Gender differences in the incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy among Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A clinic-based retrospective longitudinal study

A clinic-based retrospective longitudinal study conducted for 5.8 ± 2.5 years, including 383 (M/F 245/138) Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus showed that females exhibit a significantly higher prevalence of proliferative diabetic retinopathy (DR) at baseline and that female gender is an independent risk factor for the development of DR.     

Type 2 diabetes presenting as diabetic ketoacidosis in adolescence.

We report two black adolescent subjects who presented with diabetic ketoacidosis, but who lacked autoimmune markers and demonstrated clinical and biochemical characteristics more typical of Type 2 diabetes, including obesity, acanthosis nigricans, positive family history for Type 2 diabetes, and Type 2 diabetic dyslipidaemia. Subsequent to acute presentation, insulin was discontinued in both subjects and excellent glycaemic control was achieved with metformin therapy alone. Four months following acute presentation, both had adequate C-peptide responses to intravenous glucagon. Type 2 diabetes can present as diabetic ketoacidosis in obese adolescent subjects.     

Clinical and biochemical characteristics and analysis of risk factors for euglycaemic diabetic ketoacidosis in type 2 diabetic individuals treated with SGLT2 inhibitors: A review of 72 cases over a 4.5-year period

Background and aimsTo study euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis (euDKA) outcomes associated with sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is)MethodsReview of 72 euDKA cases in T2DM between September 2015 and January 2020 (PUBMED).ResultseuDKA could occur at any time during SGLT2is treatment, with nausea, abdominal pain and vomiting as main symptoms. Hyperglycemia did not correlate with pH and β-hydroxybutyrates. Low pH and high β-hydroxybutyrates were significantly associated with euDKA. In biguanides users, acidosis was unrelated to lactic acidosis. euDKA occurred during fasting, surgery, acute infection, insulin deprivation (endogenous or exogenous).ConclusionsThese data support avoidance of euDKA risk states in SGLT2i users.     

Increased risk of ischemic heart disease in young patients with migraine: A population-based,propensity score-matched,longitudinal follow-up study

Background

The association between migraine and the risk of ischemic heart disease (IHD) remains controversial. The purpose of the present population-based, propensity score-matched follow-up study was to investigate whether young migraineurs are at a higher risk of developing IHD.

Methods

A total of 11,541 subjects aged between 18 and 45 years with at least two ambulatory visits with the principal diagnosis of migraine in 2001 were enrolled in the migraine group. We used a logistic regression model that included age, sex, pre-existing comorbidities, and socioeconomic status as covariates to compute the propensity score. The non-migraine group consisted of 11,541 propensity score-matched, randomly sampled subjects without migraine. The 3-year IHD-free survival rate and the cumulative incidence of IHD were estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method. Stratified Cox proportional hazard regression with patients matched by propensity score was used to estimate the effect of migraine on the risk of developing subsequent IHD.

Results

The mean age in both groups was 32.3 years. During follow-up, 121 subjects in the migraine group and 55 in the non-migraine group developed IHD. The incidence rate of IHD was 4.56 (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.78 to 5.44) per 1000 person-years in the migraine group and 2.00 (95% CI, 1.51 to 2.61) per 1000 person-years in the non-migraine group. Compared to the non-migraine group, the HR of IHD for the migraine group was 2.50 (95% CI, 1.78 to 3.52, P < 0.0001).

Conclusions

This study showed an increased risk of developing IHD in young patients with newly diagnosed migraine.     

Association of resistin polymorphism,its serum levels and prevalence of stroke in Japanese type 2 diabetic patients

Aims/Introduction: Resistin, an inflammatory cytokine, might be involved in the development of atherosclerosis. In a recent paper, we showed that resistin polymorphism might be a risk marker for stroke susceptibility in Japanese type 2 diabetic patients. We tested whether the serum resistin levels might be also a risk marker of stroke independently from RETN polymorphism. Materials and Methods: Type 2 diabetic outpatients from our hospitals were enrolled. Patients (n = 89) with a history of coronary heart disease and stroke, and randomly selected controls (n = 178) matched for sex and age, but without a history of coronary heart disease and stroke, were examined for polymorphism ‐420 (C>G) and cytokines levels. Results: Serum resistin levels were significantly higher in patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVD) than in those without CVD (P = 0.024), and were highest in patients with stroke among the CVD. In multiple logistic regression analysis, serum resistin levels was an independent risk marker of stroke even after adjusted by RETN polymorphism, age, sex, body mass index, HbA_1c, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, triglyceride, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, creatinine, history of coronary heart disease, treatment of insulin, sulfonylurea and aspirin (odds ratio 1.33, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02–1.73, P = 0.039). The enrolled patients were divided by their serum resistin levels (high or low group) and their genotypes (CC, CG, GG at ‐420) into six groups. Patients with the GG genotype and high resistin levels showed the highest odds ratio, 5.69 (95% CI 1.24–26.1), compared with the group with CC and low levels. Conclusions: The results suggest that serum resistin levels might be a good marker of susceptibility to stroke as well as RETN polymorphism. (J Diabetes Invest, doi: 10.1111/j.2040‐1124.00040.x, 2010)     

口服葡萄糖耐量试验与馒头餐试验对2型糖尿病病人血糖代谢及酮症发生的影响

目的 了解口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)和馒头餐两种检查在已确诊的2型糖尿病病人中对酮症发生的危险性和血糖代谢的影响。方法 选取住院的2型糖尿病病人200例，随机分为两组，每组100例，分别进行OGTT或馒头试验餐检查，观察两种检查方法后的酮症发生率、持续时间及检查后24h内血糖的波动情况。结果 (1)共有5例病人行上述检查后尿酮体阳性，OGTT组2例(2％)，馒头餐组3例(3％)。两组间酮症的发生率差异无显著意义(P—0．56)。5例尿酮体阳性病人均于午餐时恢复服降糖药物治疗后尿酮体转阴，无不适主诉。(2)检查后24h，两组间的血糖平均水平相似。结论 OGTT和馒头餐检查对2型糖尿病病人血糖代谢影响相似，导致病人酮症发生率相似。OGTT仍可作为评价2型糖尿病病人胰岛功能的检查方法。     

2型糖尿病及糖尿病肾病危险因素分析

目的 研究2型糖尿病（DM）及糖尿病肾病（DN）的易患因素，指导临床及早防治。方法 随机选择2型糖尿病病例201例，人群对照110例作病例对照研究。根据尿白蛋白排泄率（UAER）将DM患者分为四组互为对照比较。结果 与人群对照组相比，DM组在饮酒、喜食甜食、过多摄入动物脂肪、糖尿病家族史、女性病人巨大儿生产史、合并冠心病、高血压、脑血管意外、高脂血症、胰岛素敏感性指标方面有显著差异。DM四组间在年龄、病程、继发糖尿病眼病、糖尿病神经病变、合并高血压、冠心病、脑血管意外、胆囊结石、心电图异常、收缩压、舒张压有显著差异。UAER与糖尿病肾病、眼病、冠心病正相关。结论 饮酒、喜食甜食、过多摄入动物脂肪、糖尿病家族史、女性病人巨大儿生产史、合并冠心病、高血压、脑血管意外、高脂血症、胰岛素抵抗等可能是2型糖尿病的危险因素。血糖、血脂、血压的不良控制导致糖尿病肾病的进展，DN与其他血管并发症或合并症有较好的相关性。定期监测尿白蛋白排泄率对于及早发现防治糖尿病肾病和其它血管并发症具有重要意义。     

2型糖尿病患者血清胆红素水平与糖尿病足的相关性

目的 探讨2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者血清胆红素水平与糖尿病足的关系。方法 选取2009-2015年海南省第三人民医院收治的1 269例T2DM患者,根据糖尿病足的诊断标准分为糖尿病足组(578例)和非糖尿病足组(NDF组,691例),同时根据Wagner分级将糖尿病足组分为低级别组(40例,Wagner 0级或1级)、中级别组(425例,Wagner 2级或3级)、高级别组(113例,Wagner 4级或5级)。再将578例糖尿病足患者根据是否截肢分为非截肢组(446例)和截肢组(132例)。所有患者入院时检测血清总胆红素、直接胆红素(D-BIL)和间接胆红素(I-BIL)水平,以及白细胞计数、肌酐、收缩压、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、γ-谷氨酰转肽酶(GGT)、尿酸、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白-胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白-胆固醇(LDL-C)、HbA1c和血红蛋白。收集糖尿病足患者的Wagner分级和截肢手术资料。进行二元或有序多元logistic回归分析,以确定T2DM患者糖尿病足及截肢的危险因素。结果 与NDF组相比,糖尿病足组患者年龄、吸烟和饮酒患者的比例、大血管并发症患者的比例均较高(χ2=3.852~474.272,P均<0.05);白细胞计数、肌酐、收缩压水平升高(U=6.485、35.421、36.155,P均<0.05),总胆红素、D-BIL、I-BIL、ALT、AST、GGT、尿酸、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、HDL-C、LDL-C、HbA1c、血红蛋白和高脂血症患者的比例降低(U=3.145~68.119,P均<0.05)。血清I-BIL水平≥6.0 μmol/L与糖尿病足呈负相关(OR=0.751,95%CI:0.570~0.980,P<0.05)。血清总胆红素>10.0 μmol/L与Wagner评分较低有关(OR=0.506,95%CI:0.298~0.857,P<0.05),血清I-BIL≥6.0 μmol/L是Wagner评分较低的保护因素(OR=0.280, 95%CI:0.147~0.538,P<0.05)。总胆红素≥10.0 μmol/L是截肢的保护因素(OR=0.474,95%CI: 0.243~0.921,P<0.05)。结论 T2DM患者血清胆红素水平下降与糖尿病足的严重程度以及截肢事件独立相关。     

胰高血糖素与2型糖尿病及其肾病的关系

胰高血糖素是调控糖代谢平衡的重要激素之一,血清胰高血糖素的异常升高与2型糖尿病的起始和进展相关.糖尿病肾病是糖尿病常见的微血管并发症之一,胰高血糖素及其受体信号系统可能在它的发生、发展中发挥重要作用.其可能机制是通过cAMP、一氧化氮和前列腺素等诱导肾小球高滤过,通过增加DNA和蛋白质的合成诱导系膜细胞的增生、肥大,并可与肾素-血管紧张素系统(RAS)相互作用,最终引起肾小球损伤.胰高血糖素及其受体可作为治疗2型糖尿病及其肾脏并发症的靶点.     

Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor use and risk of diabetic retinopathy: A population-based study

Aims

This study examined whether dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4 inhibitor use is beneficial or harmful to diabetic retinopathy (DR) compared with other glucose-lowering agents in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D).

Pathophysiology of ketoacidosis in Type 2 diabetes mellitus.

AIMS: Despite an increasing number of reports of ketoacidosis in populations with Type 2 diabetes mellitus, the pathophysiology of the ketoacidosis in these patients is unclear. We therefore tested the roles of three possible mechanisms: elevated stress hormones, increased free fatty acids (FFA), and suppressed insulin secretion. METHODS: Forty-six patients who presented to the Emergency Department with decompensated diabetes (serum glucose > 22.2 mmol/l and/or ketoacid concentrations > or = 5 mmol/l), had blood sampled prior to insulin therapy. Three groups of subjects were studied: ketosis-prone Type 2 diabetes (KPDM2, n = 13) with ketoacidosis, non-ketosis-prone subjects with Type 2 diabetes (DM2, n = 15), and ketotic Type 1 diabetes (n = 18). RESULTS: All three groups had similar mean plasma glucose concentrations. The degree of ketoacidosis (plasma ketoacids, bicarbonate and anion gap) in Type 1 and 2 subjects was similar. Mean levels of counterregulatory hormones (glucagon, growth hormone, cortisol, epinephrine, norepinephrine), and FFA were not significantly different in DM2 and KPDM2 patients. In contrast, plasma C-peptide concentrations were approximately three-fold lower in KPDM2 vs. non-ketotic DM2 subjects (P = 0.0001). Type 1 ketotic subjects had significantly higher growth hormone (P = 0.024) and FFA (P < 0.002) and lower glucagon levels (P < 0.02) than DM2. CONCLUSIONS: At the time of hospital presentation, the predominant mechanism for ketosis in KPDM2 is likely to be greater insulinopenia.     

Impact of glucose-lowering therapies on risk of stroke in type 2 diabetes

Patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) have an increased risk of stroke compared with people without diabetes. However, the effects of glucose-lowering drugs on risk of ischaemic stroke in T2D have been less extensively investigated than in coronary heart disease. Some evidence, including the UKPDS, has suggested a reduced risk of stroke with metformin, although the number of studies is limited. Inhibition of the K_ATP channels increases ischaemic brain lesions in animals. This is in agreement with a recent meta-analysis showing an increased risk of stroke with sulphonylureas vs. various comparators as both mono- and combination therapy. Pioglitazone can prevent recurrence of stroke in patients with previous stroke, as already shown in PROactive, although results are less clear for first strokes. As for DPP-4 inhibitors, there was a non-significant trend towards benefit for stroke, whereas a possible increased risk of stroke with SGLT2 inhibitors—and in particular, empagliflozin in the EMPA-REG OUTCOME trial—has been suggested and requires clarification. Experimental results support a potential protective effect of GLP-1 receptor agonists against stroke that has, at least in part, been translated to clinical benefits in T2D patients in the LEADER and SUSTAIN-6 trials. Further interventional studies are now warranted to confirm the effects of glucose-lowering agents on risk of stroke in patients with T2D. In summary, the effects of antidiabetic drugs on risk of stroke appear to be heterogeneous, with some therapies (pioglitazone, GLP-1 receptor agonists) conferring possible protection against ischaemic stroke, other classes showing a neutral impact (DPP-4 inhibitors, insulin) and some glucose-lowering agents being associated with an increased risk of stroke (sulphonylureas, possibly SGLT2 inhibitors, high-dose insulin in the presence of insulin resistance).     

A longitudinal study of foot ulceration and its risk factors in community-based patients with type 2 diabetes: The Fremantle Diabetes Study

Aims

To determine the prevalence and associates of foot ulcer, and the subsequent incidence and predictors of first-ever hospitalisation for this complication, in well-characterised community-based patients with type 2 diabetes.

Methods

Baseline foot ulceration was ascertained in 1296 patients (mean age 64 years, 48.6% male, median diabetes duration 4.0 years) recruited to the longitudinal Fremantle Diabetes Study between 1993 and 1996. Incident hospitalisation for foot ulceration was monitored through validated data linkage until end-December 2010.

Results

At baseline, 16 participants (1.2%) had a foot ulcer which was independently associated with intermittent claudication, peripheral sensory neuropathy (PSN) and diabetes duration (P ≤ 0.01). The incidence of hospitalisation for this complication in those without prior/prevalent foot ulceration was 5.21 per 1000 patient-years. This rate and other published data suggest that 1 in 7–10 foot ulcers require hospitalisation. In a Cox proportional hazards model, intermittent claudication and PSN were significant independent predictors of time to admission with foot ulceration, in addition to retinopathy, cerebrovascular disease, HbA_1c, alcohol consumption, renal impairment, peripheral arterial disease and pulse pressure (P ≤ 0.038).

Conclusions

These data confirm PSN as an important risk factor for foot ulceration but, in contrast to some other studies, peripheral arterial disease was also a major independent contributor. Associations between hospitalisation for foot ulcer and both retinopathy and raised pulse pressure suggest a role for local microvascular dysfunction, while alcohol may have non-neuropathic toxic effects on skin/subcutaneous structures. The multifactorial nature of foot ulceration complicating type 2 diabetes may have implications for its management.     

New-onset diabetes after androgen-deprivation therapy for prostate cancer: A nationwide propensity score-matched four-year longitudinal cohort study

Introduction

Androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) is important in the treatment of prostate cancer. However, the relationship between ADT and the risk of diabetes remains unclear, and the association between duration and types of ADT has not been fully investigated.