病人自控硬膜外镇痛在分娩中的应用及护理

为了解病人自控硬真能（ＰＣＥＡ）在无痛分娩中的临床效果,探讨其护理原则。将１１０例单胎头位初产妇随机分为两组,ＰＣＥＡ组（ｎ＝５５）分娩时采用ＰＣＥＡ无痛分娩;对照组（ｎ＝５５）为自然分娩。比较两组分娩时疼痛强度,难产率,产程时间及新生儿情况等。结果：ＰＣＥＡ组产妇分娩时疼痛对照组明显减轻（Ｐ〈０．０１）,剖宫产率明显降低（Ｐ〈０．０５）,同时第一产程和总产程时间也明显缩短（Ｐ〈０．０５）。结论：     

芬太尼对异丙酚静脉麻醉药代动力学和药效学的影响

目的 探讨芬太尼对异丙酚静脉麻醉药代动力学和药效学的影响。方法 ２０例开胸手术患者随机分为异丙酚复合芬太尼静脉麻醉组（Ａ组,ｎ＝１０）异丙酚静脉麻醉复合胸段硬膜外阻滞组（Ｂ组,ｎ＝１０）。测定术中和术后病人异丙酚血清浓度。记录意识消失,术后睁眼和定向时间及术后行为评分。结果 Ａ组消除相药代动力学参数Ｔ１／２βＭＲＴ,ＡＵＣ显著高于Ｂ组（Ｐ〈０．０５或０．０１）,Ａ组ＣＬ显著低于Ｂ组（Ｐ〈０．０１）     

高血压病患者脉压与左心功能的关系

目的：研究高血压病患者脉压与左室收缩及舒张功能的相关关系。方法：应用动态血压检测及超声心动图方法观察６５例高血压病患者,根据平均脉压将病人分为两组：（１）脉压大组（ｎ＝４９）,平均脉压〉４０ｍｍＨｇ;（２）脉压小组（ｎ＝１６）,平均脉压≤４０ｍｍＨｇ。结果：脉压与舒张早期充盈峰值流速（ＥＰＦＶ）呈明显负相关（Ｐ〈０．０１）。与心房收缩期充盈峰值流带（ＡＰＦＶ）及Ａ／Ｅ比值呈明显正相关（Ｐ〈０．０１     

硬膜外阻滞加气管内全麻与单纯气管内全麻用于全胃切除术的对比研究

硬膜外阻滞加气管内全麻（硬气组）和单纯气管内全麻（对照组）用于全胃切除术，对患者血流动力学、血浆儿茶酚胺、皮质醇浓度及动脉血气的变化进行了对比观察，以其探索对应激反应的影响。结果表明硬气组插管后及术中ＭＡＰ、ＨＲ波动小，与对照组有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０１）。硬气组气管插管后５分钟血浆儿茶酚胺总量和去甲肾上腺素浓度与麻醉前相比有所降低，对照组却显著升高（Ｐ＜０．０５）。两组之间比较有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０５）。儿茶酚胺浓度降低与ＭＡＰ有显著相关性。术中两组血浆皮质醇浓度均略升高，显示了硬气组不影响皮质醇的正常分泌。两组动脉ｐＨ、ＢＥ术毕与麻醉前相比均降低（Ｐ＜０．０５），但对照组降低更显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）。     

别嘌呤醇对体外循环期间氧自由基及内毒素的影响

选取瓣膜置换术患者２２例分为两组；Ａ组（ｎ＝１０）术前３天口服ＡＬＬＯ每天１０ｍｇ／ｋｇ／；Ｂ组（ｎ＝１２）为对照组。结果表明 Ｂ组血 ＬＰＯ和 ＵＡ在 ＣＰＢ期间均明显升高（Ｐ＜０．０１）和（Ｐ＜０．０５），Ａ组血ＬＰＯ和ＵＡ也升高（Ｐ＜０．０５），但却显著低于Ｂ组（Ｐ＜０．０５）；同时Ｂ组血ＬＰＳ含量在开放主动脉及其后１０’明显升高（Ｐ＜０．０１和Ｐ＜０．００１），而Ａ组血ＬＰＳ含量在ＣＰＢ期间无明显升高。提示ＣＰＢ期间ＯＦＲ及ＬＰＳ含量均升高，ＡＬＬＯ可抑制二者的上升。     

静脉或硬膜外吗啡PCA药效学和血药浓度变化的临床研究

目的：比较吗啡静和硬膜外ＰＣＡ药效学和病人血药浓度的变化。方法;６０例病人（ＡＳＡⅠ～Ⅱ级）随机分成两组。Ａ组（ｎ＝３０）,静脉ＰＣＡ（ＰＣＩＡ）,选用０．０５％吗啡＋０．０１氟哌啶;Ｂ组（ｎ＝３０）;硬膜外ＰＣＡ（ＰＣＥＡ）选用０．０１％吗啡＋０．１５％布比卡因。均采用Ｇｒａｓｅｂｙ－９３００ＰＣＡ泵以ＬＣＰ模式（负荷剂量５ｍｌ＋持续剂量１ｍｌ／ｈ＋ＰＣＡ每次１．０ｍ）进行镇痛。Ａ组１０例和Ｂ组     

高强度超声治疗早期兔肝脏肿瘤

目的 探讨高强度超声（ＨＩＶ）治疗早期兔肝ＶＸ２肿瘤（病毒诱导的兔鳞癌）的有效性和安全性。方法 实验分３组,移植肿瘤后５ｄ,Ａ组（ｎ＝８）接受假照治疗;Ｂ组（ｎ＝２）接受ＨＩＵ治疗;Ｃ组（ｎ＝８）接受手术治疗。从Ｂ组中任选４只兔于治疗后２ｄ处死,对靶区进行病理学检查。在ＨＩＵ治疗过程中,测量靶区组织温度变化。检查兔肝肾功能,记录兔生存时间。结果 靶区组织发生坏死,靶区外的组织不受损伤。靶区温度达８５℃,靶区外０．５ｍｍ处仅升高２℃。Ａ、Ｂ、Ｃ组中位生存时间分别为５４、１５０、１５０ｄ;治愈率为０、７５．０、６２．５;Ｂ、Ｃ两组较Ａ组生存时间明显延长（Ｐ〈０．０５）;Ｂ、Ｃ两组间生存时间和治愈率差异无显著性（Ｐ〉０．０５）。结论 ＨＩＵ能较有效安全地治疗早期兔肝ＶＸ２肿瘤。     

硬膜外布比卡因镇痛对剖宫产术后催乳素及婴儿体重的影响

目的：观察剖宫产术后病人自控硬膜外镇痛（ＰＣＥＡ）对催乳素（ＰＲＬ）、母乳量及婴儿体重的影响。方法：选择６０例健康足月产妇,择期在硬膜外麻醉下施行剖宫产术。术毕随机等分为镇痛组和对照组。镇痛组行ＰＣＥＡ,注入０．２％布比卡因（２ｍｌ／ｈ）持续７２小时镇痛。对照组术毕拔出硬膜外导管。两组采用放射免疫分析法测定血浆ＰＲＬ。结果：镇痛组ＶＡＳ明显低于对照组（Ｐ〈０．０１）。两组术后ＰＲＬ较术前明显升高（Ｐ〈０．０１）,镇痛组术后ＰＲＬ又显著高于对照级殖 组婴儿体重增加明显高于对照组（Ｐ〈０．０５）,肠蠕动恢复时间明显快于对照组（Ｐ〈０．０１）,镇痛组睡眠好。两组宫缩无显著性差异（Ｐ〉０．０５）。结论：剖宫产术后经卡因ＰＣＥＡ能促进ＰＲＬ分泌,增加婴儿体重。     

糖尿病纤维连接蛋白血小板聚集功能改变临床分析

为探讨ＮＩＤＤＭ患者Ｆｎ、ＰＡＧ改变与缺血性心脑血管病的关系，分析５３例ＮＩＤＤＭ患者Ｆｕ、ＰＡＧ测定结果，并与５３名健康人比较。患者组Ｆｎ明显高于（Ｐ〈０．０１），前者ＰＡＧ（１）、ＭＡＲ、Ｉ与后者有显著统计学差异（Ｐ〈０．０１）。患者组中并发症组与无并发症组Ｆｎ、Ｉ较对照组有明显统计学差异（Ｐ〈０．０１），并发症组ＰＡＧ（１）、ＭＡＲ明显高于对照组（Ｐ〈０．０５）。ＮＩＤＤＭ患者Ｆｎ降低、ＰＡ     

硬膜外阻滞加气管内全麻与单纯气管内全麻用于全胃切除术的对…

硬膜外阻滞加气管内全麻和单纯气管肉全麻（对照组）用于全胃切除术，对患者血流动力学、血浆儿茶酚胺、皮质醇浓度及动脉血气的变化进行了对比观察，以其探索对应激反应的影响。结果表明硬气组插管后及术中ＭＡＰ、ＨＲ波动小，与对照组有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０１）。硬气组气管插管后５分钟血浆儿茶酚胺总量和去甲肾上腺素浓度与麻醉前相比有所降低，对照组却显著升高（Ｐ＜０．０５）。两组之间比较有两显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０５     

Management of intractable cancer pain: from intrathecal morphine to cell allograft

The durable effectiveness of intrathecal morphine administration is well established for the management of intractable cancer pain, after failure of systemic opioids, secondary to the persistence of non-reversible undesirable side effects. Many patients are referred to late in the disease course. This conservative method to control pain of malignant origin must not be reserved for last resort treatment for terminal patients. Intra-cerebro-ventricular morphine administration is a very effective and generally safe method for controlling intractable cancer pain. Because of the chronic implantation of an intra-ventricular catheter this method is somewhat invasive. Its indications remain a simple and effective alternative when the topography of nociceptive pain is diffuse or cephalic. In clinical practice, intrathecal and/or intra-cerebro-ventricular administration of opioids is limited by cost, the need for specialized maintenance and mechanical malfunctions if implantable drug delivery systems, or by the risk of bacterial contamination and ambulatory constraints when repeated daily injections via an intrathecal access port are used. To answer these limitations, cell therapy using intrathecal chromaffin cell allograft is a promising approach for the management of cancer pain refractory to traditional drug therapy and pain lesion surgery. The basic rationale and preclinical studies on experimental pain models have enabled starting prospective clinical trials. Prior to transplantation, handling and preparation of the chromaffin tissue is critical for allograft viability. The initial results of clinical trials with human chromaffin cell grafts from intractable cancer pain have reported long-lasting pain relief, in correlation with met-enkephalin release into the CSF. Convincing evidence will require controlled studies. The limitations of this innovative cell therapy and especially the lack of human adrenal gland availability point to the need for new sources of cells. Perspectives include xenogenic or engineered cell lines.     

Double-blind evaluation of transdermal nitroglycerine as adjuvant to oral morphine for cancer pain management

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To examine analgesia and adverse effects following transdermal application of nitroglycerine (a nitric oxide generator) combined with oral morphine, in cancer pain patients. DESIGN: Randomized, double-blind study. SETTING: Teaching hospital. PATIENTS: 36 patients suffering from cancer pain. INTERVENTIONS: Patients were divided into two groups (n = 18). All patients were regularly taking oral amitriptyline 50 mg at bedtime. Pain was evaluated using a 10-cm visual analog scale (VAS). The morphine regimen was individually adjusted to a maximal oral dose of 80 to 90 mg/day, to maintain the VAS score less than 4/10 cm. When patients complained of pain (VAS equal or greater than 4/10), despite taking 80 to 90 mg of oral morphine daily, the transdermal test drug was supplemented as follows: the control group received a placebo patch daily, and the nitroglycerine group received a 5-mg/24-hour nitroglycerine patch daily. Patients were free to manipulate their daily morphine consumption at the time the test drug was administered, to keep VAS less than 4/10 cm. After the introduction of the transdermal test drug, patients were evaluated by the staff on a weekly basis as outpatients, over four consecutive weeks. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The groups were similar in respect to demographic data and VAS pain scores before the treatment. The daily consumption of oral morphine was smaller in the nitroglycerine group compared with the control group after the 14th day of evaluation (p < 0.002). Patients from the control group in general complained of somnolence, compared with the nitroglycerine group. CONCLUSION: Transdermal nitroglycerine was an effective coadjuvant analgesic. In conjunction with its opioid tolerance sparing function, delivery of nitric oxide donors together with opioids may be of significant benefit in cancer pain management in delaying morphine tolerance and decreasing the incidence of adverse effects related to high doses of opioids.     

微囊化牛肾上腺嗜铬细胞脊髓蛛网膜下移植治疗慢性疼痛患者的初步观察

目的　观察海藻酸钠 -聚赖氨酸 -海藻酸钠 (APA)微囊化牛肾上腺嗜铬细胞 (BCC)异种移植对慢性顽固性疼痛患者的镇痛效应、作用持续时间及毒副作用。方法　用Sun氏微囊制作法将BCC包裹于APA微囊内 ,用常规腰穿法将 5ml微囊化BCC(5～ 7)× 10 6悬液注入患者L3～ 5蛛网膜下。结果　 2 0例中、重度慢性疼痛患者在 1或 2次注射后 ,疼痛迅速减轻 ,疼痛缓解率为 90 %。在未用任何免疫抑制剂的条件下 ,其中 3例停用镇痛药时间超过 2 0 0d。结论　APA微囊化BCC异种移植于慢性疼痛患者脊髓蛛网膜下 ,可安全、迅速、长时间、有效地发挥镇痛作用。     

蛛网膜下腔移植异体嗜铬细胞治疗神经性疼痛的实验研究

目的:探讨蛛网膜下腔移植异体嗜铬细胞的抗伤害作用及作用特点。方法:按照Bennet所述方法将大鼠制作成压迫性坐骨神经痛模型。另取同系同代大鼠双肾上腺髓质,将其以髓质块或游离细胞形式植入模型鼠蛛网膜下腔。观察移植术后10周内模型鼠热、电痛阈及自发痛行为的变化,并观察纳络酮、酚妥拉明及芬太尼对动物痛反应的影响。结果:蛛网膜下腔移植异体髓质块或游离嗜铬细胞均能显著提高动物抗热、电痛效应,以及消除动物的自发痛行为。并能明显增强动物对芬太尼的敏感性,该作用能被纳络酮及酚妥拉明所逆转。结论:蛛网膜下腔移植嗜铬细胞能有效缓解神经性疼痛,并能增强宿主对外源性阿片制剂的敏感性。     

Genetically engineered human mesenchymal stem cells produce met-enkephalin at augmented higher levels in vitro

We have reported that transplantation of adrenal medullary chromaffin cells that release endogenous opioid peptides into pain modulatory regions in the CNS produce significant antinociceptive effects in patients with terminal cancer pain. However, the usefulness of this procedure is minimal because the availability of human adrenal tissue is very limited. Alternative xenogeneic materials, such as porcine and bovine adrenal chromaffin cells present problems of immune rejection and possible pathogenic contamination. In an attempt to develop opioid peptide-producing cells of autologous origin, we have transfected human mesenchymal stem cells (hMeSCs) with a mammalian expression vector containing a fusion gene of green fluorescent protein (GFP) and human preproenkephalin (hPPE), a precursor protein for enkephalin opioid peptides. Enkephalins are major neurotransmitters that play an important role in analgesia by activating peripheral opioid receptors. Following the establishment of stable transfection of hMeSCs, the expressions of hPPE and GFP were confirmed and the production of methionine enkephalin (Met-enkephalin) was significantly increased compared to control naive hMeSCs (p < 0.05). Our in vitro data demonstrated that genetically engineered hMeSCs with transfected hPPE gene can constitutively produce opioid peptide Met-enkephalin at an augmented high level. hMeSCs are relatively easy to isolate from a patient's bone marrow aspirates and expand in culture by repeated passages. Autologous hMeSCs would not require immunosuppression when transplanted back into the same patient. Through targeted gene manipulation such as hPPE gene transfection, this may offer a virtually unlimited safe cell supply for the treatment of opioid-sensitive pain in humans.     

上腹部手术后镇痛对儿茶酚胺的影响

选择３０例上腹部手术患者，随机分为三组，每组１０例，采用Ｎ２一Ｏ２一安氟醚（ＧＯＥ）吸入麻醉，其中镇痛两组术终采用０．２５％丁哌卡因２０ｍｌ行腹腔神经丛阻滞，术后硬膜外分别持续滴入０．１２５％丁哌卡因及０．０００２５％芬太尼生理盐水溶液，在术终及术后２、５、８小时分别采静脉血分离血浆，并同时用线性视觉模拟评分法作疼痛程度评定，标本采用反相离子对色谱一电化学检测法分析血中儿茶酚胺浓度。结果镇痛两组疼痛评分较低，与对照组相比差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）。多巴胺血浆浓度在组间及组内比较均无差异（Ｐ＞０．０５），而肾上腺素和去甲肾上腺素的血浆浓度术后２、５、８小时与术终相比差异非常显著（Ｐ＜０．０１），三组间比较术终无差异，而术后２、５、８小时镇痛两组与对照组比较差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０１），但镇痛两组间相比无差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。结论：上腹部手术后在腹腔神经丛阻滞下，行硬膜外术后镇痛既能明显减轻患者的痛苦，又能有效地阻止术后疼痛应激引起儿茶酚胺的明显变化。//     

蛛网膜下腔注射甲氨蝶呤对大鼠胫骨癌痛的影响

目的 评价蛛网膜下腔注射甲氨蝶呤对大鼠胫骨癌痛的影响.方法 雌性未交配SD大鼠48只,体重150～180 g,采用随机数字表法,将其随机分为6组(n=8):假手术+人工脑脊液组(SA组)、假手术+甲氨蝶呤200μg组(SM200组)、骨癌痛+人工脑脊液组(CA组)和骨癌痛+不同剂量甲氨蝶呤组(CM1～3组).CA组和CM1～3组采用胫骨骨髓腔内注射Walker-256乳腺癌细胞制备胫骨癌痛模型,于注射Walker-256乳腺癌细胞后第7天经L5.6蛛网膜下腔分别注射人工脑脊液、甲氨蝶呤50、100和200 μg; SA组和SM200组骨髓腔内注射等体积生理盐水,于相同时点经L5.6蛛网膜下腔分别注射人工脑脊液和甲氨蝶呤200 μg.于注射Walker-256乳腺癌细胞或生理盐水前l d(基础值)、注射Walker-256乳腺癌细胞或生理盐水后第7天(T0)、给药后2、4、8h及1、2、3、5、7 d(Tl～8)时测定大鼠缩足反应阈值(MWT).结果 与基础值比较,CA组和CM1～3组各时点MWT下降(P＜0.05);与T0时比较,CA组T5～8时MWT下降,CM1组T3-5时MWT升高,CM2组T2～6时MWT升高,CM3组T2～7时MWT升高(P＜0.05);与SA组比较,CA组和CM1～3组MWT下降(P＜0.05);与CA组比较,CM1组T4～7时MWT升高,CM2组和CM3组T3-7时MWT升高(P＜0.05).结论 蛛网膜下腔注射甲氨蝶呤可减轻大鼠胫骨癌痛,其效应与甲氨蝶呤剂量有关.     

Immunoisolated chromaffin cells implanted into the subarachnoid space of rats reduce cold allodynia in a model of neuropathic pain: a novel application of microencapsulation technology

Intrathecal transplants of adrenal medullary chromaffin cells relieve chronic pain by secreting catecholamines, opioids, and other neuroactive substances. Recently, macrocapsules with semipermeable membranes were used to isolate immunologically xenogenic chromaffin cells, but the poor viability in vivo of the encapsulated chromaffin cells limited the usefulness of this method. In this study, we used a novel method of encapsulation to increase the viability of chromaffin cells. We found that microencapsulated chromaffin cells that were implanted into the subarachnoid space of rats relieved cold allodynia in a model of neuropathic pain. Furthermore, microencapsulated chromaffin cells were morphologically normal and retained their functionality. These findings suggest that the intrathecal placement of microencapsulated chromaffin cells might be a useful method for treating chronic pain.     

塞来昔布在手部手术围手术期的疗效评估

目的研究观察塞来昔布在手部手术围手术期的疗效及安全性。方法60例手部手术患者,随机分为两组：实验组（塞来昔布组）（n=30）在术前1小时口服塞来昔布400mg,术后当天口服200mg,手术后第1～5天,每次口服200mg,每日2次;对照组（n=30）给予安慰剂,两组术后均不限制使用患者自控镇痛（PCA）、肌注或口服阿片类药物。分别记录两组患者的术后视觉模拟（VAS）评分、阿片类药物的用量及术后不良反应的发生率。结果实验组在术后第1～3天的VAS评分低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;术后当天和第4,5天实验组和对照组的VAS评分差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。在术后当天至术后第5天内实验组使用阿片类药物的次数少于对照组（P〈0．05）。实验组和对照组在不良反应的发生率上比较。差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。结论在手部手术围手术期使用塞来昔布的多模式镇痛方式对患者有良好的镇痛效果．可以减少术后阿片类药物的使用,并且不增加术后不良反应的发生率。     

围手术期使用塞来昔布对腰椎手术患者的镇痛作用

目的:观察腰椎手术患者围手术期使用塞来昔布的镇痛效果。方法:34例腰椎手术患者分为两组,塞来昔布组19例,在手术前8h口服塞来昔布400mg,术后当天口服200mg,手术后第1～5d,口服200mg/次,每日2次;对照组15例,不服用塞来昔布,两组在手术后均不限制使用静脉止痛泵、肌注或口服阿片类药物。观察两组术后疼痛的VAS评分、阿片类药物的用量、凝血指标的变化以及呕吐情况。结果:塞来昔布组在术后第1天、第2天手术切口疼痛的VAS评分低于对照组,差异有显著性(P<0.05);术后当天、术后第3天～第5天,手术切口疼痛的VAS评分与对照组相比无显著性差异。在术后当天至术后第5天内,塞来昔布组使用哌替啶的次数少于对照组(P<0.05);出现呕吐的次数也低于对照组(P<0.05)。两组手术前后凝血功能的变化无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论:在腰椎围手术期使用塞来昔布对患者有良好的镇痛效果,可减少术后阿片类药物的使用,减少术后呕吐反应;且不影响患者的凝血功能。