Prognostic analysis for postoperative complications of abdominal surgery in the elderly]

In order to evaluate the prognostic importance of the conditions before abdominal surgery for patients over 60 years of age. Multivariate analyses of postoperative complications were performed in 634 patients (comprising 525 cases of elective abdominal surgery and 109 cases of emergency abdominal surgery). The Mortality rate was significantly higher (p < 0.01) in the emergency group (11.9%) and relatively low among the elective abdominal surgery group (3.8%). In the emergency group, 13 patients died, and MOF (multiple organ failure) was found to be the direct cause of death in 11 (85%). Although, the majority (75%) of emergency operations were for benign disorders, the remainder (25%) had malignant tumors. It is noteworthy that among 25% of cases, obstructions and perforations due to large bowel cancers were found to be 59% and 19%, respectively. In the elective surgery group, postoperative pulmonary and cardiovascular complications were found in 11.6% and 9.6%, respectively. Death due to cardiovascular problems in rare (5%), however, postoperative pneumonia was the cause of death in 70% of all of postoperative death. Risk factors affecting postoperative pulmonary complications were malnutrition, advanced age, male sex, malignant disease, dementia, cerebrovascular disorders, impaired pulmonary function tests. Surprisingly, the risk factors were identical, except for impaired pulmonary function, for postoperative MRSA pneumonia. In our study, postoperative pulmonary death was not associated with impaired pulmonary function, and it appears to be rather affected by the presence of cerebrovascular disorders and malnutritional state. A poor nutritional states (< 40 according to Onodera's nutritional index) was present in over 50% of patients with cerbrovascular disorders and low ADL.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Risk factors for pulmonary complications after emergency abdominal surgery

OBJECTIVE: Pulmonary complications are common after abdominal surgery. Although a variety of risk factors have been described for these complications, studies so far have focused on elective interventions. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence and predictors of pulmonary complications following emergency abdominal surgery. METHODS: This was a prospective cohort study. Pre and intra-operative data were collected through interview and chart review and their association with the occurrence of postoperative pulmonary complications (PPC) were analyzed. RESULTS: Two hundred and sixty-six consecutive adult patients were included and seventy-five (28.2%) developed PPC. Age >50 years (adjusted OR=3.86; P<0.001), body mass index (BMI) <21 kg/m(2) or 30 kg/m(2) (adjusted OR=2.43; P=0.007) and upper or upper/lower abdominal incision (adjusted OR=2.57; P=0.027) were independently associated with PPC. Patients submitted to multiple procedures tended to be at a higher risk for PPC (adjusted OR=1.73; P=0.079). The development of PPC was associated with prolonged hospital stay (P<0.001) and increased death rate (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Pulmonary complications are frequent among patients undergoing abdominal emergency surgery and lead to increased length of hospital stay and death rate. Older age, abnormal BMI, upper or upper/lower abdominal incision and multiple procedures are predictors of PPC in this setting.     

Incidence and hospital stay for cardiac and pulmonary complications after abdominal surgery

OBJECTIVE: Internists frequently evaluate preoperative cardiopulmonary risk and comanage cardiac and pulmonary complications, but the comparative incidence and clinical importance of these complications are not clearly delineated. This study evaluated incidence and length of stay for both cardiac and pulmonary complications after elective laparotomy. DESIGN: Nested case-control. SETTING: University-affiliated Department of Veterans Affairs Hospital. PATIENTS: Computerized registry of all 2,291 patients undergoing elective abdominal operations from 1982 to 1991. MEASUREMENT AND MAIN RESULTS: Strategy for ascertainment and verification of complications was systematic and explicit. The charts of all 116 patients identified by the registry as having complications and 412 (19%) randomly selected from 2,175 remaining patients were reviewed to verify presence or absence of cardiac or pulmonary complications, using explicit criteria and independent abstraction of pre- and postoperative components of charts. From these 528 validated cases and controls (23% of the cohort), 96 cases and 96 controls were matched by operation type and age within ten years. Hospital and intensive care unit stays were significantly longer (p<0.0001) for the cases than for the controls (24.1 vs 10.3 and 5.8 vs 1.5 days, respectively). All 19 deaths occurred among the cases. Among the cases, pulmonary complications occurred significantly more often than cardiac complications (p<0.00001) and were associated with significantly longer hospital stays (22.7 vs 10.4 days, p=0.001). Combined cardiopulmonary complications occurred among 26% of the cases. Misclassification-corrected incidence rates for the entire cohort were 9.6% (95% CI 7.2–12.0) for pulmonary and 5.7% (95% CI 3.8–7.7) for cardiac complications. CONCLUSIONS: For noncardiac surgery, previous research has focused on cardiac risk. In this study, pulmonary complications were more frequent, were associated with longer hospital stay, and occurred in combination with cardiac complications in a substantial proportion of cases. These results suggest that further research is needed to fully characterize the clinical epidemiology of postoperative cardiac and pulmonary complications and better guide preoperative risk assessment. Supported by Veterans Affairs Health Services Research and Development, Grant # IIR 88-166. Reprints are not available.     

老年肝胆外科手术患者术后肺部并发症与膈肌功能的相关性

目的 分析老年肝胆外科手术患者术后肺部并发症(PPCs)与膈肌功能的关系。方法 收集解放军总医院第二医学中心综合外科行肝胆外科手术的16例老年患者的临床资料。根据术后是否出现肺部并发症分为PPCs组(6例)和非PPCs组(10例)。应用床旁超声分别于术前1天、术后当天、术后第1天、术后第3天及术后第7天监测患者右侧膈肌移动度(DE)。比较2组患者术前DE、术后最小DE、ΔDE、手术时间及手术方式的差异。采用SPSS 23.0统计软件进行数据分析。采用多因素logistic回归分析影响PPCs的危险因素,并绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线评价其对PPCs的预测价值。结果 2组患者术前DE及手术方式比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。与非PPCs组相比,PPCs组患者手术时间更长[(247.500±68.099)和(162.300±66.111)min]、术后最小DE更小[(1.071±0.202)和(1.414±0.236)cm]、ΔDE更大[(0.536±0.106)和(0.343±0.139)cm],差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析显示,手术时间及术后最小DE是影响PPCs的独立危险因素。手术时间及术后最小DE预测PPCs的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.825(95%CI 0.670～0.980)和0.867(95%CI 0.693～0.974),最佳截断点分别为210min和1.19cm,灵敏度分别为83.33%和90.00%,特异度分别为80.00％和83.33％。结论 术后膈肌功能下降及长时间手术是影响老年肝胆外科手术患者PPCs的危险因素,可通过膈肌超声监测膈肌功能对PPCs进行预测。     

腹部手术患者术后肺部并发症风险预测模型构建

正术后肺部并发症主要包括肺炎、肺不张、支气管炎、支气管痉挛、肺栓塞、呼吸衰竭、潜在慢性肺病恶化,呼吸窘迫综合征等[1]。其发生率约在25%～50%,大多数是由于呼吸肌功能障碍和胸壁力学引起的肺容量变化引起的[2]。而腹部手术中,尤其是上腹部手术术中常需限制性肺减容,术后疼痛、膈肌夹板等可能导致肺不张、感染等肺部并发症。     

不同雾化吸入方案对老年腹部手术后肺部并发症影响的疗效观察

目的观察布地奈德混悬液联合氨溴索氧气驱动雾化吸入治疗老年腹部手术患者术后肺部行发症的效果,方法将2011年1月至2013年7月上海市安亭医院外科收治的老年腹部手术患者202例随机分为2组,每组101例所有患者均于气管内插管全凭静脉麻醉下行腹部手术治疗。治疗组采用布地奈德混悬液联合氨溴索雾化吸入,对照组采用地塞米松加糜蛋白酶、庆大霉素雾化吸入,记录和比较2组术后血常规、C反应蛋白（CRP）、血气分析、痰液量及患者的咳嗽咳痰症状评分。结果术后连续3d内2组的白细胞计数、中性粒细胞比例和CRP差异无统计学意义。术后第3天治疗组的氧分压高于对照组（P=0．000）,治疗组在痰液量、咳嗽咳痰症状改善方面优于对照组,治疗组的术后肺部并发症发病率（9．90％）比对照组（22．77％）低,两者差异有统计学意义（P=0．026）。结论布地奈德混悬液联合氨溴索雾化吸入治疗老年患者术后肺部并发症的效果优于传统的地塞米松加糜蛋白酶、庆大毒素。能改善患者术后咳嗽、咳痰症状,改善老年患者术后肺部氧合功能,能降低术后肺部行发症发病率,值得进一步推广。     

Role of spirometric and arterial gas data in predicting pulmonary complications after abdominal surgery

The aim of this study was to evaluate the predictive value of preoperative spirometric and arterial gas data on severe pulmonary complications (PC) after elective abdominal surgery. We retrospectively studied 480 patients, 254 males and 226 females, mean (SD) age 63 (11) years, at risk for PC according to standardized criteria, who underwent laparotomy for resection of gallbladder for gallstones (44% of patients), resection of colon, rectum or stomach for malignant tumours (37%), and other abdominal surgery (19%). The overall incidence of postoperative PC was 18%. In a logistic regression analysis adjusted for smoking habit and clinical history of chronic bronchitis, FEV1<61% of predicted [odds ratio (OR)=16.86, 95% confidence interval (95%CI)=5.62-50.58] and PaO2<9.33 kPa (OR=6.42, 95%CI=2.48-16.61) were the main determinants of PC. Ischaemic heart disease (OR=3.44, 95%CI=1.08-10.93), operation for malignant tumours (OR=3.24, 95%CI=1.75-6.00) and age (OR=1.04, 95%CI=1.00-1.08) were also independent predictors of PC. Patients with moderate-to-severe airway obstruction combined with hypoxaemia had a significant higher risk of PC in comparison with patients with a normal respiratory pattern. Taking into account age, type of operation, and comorbidity, a preoperative respiratory functional assessment could be useful in identifying an increased risk of major PC in selected patients.     

Respiratory physiotherapy to prevent pulmonary complications after abdominal surgery: a systematic review

OBJECTIVES: To examine the efficacy of respiratory physiotherapy for prevention of pulmonary complications after abdominal surgery. METHODS: We searched in databases and bibliographies for articles in all languages through November 2005. Randomized trials were included if they investigated prophylactic respiratory physiotherapy and pulmonary outcomes, and if the follow-up was at least 2 days. Efficacy data were expressed as risk differences (RDs) and number needed to treat (NNT), with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: Thirty-five trials tested respiratory physiotherapy treatments. Of 13 trials with a "no intervention" control group, 9 studies (n = 883) did not report on significant differences, and 4 studies (n = 528) did: in 1 study, the incidence of pneumonia was decreased from 37.3 to 13.7% with deep breathing, directed cough, and postural drainage (RD, 23.6%; 95% CI, 7 to 40%; NNT, 4.3; 95% CI, 2.5 to 14); in 1 study, the incidence of atelectasis was decreased from 39 to 15% with deep breathing and directed cough (RD, 24%; 95% CI, 5 to 43%; NNT, 4.2; 95% CI, 2.4 to 18); in 1 study, the incidence of atelectasis was decreased from 77 to 59% with deep breathing, directed cough, and postural drainage (RD, 18%; 95% CI, 5 to 31%; NNT, 5.6; 95% CI, 3.3 to 19); in 1 study, the incidence of unspecified pulmonary complications was decreased from 47.7% to 21.4 to 22.2% with intermittent positive pressure breathing, or incentive spirometry, or deep breathing with directed cough (RD, 25.5 to 26.3%; NNT, 3.8 to 3.9). Twenty-two trials (n = 2,734) compared physiotherapy treatments without no intervention control subjects; no conclusions could be drawn. CONCLUSIONS: There are only a few trials that support the usefulness of prophylactic respiratory physiotherapy. The routine use of respiratory physiotherapy after abdominal surgery does not seem to be justified.     

Relationship between the duration of the preoperative smoke-free period and the incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications after pulmonary surgery

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between the duration of the preoperative smoke-free period and the development of postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs) in patients who underwent pulmonary surgery, and the optimal timing of quitting smoking. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, Osaka, Japan. PATIENTS: Two hundred eighty-eight consecutive patients who underwent pulmonary surgery between January 1997 and December 1998. Measurements and results: We collected information on the preoperative characteristics, intraoperative conditions, and occurrence of PPCs by reviewing the medical records. Study subjects were classified into four groups based on their smoking status. A current smoker was defined as one who smoked within 2 weeks prior to the operation. Recent smokers and ex-smokers were defined as those whose duration of abstinence from smoking was 2 to 4 weeks and > 4 weeks prior to the operation, respectively. A never-smoker was defined as one who had never smoked. The incidence of PPCs among the current smokers and recent smokers was 43.6% and 53.8%, respectively, and each was higher than that in the never-smokers (23.9%; p < 0.05). The moving average of the incidence of PPCs gradually decreased in patients whose smoke-free period was 5 to 8 weeks or longer. After controlling for sex, age, results of pulmonary function tests, and duration of surgery, the odds ratios for PPCs developing in current smokers, recent smokers, and ex-smokers in comparison with never-smokers were 2.09 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.83 to 5.25), 2.44 (95% CI, 0.67 to 8.89), and 1.03 (95% CI, 0.47 to 2.26), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that preoperative smoking abstinence of at least 4 weeks is necessary for patients who undergo pulmonary surgery, to reduce the incidence of PPCs.     

Gastrointestinal complications after transperitoneal abdominal aortic surgery

A major gastrointestinal complication after transperitoneal aortic surgery, though unusual, may be disastrous. We determined retrospectively the risk factors, associated events, and outcomes of gastrointestinal complications that developed after transperitoneal aortic revascularization to treat aneurysmal or occlusive disease over a 10-year period. Among 750 patients reviewed, gastrointestinal complications developed postoperatively in 65 of them (8.6%), including paralytic ileus in 35 patients, gastrointestinal bleeding and mechanical ileus in 6 patients each, colonic necrosis in 2, ischemic colitis and diarrhea in 10, acute cholecystitis in 2, ascites in 1, as well as aortoduodenal fistula, which developed about 2 months postoperatively in 3 patients. Five of the patients died of multiorgan failure. Mean stay in the intensive care unit was 3 days, and hospital stay ranged from 15 to 60 days. No risk factors were identified for the occurrence of gastrointestinal complications. These results show that gastrointestinal complications after transperitoneal aortic surgery prolong hospital stay and may have serious consequences.     

Chylous complications after abdominal aortic surgery.

Two patients developed chylous complications following abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. One patient had chylous ascitis and was successfully treated by a peritoneo-caval shunt. The other patient developed a lymph cyst, which gradually resorbed after puncture. Chylous complications following aortic surgery are rare. Patients in bad a general condition should be treated by initial paracentesis and total parenteral nutrition, supplemented by medium-chain triglyceride and low-fat diet. If no improvement is observed on this regimen, the next step should be implementation of a peritoneo-venous shunt, whereas direct ligation of the leak should be reserved for those who are not responding to this treatment.     

Peri and postoperative pulmonary complications among cirrhotic individuals.

Surgical intervention among cirrhotic individuals carries a high risk for peri-and postoperative complications. We review the literature regarding the frequency and consequences of pulmonary complications in cases of cirrhosis. The experience with hepato-pulmonary syndrome and porto-pulmonary hypertension in liver transplant recipients is also presented.     

Pain location, distribution, and intensity after cardiac surgery

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To study the location, distribution, and intensity of pain in a sample of adult cardiac surgery patients during their postoperative hospital stay. DESIGN: In a prospective study, pain location, distribution (number of pain areas per patient), and intensity (0 to 10 numerical rating scale) were documented on the first, second, third, and seventh postoperative day (POD). Patient characteristics (age, sex, size, and body mass index) were analyzed for their impact on pain intensity. SETTING: A university hospital. PATIENTS: Two hundred consecutive adult patients who underwent median sternotomy for open heart surgery. There were 121 male and 79 female patients, with a mean (+/- SD) age of 60.9 +/- 19.2 years. Measurement and results: The maximal pain intensity was significantly higher on POD 1 and 2 (3.7 +/- 2 and 3.9 +/- 1.9, respectively) and lower on POD 3 and 7 (3.2 +/- 1.5 and 2.6 +/- 1.8, respectively). The pain distribution did not vary significantly throughout the hospital stay, but the location did, with more shoulder pain on POD 7. Only age was found to have an impact on pain intensity, with patients < 60 years having a higher pain intensity than older patients on POD 2 (4.3 +/- 2.2 vs 3.6 +/- 2.4; p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: In this patient population, the pain intensity diminished from POD 3 onward, although its distribution did not vary significantly during the first postoperative week. Moreover, pain location changed with time, with more osteoarticular type pain at the end of the first postoperative week. Among the patients' characteristics, only younger age had an impact on pain intensity, with a higher value on POD 2.     

Risk factors associated with postoperative pulmonary complications following oncological surgery

The purpose of our study was to determine the incidence of different postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs) and their associated risk factors in patients who have undergone various elective surgical procedures in an oncological surgery center. Ninety five adult patients were studied prospectively for one year period. For the study group, predictors of pulmonary complications of interest were determined as age, gender, body mass index, co morbid conditions (preexisting history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, bronchiectasis, restrictive lung disease), site and type of the operation, smoking history, The American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status, physical examination and chest X- Ray findings, pulmonary function tests, type and duration of anesthesia, surgical incision site and length and presence of nasogastric tube suction. The PPC rate of our study group was 40% (38/95). Atelectasis and bronchospasm were the most frequently observed PPCs (13.7%) Among all the risk factors taken into consideration, only three were found to be significant independent predictors of pulmonary complications according to multivariate analysis as follows: incision location concerning abdomen (p= 0.008), duration of anesthesia per hour (p= 0.0001), values of FEV1 < 50% (p= 0.007). Our data revealed that the incidence of PPCs was high in our study group when compared to results of general population. Application of major resection surgeries for cancer patients can be an explanation for this result. Shortening the duration of surgery, avoiding general anaesthesia in selected group of patients may reduce the risk of PPCs.     

E-PASS score as a useful predictor of postoperative complications and mortality after colorectal surgery in elderly patients

Purpose

The aim of this study was to clarify whether a surgical-specific risk scoring system estimating the physiologic ability and surgical stress (E-PASS) score was useful for prediction of postoperative morbidity and mortality.

Methods

The E-PASS score consists of the preoperative risk score (PRS), surgical stress score (SSS), and the comprehensive risk score (CRS). Conventional scoring systems [colorectal physiologic and operative severity score for the enumeration of mortality (CR-POSSUM) and the prognostic nutritional index (PNI)] were also examined. We retrospectively compared these scores in patients with or without postoperative complications. We assessed the relationship between these scores, clinicopathological features and postoperative mortality.

Results

Postoperative complications developed in 78 patients (33 %). American Society of Anesthesiologists score, performance status, PNI score, PRS, SSS, and CRS were significantly higher in patients with postoperative complications than in those without postoperative complications (p?<?0.05). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was highest for E-PASS [E-PASS (PRS, 0.74; SSS, 0.62; CRS, 0.78), PNI (0.62), CR-POSSUM (PS, 0.57; OSS, 0.52)]. Multivariate logistic analysis identified CRS?≥?0.2 as a significant determinant of postoperative complications (p?<?0.01; hazard ratio, 4.84). Overall survival was significantly better in the CRS?<?0.2 group than in the CRS?>?0.2 group (p?<?0.01).

Conclusions

The E-PASS score system was a useful predictor of postoperative complications and mortality, especially in patients with advanced age.

     

Preoperative pulmonary function and complications after cardiovascular surgery.

Results of preoperative pulmonary function tests were evaluated in 106 patients who had major thoracic or upper abdominal cardiovascular surgery. These results were related to the occurrence of postoperative complications by comparison of pulmonary function data in patients with an ICU stay of less than 5 days versus patients with an ICU stay of greater than 5 days. However, quantitative analysis of several specific parameters of pulmonary function tests failed to reveal any difference in the incidence of postoperative complications between patients with modest versus severe preoperative dysfunction. The occurrence of atelectasis was related to type of cardiovascular surgical procedure, but not to preoperative pulmonary function tests. Abnormalities on pulmonary function tests were not the major determinants of use of preoperative respiratory therapy, and its use was unrelated to the length of stay postoperatively in the ICU. We conclude that prior to cardiovascular surgery, routine quantitation of clinically apparent pulmonary dysfunction may be of little value in predicting postoperative morbidity and much less important than careful clinical evaluation. When pulmonary function tests are performed in such patients, simple spirometric tests and arterial blood gas levels are adequate.     

腹部手术后肺部并发症相关危险因素分析

目的研究腹部手术后肺部并发症(PPCs)发生的相关危险因素。方法回顾性分析307例腹部手术的临床资料,对数据进行单因素分析,并选取有统计意义的因素进行Logistic回归分析。结果PPCs发生率13.36%。年龄大于65岁、存在肺外基础疾病、ASA分级高、血清白蛋白低、有吸烟史、存在COPD等肺部基础疾病、ECOG评分高、CURB-65评分高、血尿素氮高、上腹部手术、手术时间大于3小时为发生腹部手术后肺部并发症的危险因素(P0.05)。其中,前四项为独立危险因素。结论年龄、吸烟史、基础疾病、血清白蛋白、血尿素氮、手术部位、手术时间与腹部手术后肺部并发症的发生相关,ASA、ECOG和CURB-65评分高者,腹部手术后易发PPCs。     

Can postoperative pulmonary complications after elective cholecystectomy be predicted?

To determine predictors of postoperative morbidity in elective cholecystectomy patients, the authors examined prospectively the consequences of age, sex, active and past smoking, respiratory history, obesity, type of surgical incision, and preoperative pulmonary function, upon the incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications and length of hospitalization. They identified 31 (14.8%) complications in 209 patients; 21 had atelectasis, 8 purulent bronchitis, and 2 pneumonia. These patients averaged 1.5 days longer in the hospital (p less than 0.001 by analysis of variance) than control patients. Abnormal spirometry (MEFV) and the single-breath nitrogen test (SBN2) were significant predictors of postoperative pulmonary complications (p less than 0.001 by discriminant analysis method). Active smoking and history of respiratory disease were associated with abnormal small airway function (p less than 0.001 by chisquare test), but did not predict postoperative morbidity. By analysis of variance, only a reduction in preoperative FVC emerged as predictive of prolonged hospitalization (p less than 0.001). These results were used to determine if the selection of patients by preoperative pulmonary function testing permits more cost-effective administration of respiratory therapy (RT) services. Neither the MEFV nor SBN2 had sufficient specificity to enhance the cost effectiveness of postoperative RT.