技校学生SCL-90心理健康状况调查

目的了解技校学生的心理卫生状况。方法采用症状自评量表SCL-90对277例技校学生的心理卫生状况进行测试,并与全国青年组常模作对照。结果技校学生的SCL-90总均分、阳性项目数以及阳性均分均低于全国青年组常模;女生的躯体化、强迫、抑郁、焦虑、恐怖和偏执因子分明显高于男生;不同年级技校学生主要的心理问题和精神疾病无显著性差异;技校学生测试结果与全国青年组常模存在非常显著性差异。结论技校学生的心理健康状况较非技校同龄人好。     

跨地区中师生心理健康水平对照分析

目的了解红河州中师生的心理健康水平。方法采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)对红河州177名中师生进行调查,并与福建组对照分析。结果177名红河中师生中31.6%的学生存在心理健康问题,SCL-90阳性项目数、总分和各因子分高于全国常模;除敌对、偏执外,余因子分及阳性项目数高于福建组。结论红河中师生的整体心理健康水平较低,近三分之一的学生存在心理健康问题。     

扩招后高考生的心理健康状况及其影响因素分析

目的　探讨高校扩招后高考生的心理健康状况及其影响因素。方法　用症状自评量表 (SCL - 90 )在高考前 4个月集体测试 ,并将结果与全国常模及扩招前结果比较 ;同时以半开放式问卷调查可能影响高考生心理健康的因素。结果　高考生SCL - 90的总分、总均分、阳性项目数及各因子分显著高于全国常模 (P <0 0 0 1) ,阳性症状均分与常模无显著性差异 ;且总分、阳性项目数及各因子分低于扩招前高考生 (P <0 0 5～ 0 0 0 1)。高考生各因子的异常率在 5 3 6 %～ 11 8%之间 ,强迫、人际关系敏感、敌对及抑郁的异常率均 >30 %。结论　扩招后高考生的心理健康水平好于扩招前 ,但仍普遍存在轻、中度的心理问题。考生精神负担重、期望值过高、缺乏自信以及家长教养方式不当是影响心理健康的因素。     

待退伍军人心理健康状况调查

目的：研究待退伍军人的心理健康状况，为部队政治、卫生工作提供依据。方法：对某部退伍前610名老兵进行SCL-90及EPQ测试，将结果与中国正常人常模及中国军人常模进行比较。结果：老兵组的SCL-90总分≥160分51人（8.5％），因子分≥3的因子有躯体化（1.3％）、人际关系敏感（1.2％）、焦虑（1.3％）；SCL-90总分、因子分、阳性项目数均低于中国军人常模，差异非常显著；除躯体化、精神病性两因子外，SCL-90总分、因子分、阳性项目数和其余7个因子均低于中国正常人常模，有非常显著的差异。结论：待退伍军人的心理健康状况优于现役军人和中国正常人常模。心理问题的发生与老兵的个性特征及社会支持有关。     

东北地区农民工心理健康状况的调查与分析

目的为了解东北地区农民工的心理健康状况。方法采用SCL-90、EPQ,随机抽取东北地区四个城市470名民工进行调查,并与国内常模进行比较。结果农民工SCL-90的9个因子分均值及阳性项目数均显著高于国内常模（P〈0．001）,女性民工有5个因子分均值及阳性项目数显著高于男性民工（P〈0．05）zEPQ农民工组的P、E分量表得分均显著高于常模组（P〈0．001）,女性农民工N分量表得分显著高于男性（P〈0．05）。结论东北地区农民工心理健康水平低于全国正常人的平均水平,女性农民工心理健康水平低于男性。     

抗震救灾对救援官兵心理健康的影响及其干预性研究

目的探讨抗震救灾对官兵心理健康的影响及心理干预的效果。方法采用90项症状清单自评量表（SCL-90）对参加抗震救灾的258名官兵进行心理测试,采取针对性心理干预措施,干预后2周复测SCL-90。结果干预前有心理障碍者为35人（13．6％）,干预后为12人（4．7％）,二者差异有统计学意义（χ2=12．383,P〈0．01）;干预前救援官兵SCL-90大部分因子分、总分及阳性项目数显著高于军人常模（P〈0．01～0．05）;干预后除敌对外的各因子分均较干预前显著下降（P〈0．01～0．05）;干预后除忧郁、恐怖因子分略高于常模外,其他因子分均比常模低,且在躯体化、人际敏感、焦虑、偏执、精神病性和阳性项目数上具有显著性差异（P〈0．01-0．05）。影响救援官兵心理健康的主要因素是年龄,其次是职务、民族、文化程度等（均P〈0．01）。结论参加抗震救灾造成救援官兵心理健康不同程度损害,经针对性心理干预后心理健康状况明显好转。     

104名戒毒科护士SCL-90测评结果分析

目的了解戒毒科护士的心理健康状况,并提出相应对策,以提高护理质量。方法采用SCL-90对戒毒科护士进行问卷调查。结果被调查者的SCL-90阳性项目数及躯体化、强迫、焦虑、抑郁及敌对因子分均显著高于国内常模（P〈0．01）。结论戒毒科护士的心理压力明显高于正常人群,应加强对其心理干预。     

综合医院内科门诊患者心理障碍研究

目的探讨综合医院内科门诊患者的心理健康状况并与心理门诊对照分析,为开展心理社会干预提供依据。方法采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)调查了综合医院558例门诊患者,分为心理门诊组、内科疾病组、内科非疾病组。结果内科疾病组的总分、阳性项目数、躯体化、强迫、抑郁、焦虑4个因子分的得分均显著高于内科非疾病组(P<0.01)。而心理门诊组的总分、阳性项目数、强迫、人际关系、抑郁、焦虑、恐怖5个因子的得分均显著高于内科疾病组(P<0.01)。结论内科患者伴发心理障碍并不少见,建议在生物学治疗内科疾病的同时合并心理干预。     

新入监服刑人员心理健康和自尊状况关系研究

目的探讨新入监服刑人员的心理健康状况及其与自尊水平之间的关系。方法使用症状自评量表(SCL-90)和Rosenberg自尊量表(RSES)对100名新入监服刑人员的心理健康状况及自尊水平进行调查,并分析其相关性。结果新入监服刑人员的SCL-90总分、总均分、阳性项目数及躯体化、强迫、抑郁、焦虑、恐怖、偏执、精神病性因子分的得分上均显著高于全国常模(P<0.05或P<0.01),主要心理问题表现为抑郁、强迫、焦虑等方面,而且性别、年龄、犯罪类型、刑期对心理健康状况有影响。RSES总分与SCL-90总分及强迫、人际关系敏感、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、恐怖因子分均呈显著负相关,自尊是SCL-90总分和多个因子分的显著预测变量(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论新入监服刑人员的心理健康状况存在明显的异常,自尊水平越低的人员心理健康状况越差,自尊对心理健康状况具有显著负向预测作用。在对新入监服刑人员进行心理干预时,需要重视自尊因素。     

青少年心理门诊患者家庭功能与心理健康的关系

目的了解青少年心理门诊就诊患者的家庭功能对其心理健康的影响。方法采用家庭功能评定量表（FAD）及症状自评量表（SCL-90）对62例青少年心理门诊就诊者（研究组）和62名正常中学生（对照组）进行测评分析。结果研究组FAD、SCL-90评分均显著高于对照组（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）,FAD各因子、SCL-90总分及各因子分均呈显著正相关（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。结论家庭功能与心理健康的关系密切。     

Abnormal illness behavior and psychiatric disorders: a study in an outpatient clinic in Japan

Abnormal illness behavior, such as hypochondriacal attitude and inappropriate treatment-seeking, has been associated with various psychiatric disorders in which patients tend to abuse medical services and seek inappropriate treatment in general practice clinics rather than psychiatric clinics. However, the relationship between illness behavior and psychiatric disorders in Japan is yet to be elucidated. We examined the abnormal illness behavior of 243 patients who visited the outpatient department of psychiatry at Saga Medical School Hospital, Saga, Japan, using a Japanese version of the Illness Behavior Questionnaire (IBQ). Multivariate analysis indicated significant association between some of the IBQ scale scores and age, sex and employment status. Patients with anxiety disorder scored higher on five of the seven IBQ scales compared with patients with another major disorder (mood disorder, schizophrenia or somatoform disorder). When compared with the IBQ scale scores reported in Australian patients in a psychiatric hospital, most of the IBQ scale scores differed significantly in our patients; a higher score among Japanese patients on the general hypochondriasis scale was most prominent. A similar trend in IBQ scale scores was also noted among Japanese patients visiting the hospital's general medicine clinic in comparison with Australian patients visiting a general practice clinic. Japanese patients with anxiety disorder may display the most salient abnormal illness behaviors among patients with psychiatric disorders. Sociocultural background may contribute to the characteristic abnormal illness behaviors of Japanese patients.     

Patient-based health status assessments in an outpatient psychiatry setting

OBJECTIVE: The reliability, validity, and feasibility of the routine use of a generic health status instrument, the Short-Form-36 Health Survey (SF-36), were examined in a psychiatric outpatient clinic of a general hospital. METHODS: The sample comprised 411 patients referred to an outpatient psychiatry department between April 1994 and March 1995. They filled out the SF-36 along with their admission forms. Scores and reports were generated, and the results were returned to the charts and used at weekly clinical conference discussions. Feasibility was evaluated using subjective and objective data on administration of the instrument, its psychometric properties, and costs. Results from the outpatient psychiatry patients were compared with those from patients scheduled for elective surgery and a healthy normative sample. RESULTS: Routine administration of the SF-36 was successfully achieved with minimal resistance from staff and patients. The SF-36 provided reliable and valid data. As predicted, patients with emotional disorders scored lower, indicating more impairment, on scales measuring mental health than did the elective surgery patients and the normative sample. However, the psychiatric patients' scores on the physical health scale were lower than clinicians expected. Compared with the elective surgery patients, the psychiatric patients were less impaired on only the physical functioning and bodily pain scales; no difference was found between the two groups in role functioning due to physical problems. CONCLUSIONS: Routine use of the SF-36 in a general hospital psychiatric outpatient clinic was feasible, and the results were reliable, valid, and helpful to clinicians. Psychiatric patients' significantly lower scores in physical health and social and role functioning provided additional information about their difficulties.     

Conditions not attributable to a mental disorder: an epidemiological study of family problems

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this research was to identify and measure the differences among three groups of psychiatric outpatients: those with family problems but without mental disorders, those with both family problems and mental disorders, and those with a mental disorder but without family problems. DSM-III V code conditions (conditions not attributable to a mental disorder) other than family problems do occur, but family problems were chosen because of their importance. METHOD: All patients admitted to an outpatient psychiatric clinic during a 2-year period were studied (N = 382). Of these, 92 had V code conditions unrelated to family problems and were excluded. Data are presented on the remaining 290 patients. Sociodemographic variables, DSM-III diagnoses, source of referral, previous and subsequent use of outpatient services, and type of family problem were examined. Patients were from a low-income population and came from three ethnic groups (white, black, and Hispanic). RESULTS: Among whites, more men than women had family problems without mental disorders; among blacks, more women than men had family problems with and without mental disorders. Marital problems occurred most frequently in the group with family problems without mental disorders, and married subjects were more likely to have a V code condition. Professional referrals were more common than other referral sources in all three groups. However, family problems without mental disorders were more likely to occur among those who were referred by their families and had never had psychiatric treatment; patients with family problems and mental disorders were more likely to be self-referred and to have been previously treated; those with a mental disorder but without family problems were usually referred by professionals and almost always had been previously treated. There appeared to be underreporting of family problems among those with family problems and mental disorders and among black men with family problems with and without mental disorders. CONCLUSIONS: More research is needed on the patterns of use of outpatient psychiatric services by individuals with family problems and other V code conditions.     

精神分裂症患者病程与家属心理健康状况调查分析

目的探讨精神分裂症患者病程与家属心理健康状况的相关性,为促进患者家属心理健康和培养良好应对方式提供科学依据。方法采用随机抽样的方法,选取360名精神分裂症患者家属,按患者病程的长短将患者家属分为首发患者家属组（A组）、5年以下病程患者家属组（B组）、5年及以上病程患者家属组（C组）3组,通过调查法、症状自评量表（SCL-90）和Bradburn编制情感量表对3组患者家属心理健康状况进行调查分析。结果3组SCL-90量表总分及各因子分均高于国内常模（P〈0．05）,A组SCL-90量表除敌对和偏执外其他各因子分及总分均高于B组（P〈0．05）,除焦虑、敌对、偏执外其他各因子分及总分均高于C组（P〈0．01）,B组躯体化、强迫、抑郁、恐怖因子分高于C组（P〈0．05）。A组在正性情感、负性情感、情感平衡3个维度上均显著低于B组、C组（P〈0．01）。结论精神分裂症患者家属普遍存在心理健康问题,且不同病程的患者家属存在的心理问题不尽相同,而随着病程迁延,家属的心理调节能力逐渐增强,心理满意程度渐趋稳定。     

Treatment for co-occurring mental and substance use disorders in five state Medicaid programs

OBJECTIVES: This study described the locations and patterns of psychiatric and substance abuse treatment for Medicaid beneficiaries with co-occurring mental and substance use disorders in five states. METHODS: Medicaid beneficiaries aged 21 to 65 with psychiatric or substance use disorders were identified with claims and encounter records. Groups were further divided into those with and those without a diagnosed substance use disorder. Adjusted odds of treatment in community-based settings, inpatient facilities, emergency departments, and hospital outpatient departments were calculated. RESULTS: A total of 92,355 persons had a psychiatric disorder, 34,158 had a substance use disorder, and 14,256 had co-occurring psychiatric and substance use disorders. In all five states, beneficiaries with severe mental illness (schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or major depression) and a substance use disorder had higher odds of inpatient, emergency department, and hospital-based outpatient psychiatric treatment, compared with those with severe mental illness alone. In four of five states, both severe and less severe mental illness and a co-occurring substance use disorder were associated with lower odds of community-based treatment compared with those with the respective mental illness alone. Compared with those with less severe mental illness alone, individuals with less severe psychiatric disorders and a co-occurring substance use disorder had higher odds of inpatient treatment in all states and of emergency department use in three of five states. Odds of inpatient and outpatient hospital use and emergency department use for substance abuse treatment were higher for persons with severe mental illness and a co-occurring substance use disorder in most states, compared with odds for those with a substance use disorder alone. CONCLUSIONS: Heavy inpatient and emergency department use by Medicaid beneficiaries with co-occurring substance use disorders is a consistent cross-state problem. Co-occurring disorders may decrease the likelihood of community-based treatment for those with less severe mental disorders and for those with severe mental illness, suggesting that policies focusing only on these settings may miss a significant proportion of people with these co-occurring disorders.     

Criminal history as a prognostic indicator in the treatment of homeless people with severe mental illness

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the clinical problems and treatment outcomes of homeless people with severe mental illness and a history of incarceration. METHODS: Between May 1994 and June 1998, a total of 5,774 people entered assertive community treatment case management services in the Access to Community Care and Effective Services and Supports (ACCESS) demonstration program at 18 sites in nine states. This study used data from reassessments at 12 months after program entry. Analysis of variance was used to compare baseline status and 12-month outcomes for clients with a lifetime incarceration history of less than six months, of six months or more, and no incarceration history. The outcomes assessed were housing status, employment status, psychiatric problems, alcohol problems, drug problems, and criminal justice involvement. RESULTS: Two-thirds of the ACCESS clients had a history of incarceration, with about one-third having less than six months of incarceration and about one-third having six months or more of incarceration. Clients with a long-term incarceration history had higher psychiatric symptom scores, higher drug use and alcohol use scores, and higher levels of dual diagnosis than those with a short-term incarceration history or those with no history of incarceration. The same order of differences was found on measures of childhood abuse, family-of-origin stability, and childhood conduct disorder. Clients with an incarceration history of six months or more reported higher levels of long-term homelessness than the group without an incarceration history. The group with an incarceration history of less than six months showed less improvement at the 12-month follow-up evaluation than the group with no incarceration history on only one outcome measure, psychiatric problems. The group with an incarceration history of six months or more had poorer outcomes than the group with no incarceration history on only two of six outcomes, psychiatric problems and number of days in jail. CONCLUSIONS: This study found that among homeless clients with severe mental illness, clients with a history of incarceration have more serious problems and show somewhat less improvement in some community adjustment domains.     

Social competence and emotional/behavioural problems in children of psychiatric inpatients

The social competence and emotional/behavioural problems among 80 5–16-year-old children of 46 inpatients with various psychiatric disorders were assessed by the parents using a Swedish version of the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). The ratings of these children were compared to a normative sample of school children, but also whether type of psychiatric disorder among the parents was related to psychosocial functioning in their children. Fifty percent of the parents had a psychotic disorder; other common diagnoses were depressive, neurosis or personality disorders. Overall, children of psychiatric inpatients were perceived by the parents to be less socially competent and to have more emotional/behavioural problems than school children in the same age groups. However, 25% of the children of psychiatric parents were rated as having more severe problems (corresponding to the 90th percentile of the normative sample). About 15% of the children had total problem levels comparable to child psychiatric samples, but only 5% did actually receive ongoing help from the child psychiatric service. Parents with a depressive disorder or a crisis reaction also regarded their children to be more anxious/depressed, and to have more social problems than those of parents with other psychiatric disorders. Four CBCL items were found to be strong predictors of being a child of a psychiatric parent or parent in the normative sample. We suggest that the CBCL might be a valuable clinical tool in the screening and identification of those children of psychiatrically ill parents, who show more extreme problem scores and therefore might need help because of psychological problems. Accepted: 11 November 1999     

Use of general medical services among Medicaid patients with severe and persistent mental illness

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine patterns of use of general medical services among persons with a severe and persistent mental illness enrolled in Medicaid from 1996 to 1998. METHODS: A total of 669 persons with a severe and persistent mental illness were identified by using statewide clinical criteria. A three-year database of Medicaid claims was developed to examine service use. The main outcome measures were use of outpatient services for a general medical problem, use of dental and vision services, and use of screening tests for women. Service use was examined by primary psychiatric diagnosis (schizophrenic, affective, paranoid, and anxiety disorders), and analyses controlled for the presence of a chronic medical condition, age, race, and sex. RESULTS: This study found high levels of service use for outpatient services but very low levels for primary and preventive services. Although 78 percent of persons with a schizophrenic disorder had an office-based visit during the three-year period, all persons with an anxiety disorder had such a visit. Sixty-nine percent of persons with a schizophrenic disorder had at least one emergency department visit, whereas 83 percent of those with an anxiety disorder had such a visit. Dental and vision visits and the use of mammograms and pap tests followed the same pattern; persons with a schizophrenic disorder had fewer visits and had less overall use than the other diagnostic groups. The use patterns across the four groups were significantly different in outpatient service use, dental and vision service use, and screening tests for women. Compared with persons with a schizophrenic disorder, those with an anxiety disorder were more likely to have had an office-based visit and to have received vision services, those with a paranoid disorder were more likely to have used dental services or received a mammogram, and those with an affective disorder were more likely to have had a pap test. CONCLUSION: Although this group of Medicaid patients with severe and persistent mental illness had access to providers, they received an unacceptably low level of preventive care. Use of health services for general medical problems differed somewhat by primary psychiatric illness.     

The frequency of the psychiatric symptoms in the patients with dyspepsia at a university hospital

OBJECTIVE: According to the psychiatric hypothesis, the symptoms of dyspepsia may be due to depression, anxiety or a somatization disorder. We investigated the frequency of psychiatric symptoms in patients undergoing endoscopic procedures with dyspepsia, either with or without pathological findings, and compared this with control subjects without dyspeptic symptoms. METHODS: Ninety patients with dyspeptic symptoms and 90 control subjects participated in the study. Both the patients and the controls were asked to complete a questionnaire about socio-demographic characteristics, the Turkish version of the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and the Symptom Check List-90 (SCL-90). In order for us to determine whether the criteria for any of the conditions listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) were met, the patients were asked to take part in the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV disorders. RESULTS: Of the participants, 47.8% had a psychiatric disorder according to DSM-IV criteria, somatoform disorder (44.2%) being the most common. While 42.2% patients were determined to have a pathological finding using endoscopic evaluation, 57.8% had no findings. Together with the somatization and obsessive-compulsive disorder subscale scores, the total SCL-90 score and the mean trait anxiety score were statistically significantly higher in participants with no pathological findings. There were trends for anxiety (13.2% vs. 7.7%) and mood (2.6% vs. 0.0%) disorders to be more frequent in patients with pathological findings, while somatoform disorder+depressive disorder (17.3% vs. 5.2%) was more frequent in patients with no findings, although the differences were not statistically significant (Z=0.7, P>.05). The scores of state-trait anxiety, somatization, obsession-compulsion, depression, anxiety, phobic anxiety and psychotism subscales, and the total SCL-90 score were statistically significantly higher in those participants without a pathological finding than in the controls. CONCLUSIONS: Regarding the high frequency of psychiatric disorders in patients with dyspeptic symptoms, we think that such patients should be evaluated by two separate departments, gastroenterology and psychiatry.     

Comorbidity of medical illnesses among adults with serious mental illness who are receiving community psychiatric services

We studied the medical comorbidity among individuals with serious mental illness who were receiving community-based psychiatric treatment. A total of 200 psychiatric outpatients divided between those with schizophrenia and affective disorder diagnoses were recruited from samples receiving outpatient care at two psychiatric centers. Interviews used questions from national health surveys. Logistic regression analyses compared responses from each sample with those of matched subsets of individuals from the general population. Both patient groups had greater odds of having many medical conditions. The odds of respiratory illnesses remained elevated in the patient groups even after controlling for smoking, as did the odds of diabetes in the affective disorder group after controlling for weight. Persons with serious mental illness who are in outpatient care are more likely to have comorbid medical conditions than persons in the general population. The odds of diabetes, lung diseases, and liver problems are particularly elevated. These findings underscore the need for intensified preventive health interventions and medical services for this population.