高血压脑出血破入脑室手术治疗60例分析

找科自1985年1月至1998年3月手术治疗高血压脑出血被人脑室60例．报告如下。临床资料一、一般资料：男41例．女19例．平均年龄54．3岁。二、临床表现：60例中全部昏迷．呕吐40例．偏瘫伶俐．有明确高血压49例,舒张压16kPa以上45例。三、CT所见：’D出血部位,基底节出血24例．丘脑出血三S例,脑叶出血15例,混合型出血6例。②破人脑宣部位,从侧脑室前角破入者33例,后角破入者7例．体部破人20例。③血肿量25ml～60ml,平均上73ml、’D血肿波及脑室情况．波及一侧脑室28例．双侧肯15例、侧脑室及三脑室12例,波及们脑室及三四脑室5例。…     

自发性脑室内出血的CT分型

本文报道260例自发性脑室内出血。据CT所见分为五型:Ⅰ型,出血仅局限于室管膜下,病死率为零;Ⅱ型,出血限于脑室局部,无脑积水,病死率7.7％;Ⅲ型,出血限于脑室内,有脑积水,病死率34.6％;Ⅳ型,脑实质内血肿破入脑室内,无脑积水,病死率50.7％;Ⅴ型,脑实质内血肿破入脑室,有脑积水,病死率77.9％。并对各型的治疗方法选择及预后判断进行了讨论。     

个体化治疗脑出血破入脑室的疗效评价

的探讨脑出血破入脑室的治疗方法与效果。方法根据头颅CT影像学特征采用个体化治疗方案：（1）A组血肿以脑室系统为主，脑室外血肿量小于30ml者行双侧脑室外引流术；（2）B组血肿以脑室系统为主，脑室外血肿量大于30m1者行血肿清除术＋对侧脑室外引流术；（3）C组血肿以脑实质内为主，为单侧脑室积血，第Ⅲ、Ⅳ脑室无铸造形，脑室外血肿量大于30ml者行血肿清除术。结果A组恢复良好率59．40％，不良率18．7％，病死率21．9％；B组恢复良好率58．40％，不良率20．8％，病死率20．8％；C组恢复良好率57．1％，不良率23．8％，病死率19．1％。结论对脑出血破入脑室者根据头颅CT影像学特征，并结合脑室内、外血肿情况综合分析，采用个体化治疗方案，可提高患者的生存质量和预后，减少并发症，降低致残率及病死率。     

继发性脑室内出血（附48例分析）

报告继发性脑室内出血４８例临床资料。病因以高血压性脑出血为主占８３．３％，原发出血部位以基底节最多占６４．５％，破入脑室的脑实质内血肿量依次为脑叶、基底节、丘脑、小脑。根据脑实质内血肿量的多少及波及脑室程度的不同分别采用内科治疗、侧脑室穿刺引流、锥颅血肿抽吸、血肿抽吸加脑室引流，死亡率２９．１％。     

丘脑出血继发罕见皮肤营养障碍

高血压性丘脑出血占脑出血的13％～31％，因出血部位、出血量以及是否破入脑室不同，其临床表现差异很大。现报道1例丘脑出血破入第三脑室和侧脑室后继发下肢皮肤营养障碍患者。     

三、四脑室血肿铸型68例微创治疗分析

我科自2001-01~2004-08对住院68例不同原因所致的三、四脑室积血扩张铸型病人,采用侧脑室穿刺外引流加腰穿脑脊液置换或并行后颅凹钻颅血肿清除疗法,治疗效果满意,现报道如下。1临床资料1·1一般资料68例病人中男44例,女24例,年龄40~75岁,平均65岁,既往有高血压病史50例,病史平均4年,68例在入院后行头颅CT检查而确诊。1·2出血部位其中丘脑出血破入脑室24例,尾状核出血破入脑室6例,小脑蚓部出血破入脑室10例。1·3出血破入脑室类型三脑室铸型血肿20例,四脑室 三脑室铸型扩张血肿48例。1·4症状体征患者以头痛、恶心、呕吐、头晕、偏瘫、意…     

小脑延髓池穿刺引流术治疗第四脑室出血

第四脑室出血大多数是基底节出血后破入侧脑室沿室间孔流入第三、四脑室,也可由小脑出血和桥脑出血破入第四脑室,意识一般在发病后1～2h内陷入深昏迷,出现四肢抽搐及瘫痪、双侧病理征阳性,病情危重。我们采用小脑延髓池穿刺引流术个别配合侧脑室引流术治疗第四脑室出血患者35例,与常现药物治疗相比,患者生存率有所提高。     

二种术式治疗重度原发性脑室出血的对比研究

目的比较经胼胝体侧脑窄手术入路与脑室钻孔置管引流术治疗重度原发性脑室出血患者的疗效。方法随机将42例重度原发性脑室出血患者分成经胼胝体-侧服室入路治疗组和脑室钻孔置管引流术治疗组，经胼胝体-侧脑室入路治疗组20例，在显微镜下经胼胝体侧脑室入路行血肿清除术；脑室钻孔置管引流术治疗组行脑室钻孔置管引流术。结果经胼胝体侧脑室入路治疗组疗效良好率、病死率、脑室血肿清除率、意识障碍恢复时间及引流管留置时间与脑室钻孔置管引流术治疗组比较，差异有显著性（P＜O．05）。结论经胼胝体-侧脑室入路治疗效果较好，适合于重度原发性恼室出血的治疗。     

高血压性小脑出血的诊治体会(附18例报告)

我院自1986年9月～1990年1月收治高血压性小脑出血18例,均经CT检查确诊。治疗结果:14例存活,4例死亡。现将诊治体会报告如下: 一般资料 本组18例,男性13例,女性5例,年龄42～68岁,平均55.3岁,既往均有多年高血压病史。血肿部位:左侧小脑半球出血10例,其中1例出血破入第四脑室,右侧小脑半球出血6例,其中1例出血累及小脑蚓部,破入第四脑室且合并幕上基底节区出血,小脑蚓部出血2例,其中1例破入第四、三脑室及双侧侧脑室。血肿量:按多田提出的公式:T=π/6×L×S×Slice(cm~3),计算并分类(脑室内出血量未能计算):本组出血量为4.6～44.8ml,30ml以上者3例,10ml以下者11例,10～30ml者     

高血压性脑出血破入脑室的CT和预后

经CT证实的223例高血压性脑出血中,破入脑室者死亡53例,死亡率(48.18％),较未破入脑室者(15.04％)明显为高(P<0.01)。破入脑室组高死亡率是和破入脑室血肿的量、脑室内血肿的分布以及破入途径密切相关。出现高度占位效应、破入脑室的积血量超过20ml、脑室出血呈Ⅳ或Ⅴ型分布则预后极差。     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Diagnostic Difficulties and Treatment Implications

Summary: Differentiation between types of epileptic seizures has been aided in recent years by the introduction of intensive neurodiagnostic techniques and the development of increasingly detailed classification systems. Paradoxically, these developments have not simplified the task of matching the appropriate antiepileptic drug to a particular seizure type. It is reasonable to assume that anticonvulsant drugs will have different effects on different types of seizures, but faulty, circular reasoning can enter the picture if one also assumes that responses of seizures to different drugs signify different seizure types. There are several examples of differential diagnoses that can fall prey to this problem, including the diagnosis between partial seizures with secondary generalization and generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the diagnosis between complex partial seizures and absence seizures with automatisms, among others. Considerations of etiology in future classification systems can further complicate the problem: should one then choose an anticonvulsant drug on the basis of individual seizure type or on the basis of the type of epilepsy? Ramifications of this issue extend even to the drug approval process. Official sanction is not given for use of a drug for a seizure type not included in the original efficacy studies, even if later scientific evidence shows that seizure type to be related to a type that is included. New trials must be undertaken. These problems arise from how we choose to classify seizures.     

Cognitive Dysfunction Associated with Antiepileptic Drug Therapy

Summary: Epilepsy is frequently associated with cognitive dysfunction. However, the reasons for this correlation are unclear. Possible influential factors include patient age; duration, frequency, etiology, and type of seizures; hereditary factors; psychosocial issues; and antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy. Whereas many of these factors are beyond the physician's control, AED therapy is one element that can be addressed in treatment decisions by recognizing the potential cognitive effects of particular AEDs. For example, phenobarbital impairs memory and concentration; phenytoin affects attention, problem solving ability, and performance of visuomotor tasks. In contrast, carbamazepine may affect concentration, while valproate would appear to have minimal effects on cognition. Moreover, cognitive effects of AEDs are amplified with coadministration of multiple anticonvulsants (polytherapy). A review of studies on the cognitive effects of monotherapy with AEDs, as opposed to those of polytherapy, provides evidence that drug-related cognitive dysfunction can be reversed if patients are switched to a simpler therapeutic regimen. Future research should be directed toward developing reliable measures for assessing and monitoring cognition, and understanding the particular cognitive side effects of each AED. Physicians also need to revise their opinions about which side effects are "tolerable" for epileptic patients.     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy in Adults With Partial and Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures

Summary: Carbamazepine and phenytoin are drugs of choice in initial monotherapy for adult partial and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures. These designations reflect the results of the Veterans Administration Epilepsy Cooperative Study Group of 1985. An earlier comparative study of carbamazepine and phenytoin by Ramsay and associates found both drugs equally effective in controlling new-onset seizures. Among the advantages of carbamazepine is that it causes relatively few cognitive and dysmorphic side effects. Its disadvantages are its unavailability in parenteral formulation and its metabolic autoinduction. The latter must be compensated for by planned dosage increases to maintain therapeutic plasma steady-state levels during the first 2 or 3 months of treatment. Carbamazepine is judged a drug of choice in the treatment of these secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the drug of choice in children, adolescents, and women susceptible to the dysmorphic side effects associated with other anticonvulsant agents.     

Etiologic and Preventive Aspects of Epilepsy in the Child–Bridging the Gap Between Laboratory and Clinic

Summary: Four broad categories of basic phenomena are pertinent to developing ways to prevent epilepsy. These include mechanisms of epileptogenesis, ictal initiation and temporary entrainment by the seizure discharge of normally functioning brain, seizure propagation, and control mechanisms that function both to restrain the cascade of epileptic events culminating in a seizure and to arrest the epileptic event and restore the interictal state. In newborns and children, hypoxia-ischemia is a major factor leading to epileptogenesis, and several schemes are proposed to classify, quantify, and prevent hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Control mechanisms must be better understood in order to develop prophylactic recommendations for epilepsy, and an experimental model of "kindling antagonism" may increase our understanding of these. Programs of prevention of seizures in children will evolve only if basic researchers and clinicians work productively together to develop an adequate understanding of factors important in epileptogenesis and antiepileptogenic control mechanisms.     

Predisposing and Causative Factors in Childhood Epilepsy

Summary: We review information from large studies of defined populations, examining the role of known factors and especially of prenatal and perinatal factors in contributing to nonfebrile seizure disorders of early childhood. We depend especially, but not exclusively, on the recently completed analyses from the Collaborative Perinatal Project of the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke, the NCPP. About 4% of children in the NCPP who had at least one non-febrile nonsymptomatic seizure by the age of 7 years had a previous seizure during acute neurologic illness, such as meningitis or during the acute illness after trauma. Many such seizures should potentially be preventable. Of children with seizures, 10% had had a neonatal seizure and 13% had had a febrile seizure. Among the hundreds of prenatal and perinatal factors explored as predictors of childhood seizure disorders, the principal predictors identified were congenital malformations of the fetus, cerebral and noncerebral; family history of certain neurologic disorders; and neonatal seizures. In agreement with the British National Child Development Study, labor and delivery factors in the NCPP appeared to contribute very little to childhood seizure disorders. Maldevelopment, rather than damage at birth to an initially intact nervous system, appeared to be the more common mechanism. Most seizure disorders of early childhood remained unexplained by the large set of prenatal and perinatal characteristics examined.     

Treatment Considerations in Anticonvulsant Monotherapy

Summary: The long-standing practice of polypharmacy in treating epilepsy is giving way to use of monotherapy. Monotherapy can improve seizure control as well as reduce the risk of serious idiosyncratic reactions, dose-related side effects, and complex drug interactions. Monotherapy also offers improved compliance and cost-effectiveness. The basis of monotherapy is accurate diagnosis and assessment of the patient's seizure type(s), followed by selection of a single appropriate anticonvulsant drug. Many patients currently treated with multiple anticonvulsants can be successfully converted to monotherapy with a carefully monitored program in which troublesome and redundant drugs are gradually withdrawn from the therapeutic regimen.