝炎病毒(HEV)结构区ORF2蛋白的抗原性进行鉴定。方法 以原核细胞表达的重组HEV ORF2抗原作为对照，应用间接ELISA方法鉴定重组HEV ORF2蛋白在HEV IgM和IgG抗体检测中的特异性和敏感性；并测定不同保存时间对抗原稳定性的影响。同时，比较了两种重组抗原与国外5株HEV ORF2单克隆抗体的反应特性。结果 应用酵母抗原可检测到HEV抗体的最低包被量为12．5ng／ml，可检测到HEV IgM、IgG抗体的血清最大稀释度皆为l：51200重组蛋白与其他类型肝炎患者血清无交叉反应，37℃加速试验证实重组蛋白4℃保存12个月可保持良好的抗原性。各株单克隆抗体与酵母表达的HEV ORF2蛋白有更好的反应性，其中4B2、2E2与酵母表达的HEV ORF2蛋白的反应性比与原核表达抗原的反应性分别高出125倍和25倍。结论 应用巴氏毕赤酵母表达系统制备的重组HEV ORF2蛋白可能包含了更为广泛的构象依赖性抗原表位，具有良好抗原性、特异性和稳定性。提示其可作为开发戊型肝炎诊断试剂的一个独具优势的候选抗原。     

一种新型戊型肝炎病毒样颗粒的表达、纯化及其免疫原性

目的以非包涵体形式表达含戊型肝炎病毒(HEV)中和抗原表位的新型HEV重组蛋白,并对其进行鉴定和分析。方法将HEV开放阅读框架2(ORF2)编码452~617位氨基酸的基因片段连接到载体pET28a( ),转化大肠杆菌,获取表达克隆。以Ni-NTA层析柱纯化表达的蛋白,并用SDS-PAGE、Westernblot和直接电镜负染等方法分析鉴定,最后免疫小鼠检测特异性抗体的产生水平。结果表达的重组蛋白天然可溶,相对分子质量(Mr)约为22000,并可形成直径为20nm左右的病毒样颗粒,能与戊型肝炎患者血清发生Westernblot阳性反应,免疫小鼠后可诱导产生高滴度的特异性抗体。体外中和试验显示产生的抗体具有中和HEV的活性。结论原核表达的、含HEV中和抗原表位的、长度仅166个氨基酸的HEVORF2近3′端编码蛋白能够形成病毒样颗粒,而且该新型病毒样颗粒具有良好的抗原性和免疫原性。     

CpG ODN佐剂对乙肝疫苗抗原免疫原性的影响

目的探究CpG ODN佐剂对不同抗原含量乙肝疫苗免疫效果的影响。方法在体液免疫方面不同抗原浓度的CpG ODN与Al(OH)3佐剂乙肝疫苗免疫Balb/c小鼠,于免疫后第2、4、6、8、10周收集血清,检测小鼠体内相对效力ED50和血清中的anti-HBs抗体水平;在细胞免疫方面测定诱导产生IFN-γ水平及IgG2a应答水平。结果 CpG ODN与Al(OH)3佐剂可以有效协同HBs Ag诱导机体产生的抗体滴度达49 427 mIU/ml,抗体效价随时间延长而增加。乙肝抗原减半后双佐剂乙肝疫苗诱导机体产生的特异性抗体滴度可达41 225 mIU/ml,高于无CpG ODN佐剂的铝佐剂疫苗。在诱导细胞分泌方面,对照组诱导产生IFN-γ水平及IgG2a应答水平明显低于所有双佐剂疫苗组。结论 CpG ODN对HBsAg具有良好佐剂活性,并与铝佐剂有协同作用,二者联合应用可以降低乙肝抗原用量并提高疫苗免疫原性。     

酵母表达的HIV-1中国株CN54 Gag蛋白的免疫原性研究

目的评价毕赤酵母表达的HIV-1中国株CN54 Gag蛋白在Balb／c小鼠诱导体液和细胞免疫的能力。方法利用重组Gag蛋白单独及与重组DNA或痘苗联合免疫Balb／c小鼠，检测小鼠产生的特异性结合抗体和IgG1／IgG2a，同时检测T淋巴细胞增殖反应和CTL反应。结果3个蛋白单独免疫组均能诱导小鼠产生抗体和T淋巴细胞增殖反应，其中不加佐剂的免疫组诱导免疫反应低于其它两组。但3组的CTL杀伤活性均不明显。重组蛋白和重组DNA及痘苗联合免疫均诱导产生了较好的体液和细胞免疫反应，而且重组痘苗初始免疫一蛋白加强免疫组还诱导产生了较强的CrL反应。结论酵母表达的HIV-1 Gag蛋白具有良好的免疫原性，在与重组DNA和痘苗疫苗联合使用时具有协同作用，能刺激动物产生更强的HIV-1特异性体液和细胞免疫反应。本研究为构建HIV-1蛋白疫苗和探讨各类疫苗的联合免疫方式提供了有价值的参考数据。     

戊型肝炎病毒ORF2 C端抗原片段的表达及其免疫学特性研究

目的　表达戊型肝炎病毒 (hepatitisEvirus ,HEV)ORF2C端 12 8个氨基酸残基的抗原片段ORF2 3 ,并进行其免疫学特性的研究。方法　用pBV2 2 0载体进行抗原的非融合表达 ,包涵体经变性凝胶过滤层析及离子交换层析纯化后透析复性 ,以Westernblot、ELISA、动物免疫与抗原捕获RT nPCR等方法研究其免疫学特性。结果　获得了ORF2 3的高效表达 ,表达量占菌体总蛋白 5 0 %左右 ,纯化后纯度达 98%以上 ,Westernblot表明表达抗原可与戊肝患者阳性血清特异性结合 ;在HEV感染恒河猴实验中用于IgG抗体的检测 ,具有较好灵敏度与特异性 ;用其免疫豚鼠 ,抗体经ELISA法测定效价为 1∶80 0 0 ;用制备的豚鼠抗血清捕获戊型肝炎病毒颗粒 ,经RT nPCR扩增出特异性片段。结论　ORF2 3抗原片段具有HEV抗体识别的抗原表位 ,能够刺激机体产生抗体 ,抗血清具有一定的识别与结合戊型肝炎病毒颗粒的能力     

重组登革病毒2型NS1蛋白的分泌表达及其抗体制备

目的分泌表达重组登革病毒2型NS1蛋白,并制备兔抗NS1多克隆抗体。方法应用毕赤酵母表达系统表达全长登革病毒2型NS1蛋白,制备抗原,免疫家兔;采集免疫血清,制备兔抗NS1蛋白多克隆抗体;应用Western-blot、ELISA法鉴定和检测抗体效价;经辛酸-硫酸铵法、亲和层析法纯化抗体,SDS-PAGE电泳检测抗体的纯度：用Western-blot、ELISA法检测纯化后IgG性质及效价。结果重组NS1蛋白获得分泌表达。其免疫血清经Western-blot、ELISA法证实获得特异性兔抗NS1多克隆抗体,抗体效价为1：6000。结论重组登革病毒2型NS1蛋白在毕赤酵母真核表达系统中高效表达,纯化产物有较强的免疫原性,成功获得特异性兔抗NS1多克隆抗体,为进一步研究登革病毒NS1蛋白及其抗体在登革病毒致病与免疫机制中的作用奠定了基础。     

重组杆状病毒表达HEV ORF2抗原片段

目的：用重组杆状病毒表达戊型肝炎病毒（hepatitis E virus,HEV)ORF2基因片段,并对其免疫学特性进行研究。方法：与中间转染载体pVL1393相连构建重组质粒,在Lipofectin介导下将其与杆状病毒线性DNA（BaculoGold^TM)共转染Sf9昆虫细胞得到重组病毒,用免疫荧光,Western blot等方法对表达产物进行免疫学特性初步研究,并进行动物免疫试验。结果：含ORF2结构基因片段的重组杆状病毒在Sf9昆虫细胞中获得了高效表达,经免疫荧光,Western blot,动物免疫试验证实该重组蛋白为HEV特异性蛋白,可刺激机体产生相应抗体。结论：重组杆状病毒能有效表达HEV抗原基因,所表达的ORF2重组蛋白具有HEV抗体识别的抗原表位,具有较好的抗原性和免疫原性。     

重组霍乱毒素B亚基与恶性疟原虫多表位融合蛋白的免疫原性研究

目的　评价霍乱毒素B亚基与恶性疟原虫多价抗原的融合蛋白的免疫原性。方法　在大肠杆菌中表达重组霍乱毒素与恶性疟原虫多价抗原的融合蛋白 ,通过免疫小鼠评价融合蛋白的免疫原性。结果　通过亲和层析纯化霍乱毒素B亚基与恶性疟原虫多价抗原的融合蛋白 ,不加任何佐剂 ,以 5 0 μg/只的剂量免疫C5 7BL/ 6J小鼠 ,3次免疫后 ,CTB抗体滴度达 1∶6 40 0 ,抗疟原虫抗体滴度 1∶16 0 0 ,其CTL活性为 2 0 7%。结论　霍乱毒素具有较好的佐剂作用 ,经融合蛋白免疫的小鼠能产生良好的体液和细胞免疫 ,为评价该抗原的免疫保护作用打下了基础     

华支睾吸虫成虫RPEF基因产物及其抗RPEF多克隆抗体的制备

目的 体外制备华支睾吸虫成虫RNA聚合酶Ⅱ延长因子(RPEF)基因产物及抗RPEF多克隆抗体.方法 亲和纯化试剂盒纯化表达蛋白pGEX-4T-1-RPEF,凝血酶酶切表达蛋白制备重组蛋白RPEF,将重组蛋白RPEF免疫小鼠,制备多克隆抗血清,检测抗体滴度和抗血清特异性.结果 体外制备的RPEF蛋白经SDS电泳呈单一条带;酶联免疫吸附结果显示,免疫过程抗体滴度呈连续上升趋势;免疫印迹结果显示,小鼠抗血清具有抗RPEF特异性.结论 获得较专一的华支睾吸虫RPEF蛋白和RPEF抗血清.     

华支睾吸虫成虫RPEF基因产物及其抗RPEF多克隆抗体的制备

目的 体外制备华支睾吸虫成虫RNA聚合酶Ⅱ延长因子(RPEF)基因产物及抗RPEF多克隆抗体.方法 亲和纯化试剂盒纯化表达蛋白pGEX-4T-1-RPEF,凝血酶酶切表达蛋白制备重组蛋白RPEF,将重组蛋白RPEF免疫小鼠,制备多克隆抗血清,检测抗体滴度和抗血清特异性.结果 体外制备的RPEF蛋白经SDS电泳呈单一条带;酶联免疫吸附结果显示,免疫过程抗体滴度呈连续上升趋势;免疫印迹结果显示,小鼠抗血清具有抗RPEF特异性.结论 获得较专一的华支睾吸虫RPEF蛋白和RPEF抗血清.     

一个能诱生戊型肝炎病毒中和抗体的ORF2编码蛋白短片段

目的：比较戊型肝炎病毒（HEV）第4基因型ORF2编码蛋白片段pN472-C617（aa472～617）和pN477-C613（aa477～613）的免疫原性，找到能诱生HEV中和抗体的ORF2编码蛋白的更短片段。方法：表达和纯化pN472-C617和pN477-C613，分别免疫BALB/c小鼠，以间接ELISA检测免疫血清的抗体效价，并以基于PCR的体外中和试验检测免疫血清的中和活性。结果：pN472-C617和pN477-C613可在大肠杆菌高效可溶性表达，纯化后的重组蛋白能在小鼠体内诱导出高效价的抗体。基于PCR的体外中和试验显示pN472-C617免疫血清可有效中和HEV，阻断其在敏感细胞表面的吸附和细胞内复制；而两端仅比pN472-C617各短5个氨基酸的pN477-C613的免疫血清不具有中和HEV的活性。结论：重组蛋白pN472-C617具有良好的抗原性和诱生中和抗体的能力，是目前文献报道中含有HEV中和抗原表位的最短ORF2编码蛋白片段，可作为重组亚单位候选疫苗用于HEV疫苗的开发。     

Immunization with the Chlamydia trachomatis mouse pneumonitis major outer membrane protein by use of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides as an adjuvant induces a protective immune response against an intranasal chlamydial challenge

Recently, we have shown that a vaccine consisting of a purified preparation of the Chlamydia trachomatis mouse pneumonitis (MoPn) major outer membrane protein (MOMP) and Freund's adjuvant can protect mice against a genital challenge. Here, we wanted to determine if CpG motifs could be used as an immune modulator to the MOMP to induce protection in mice against an intranasal (i.n.) challenge. One-week-old BALB/c mice were immunized intramuscularly and subcutaneously either once or three times at 2-week intervals with MOMP and CpG suspended in aluminum hydroxide (alum). Negative controls received ovalbumin, CpG, and alum. Positive controls were immunized i.n. with C. trachomatis MoPn elementary bodies (EB). Six weeks after the last immunization, mice were challenged i.n. with 10(4) inclusion-forming units (IFU) of the C. trachomatis MoPn serovar. Mice that received MOMP, CpG, and alum had a strong immune response, as shown by a high titer of serum antibodies to Chlamydia and significant lymphoproliferation of T-cells following stimulation with C. trachomatis EB. After the i.n. challenge mice immunized with MOMP, CpG, and alum showed significantly less body weight loss than the corresponding control mice immunized with ovalbumin, CpG, and alum. Ten days after the challenge the animals were euthanized, their lungs were weighed, and the numbers of IFU in the lungs were determined. The average weight of the lungs of the mice immunized with MOMP, CpG, and alum was significantly less than average weight of the lungs of the mice immunized with ovalbumin, CpG, and alum. Also, the average number of IFU recovered per mouse immunized with MOMP, CpG, and alum was significantly less than the average number of IFU per mouse detected in the mice inoculated with ovalbumin, CpG, and alum. In conclusion, our data show that CpG sequences can be used as an effective adjuvant with the C. trachomatis MoPn MOMP to elicit a protective immune response in mice against a chlamydial respiratory challenge.     

不同佐剂及免疫途径对重组NTHi外膜蛋白P6免疫效果影响的研究

目的 研究几种佐剂及免疫途径对重组NTHi P6蛋白抗原在小鼠体内产生的免疫效果的影响.方法 以A1(OH),佐剂、CpG ODN佐剂以及两种联合的复合佐剂分别与rP6蛋白混合,经滴鼻、肌肉注射免疫途径免疫6周龄雌性BALB/c小鼠;相同剂量、免疫途径加强免疫2次.采用ELISA法检测rP6蛋白特异的血清IgG和黏膜IgA滴度;酶联免疫斑点试验(ELISPOT)检测特异性T淋巴细胞的活化.结果 3次免疫后,CpG ODN+rP6滴鼻免疫组和A1(OH)3+CpG ODN+rP6肌肉注射免疫组产生高滴度的特异性血清IgG抗体(F=41.259,P=0.000).同时ELISPOT试验显示,CpG ODN+rP6无论通过滴鼻还是肌肉注射免疫均能诱导大量抗原特异性T淋巴细胞的活化,与其他实验组比较差异有统计学意义(F=66.046,P=0.000).而且CpG ODN+rP6滴鼻免疫组能诱发高滴度的特异性黏膜IgA抗体(F=70.966,P=0.000).结论 重组NTHi外膜蛋白P6与CpG ODN佐剂联合后经黏膜途径免疫,小但能保证体液免疫的高滴度血清IgG抗体,而且能从黏膜免疫和细胞免疫两方面对该蛋白的免疫效果进行增强.

Abstract：

Objective To detect the difference of cytokines and antibodies productions by immunologic system from mice vaccinated with recombinant P6 protein with different immunization routes and adiuvants.Methods 6 weeks female BALB/c mice were vaccinated with meombinant protein P6 combined with A1(OH)3,CpG ODN or the mix of them through intramuscular and intranasal.The mice were boosted twice with the same dose by the same route.Serum and respiratory tract specimen were collected to detect rP6 specific antibodies by ELISA.Results In the 6th week after immunization.The higher titer of serum rP6 specific IgG antibody were detected from the two groups vaccinated with A1(OH)3+CpG ODN+rP6 by intramuscular and vaccinated with CpG ODN+rP6 by intranasal(F=41.259.P=0.000).The ELISPOT experiment showed that,Inoculation with the CpG ODN+rP6 either by intranasal or intramuscular immunization could induce a large number of antigen-specific T lymphocyte activation.In addition.The mice vaccinated with the CpG ODN+rP6 through intranasal can be detected high titer rP6 specific mucosal IgA antibody(F=70.966.P=0.000).Conclusion Inoculation with the CoG ODN+rP6 by jntranasal immunization not only can induce high-titer serum IgG antibody,but also can induce high-titer mucosal IsA antibody and CD4+Th1.CD8+T lymphoeyte activation.     

The immunodominant T helper 2 (Th2) response elicited in BALB/c mice by the Leishmania LiP2a and LiP2b acidic ribosomal proteins cannot be reverted by strong Th1 inducers

The search for disease-associated T helper 2 (Th2) Leishmania antigens and the induction of a Th1 immune response to them using defined vaccination protocols is a potential strategy to induce protection against Leishmania infection. Leishmania infantum LiP2a and LiP2b acidic ribosomal protein (P proteins) have been described as prominent antigens during human and canine visceral leishmaniasis. In this study we demonstrate that BALB/c mice infected with Leishmania major develop a Th2-like humoral response against Leishmania LiP2a and LiP2b proteins and that the same response is induced in BALB/c mice when the parasite P proteins are immunized as recombinant molecules without adjuvant. The genetic immunization of BALB/c mice with eukaryotic expression plasmids coding for these proteins was unable to redirect the Th2-like response induced by these antigens, and only the co-administration of the recombinant P proteins with CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODN) promoted a mixed Th1/Th2 immune response. According to the preponderance of a Th2 or mixed Th1/Th2 responses elicited by the different regimens of immunization tested, no evidence of protection was observed in mice after challenge with L. major. Although alterations of the clinical outcome were not detected in mice presensitized with the P proteins, the enhanced IgG1 and interleukin (IL)-4 response against total Leishmania antigens in these mice may indicate an exacerbation of the disease.     

Vaccination with novel immunostimulatory adjuvants against blood-stage malaria in mice

An important aspect of malaria vaccine development is the identification of an appropriate adjuvant which is both capable of stimulating a protective immune response and safe for use by humans. Here, we investigated the feasibility of using novel immunostimulatory molecules as adjuvants combined with a crude antigen preparation and coadsorbed to aluminum hydroxide (alum) as a vaccine against blood-stage Plasmodium chabaudi AS malaria. Prior to challenge infection, immunization of genetically susceptible A/J mice with the combination of malaria antigen plus recombinant interleukin-12 (IL-12) in alum induced a Th1 immune response with production of high levels of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) and diminished IL-4 levels by spleen cells stimulated in vitro with parasite antigen compared to mice immunized with antigen alone, antigen in alum, or antigen plus IL-12. Mice immunized with malaria antigen plus recombinant IL-12 in alum had high levels of total malaria-specific antibody and immunoglobulin G2a. Compared to unimmunized mice, immunization with antigen plus IL-12 in alum induced the highest level of protective immunity against challenge infection with P. chabaudi AS, which was evident as a significantly decreased peak parasitemia level and 100% survival. Protective immunity was dependent on CD4(+) T cells, IFN-gamma, and B cells and was long-lasting. Replacement of IL-12 as an adjuvant by synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) containing CpG motifs induced a similar level of vaccine-induced protection against challenge infection with P. chabaudi AS. These results illustrate that it is possible to enhance the potency of a crude malaria antigen preparation delivered in alum by inclusion of immunostimulatory molecules, such as IL-12 or CpG-ODN.     

Adjuvant Properties of Montanide CSA 720 with a Recombinant HIV P17 gag Protein and Synthetic Peptide Antigens

The adjuvant properties of Montanide CSA 720 were assessed in a comparison with alum. BALB/c mice were immunized with recombinant HIV-1 gag protein p17 administered in either of the two adjuvants. The serum antibody response to p17 with Montanide CSA 720 appeared faster and reached a higher titre than with alum. The serum antibody response to p17 in Montanide CSA 720 was further characterized by a higher titre antibody directed against a 30 amino acid segment from the entire protein. The Montanide CSA 720 adjuvant was sufficiently strong to induce an antibody response against a weak synthetic peptide immunogen after two immunizations, while immunization with the peptide in alum generated no detectable serum antibody. The p17-specific proliferative response of splenocytes from animals immunized with recombinant protein in either adjuvant was similar.     

CpG和Al(OH)3佐剂联合使用增强丙型肝炎病毒重组蛋白疫苗的细胞免疫原性

目的 CpG和Al(OH)3佐剂联合使用增强丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)重组蛋白联合疫苗(TFE)的细胞免疫原性.方法 以CpG、Al(OH)3、Al(OH)3+CpG和弗氏佐剂(FA)为免疫佐剂,分别与TFE混合免疫BALB/c小鼠.末次免疫后10 d取静脉血,分离血清,用ELISA方法测定血清中特异性抗体,并每组处死5只小鼠,分离小鼠脾细胞,体外检测IFN-γ、IL-4和CTL杀伤试验;剩余的小鼠背部皮下注射1×106个SP2/O-NS3细胞,观察其保护作用.组间均数差异用LSD-t检验.结果 TFE+Al(OH)3+CpG组的特异性CTL杀伤能力高于TFE+FA组和TFE+CpG组(P<0.05);与TFE+Al(OH)3组和TFE+CpG组相比,TFE+Al(OH)3+CpG组小鼠脾细胞中分泌IFN-γ的淋巴细胞的数量显著增多(P<0.05).结论 Al(OH)3和CpG合用能显著增强HCV重组蛋白联合疫苗TFE的细胞免疫原性;TFE+Al(OH)3+CpG能有效预防表达HCV非结构蛋白NS3的细胞SP2/0-NS3对免疫小鼠的攻击.     

Protection against systemic candidiasis in mice immunized with secreted aspartic proteinase 2

Secreted aspartic proteinases (Sap) have been described as virulence factors implicated in the mechanisms of host colonization by the yeast Candida albicans in different types of candidiasis. Intraperitoneal inoculation of C. albicans into BALB/c mice rapidly leads to systemic candidiasis, with significant colonization of the kidneys measurable in the following week. In this study we assessed the potential of vaccination with C. albicans secreted aspartic proteinase 2 (Sap2) in preventing systemic candidiasis in BALB/c mice. Intradermal injection of highly purified native Sap2 protein incorporated in alum adjuvant provided efficient immune protection, as indicated by a 20-fold decrease in the colonization of kidneys. The protective effect of Sap2 immunization with alum adjuvant was also observed in mice infected with a lethal inoculum of C. albicans. Immunization with the native Sap2 alone, as well as with a denatured recombinant form of the protein, also conferred protection, albeit to a lesser level. In all cases, protection correlated with an increase in serum antibodies to Sap2. Moreover, passive transfer of anti-Sap2 immunoglobulin G (IgG) significantly decreased the yeast burden in kidneys of C. albicans-infected mice. This result shows that immune protection against systemic candidiasis in mice immunized with Sap2 is antibody-mediated. Taken together, these analyses demonstrate that Sap2 can be successfully used as a vaccination target in systemic candidiasis and reveals the potential immunomodulatory role of Sap2 on C. albicans infection.     

Various factors (allergen nature,mouse strain,CpG/recombinant protein expressed) influence the immune response elicited by genetic immunization

BACKGROUND: Genetic immunization is a very promising therapeutic approach for allergy treatment. In the present study we investigate the influence of the nature of the allergen, the mouse strain, and the relative amount of CpG to expressed recombinant protein on immune responses using two major peanut allergens, Ara h 1 and Ara h 4. METHODS: The cDNA of Ara h 1 and of an isoform of Ara h 4 were cloned and inserted in pcDNA3. Antigen specific IgG1, IgG2a and IgE were followed after genetic immunization with 100 microg of these clones in mouse strain SKH-Hr1 or BALB/c and with 1 microg of the clones+99 blank plasmid in SKH-Hr1. RESULTS: Genetic immunization in SKH-Hr1 with Ara h 1 elicited a classical Th1 type response, but Ara h 4 elicited a mixed Th1/Th2 response with high IgG1 and even IgE in some mice. In BALB/c both plasmids produced a high IgG1 level. Decreasing the amount of plasmid injected did not change the immune response profile. However, increasing the amount of CpG administered relative to the recombinant Ara h 4 protein expressed reversed the Th1/Th2 response pattern in SKH-Hr1 mice. CONCLUSIONS: Immune responses after genetic immunization are strongly influenced by the nature of the allergen, the mouse strain, and the ratio of CpG to recombinant protein expressed.