自体软骨膜、骨膜游离移植修复软骨缺损治疗骨性关节炎

目的：评价自体软骨膜或骨膜游离移植术修复膝关节大面积软骨缺损，治疗膝关节骨性关节炎的疗效。方法：将髌骨及股骨髁，胫骨平台病损软骨清除，游离移植软骨或骨膜修复软骨缺损，治疗骨性关节炎124例，术后不需外固定，4天后持续被动关节活动器作持续动活动。2周后下床活动，结果：术后平均随访6年，治疗效果满意。结论：采用自体软骨膜，骨膜游离移植修复大面积软骨缺损，治疗骨性关节炎，可取得满意效果。     

自体骨-骨膜移植治疗Hepple Ⅴ型距骨骨软骨损伤的近期疗效

目的 探讨采用自体骨-骨膜移植治疗Hepple Ⅴ型距骨骨软骨损伤的近期疗效.方法 回顾性分析2007年10月至2011年9月治疗27例合并软骨下骨囊肿(平均直径＞8 mm)的距骨骨软骨损伤患者资料,男26例,女1例;年龄22～53岁,平均35.8岁.经踝关节镜探查明确发生距骨骨软骨损伤后,从自体髂骨取骨-骨膜移植物填充距骨骨软骨缺损区.采用美国足踝外科协会(American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society,AOFAS)踝与后足评分、视觉模拟(visual analogue score,VAS)评分及软骨修复MR评分(MOCART)对手术疗效进行评估;分析术后距骨X线和MRI改变,以及术后二次关节镜探查结果.结果 26例患者获得随访,随访时间为12～59个月,平均22.4个月.术后AOFAS踩与后足评分[(93.0±6.5)分]显著高于术前[(73.9±3.1)分];术后VAS评分[(0.8±0.8)分]显著低于术前[(5.4±1.0)分];术后患者非常满意16例,满意8例,一般2例,满意率为92.3％ (24/26).术后患者X线片均示软骨下囊肿低密度区消失,未见关节间隙狭窄;MRI均示原病灶缺损区被移植物填充.MOCART评分平均为(57.2±9.1)分,其中3例软骨下骨内有直径＜5mm的囊肿.18例行二次关节镜探查示原软骨缺损区被再生类软骨组织覆盖.结论 自体骨-骨膜移植可同时修复Hepple Ⅴ型距骨骨软骨损伤及软骨下囊肿,近期疗效满意,是安全、有效的治疗方法.     

关节镜下自体骨软骨移植修复股骨关节面软骨缺损

目的探讨关节镜下自体骨软骨镶嵌式移植术治疗股骨负重面关节软骨缺损的可行性。方法2001年6月起,共17例股骨关节面软骨缺损患者,男12例,女5例;年龄18～45岁,平均29岁;左膝10例,右膝7例。按照Brittberg-Peterson功能评定标准,膝关节的功能为65～105分,平均(80.65±9.69)分。3例无明显外伤史,但有风湿病史;14例有外伤史,均有膝关节疼痛,大腿肌肉萎缩。3例伴绞锁,2例伴弹响。14例外伤患者为股骨外髁负重面局灶性软骨损伤,均为单个创面,损伤范围2.5～3.0cm2;3例无外伤患者为股骨内髁负重面局灶性软骨软化或软骨剥脱,损伤范围2.0～2.5cm2。采用镶嵌式骨软骨移植器,在关节镜下取膝关节非负重关节面骨软骨条,将之移植修复膝关节负重面的局灶性软骨缺损。结果术后随访10～20个月,平均15个月,患者临床症状消失,关节活动度正常。术后Brit-tberg-Peterson评分,14例为0分,3例因活动时轻微疼痛分别评为3分和2分。MRI显示软骨缺损区软骨表面平整,移植的骨软骨柱位置良好。结论自体骨软骨镶嵌式移植术对关节负重面局灶性软骨缺损有较好、确切的治疗效果。     

关节镜下自体骨软骨移植治疗膝关节软骨缺损

目的探讨关节镜下自体骨软骨移植术修复治疗膝关节软骨缺损的疗效。方法关节镜下采用自体骨软骨镶嵌式移植技术治疗22例股骨髁负重区软骨缺损,从非负重区取出骨软骨柱移植到负重区缺损处,术后膝关节支具保护、功能锻炼。结果本组22例均获得随访12-30个月,平均21个月。术后2例活动后关节轻微疼痛,2例关节积血,1例关节活动剧烈后肿胀,经对症处理后症状缓解。术后复查膝关节MRI提示受区软骨移植物位置良好,无脱落,软骨表面光滑平整。末次随访时膝关节功能Lysholm评分（86.46±10.31）分,较术前（53.62±9.58）分明显提高,差异有统计学意义（t=19.72,P〈0.001）。结论关节镜下自体骨软骨移植术后效果良好,并发症少,是修复软骨缺损的一种可靠方式。     

自体骨膜延迟游离移植修复关节软骨缺损(附9例报告)

自1990年以来我们设计了自体胫骨膜延迟游离移植的手术方法共对9例关节软骨大面积缺损病例进行了修复治疗。平均随访23.3月,优良率为78％。我们认为延迟骨膜移植能加促骨膜向透明软骨组织的转化过程,同时提出了骨膜移植术中不能忽视的重要原则,本文推荐骨膜移植术是修复关节软骨大面积缺损的一种较好的治疗方法。     

自体软骨细胞移植治疗关节软骨缺损的进展

关节软骨主要是由少量的软骨细胞和细胞外基质组成的无血管组织软骨损伤后，其自我修复能力很弱。当关节软骨缺损面积〉2cm^2，深度〉4mm时，通常不能自行修复，持续发展会导致骨关节炎。目前，可采用关节镜下清创灌洗术、微骨折术、开放性自体骨膜移植术、自体骨软骨移植术和自体软骨细胞移植（autologous chondrocyt eimplantation，ACI）等方法修复关节软骨。     

自体骨膜延迟游离移植修复关节软骨缺损：附9例报告

自１９９０年以来我们设计了自体胫骨膜延迟游离移植的手术方法共对９例关节软骨大面积员病例进行了修复治疗，平均随访２３．３月，优良率为７８％。我们认为延迟骨膜移植能加促骨膜向透明软骨组织的转化过程，同时提出了骨膜移植术中不能忽视的重要原则，本文推荐骨膜移植术是修复关节软骨大面积缺损的一种较好的治疗方法。     

自体骨膜游离移植修复髋膝关节软骨大面积缺损的远期观察

目的观察自体骨膜游离移植修复髋、膝关节软骨大面积缺损的远期临床效果. 方法在动物实验基础上,于1987年2月～1996年8月,采用自体骨膜游离移植修复52例关节软骨大面积缺损的患者,其中有完整随访资料的37例中,先天性髋关节脱位16例,创伤性髋关节炎6例,股骨头低毒性感染1例,强直性脊柱炎2例,膝关节内骨折6例,骨性关节炎4例,创伤感染后膝关节僵直2例.术前有髋关节脱位者行松解牵引术,术中切除病变的软骨组织达出血骨组织;从胫骨前内侧切取大于软骨缺损10%～15%的骨膜,生发层朝向关节腔,缝合固定在软骨缺损表面;双侧移植骨膜的关节间放置硅胶膜;术后进行CPM练习,逐渐增加活动范围,活动时间为4～6周;出院后6个月内避免负重,可主动练习关节活动. 结果术后37例获7～15年随访,平均10.5年.功能评价标准按有无关节疼痛、关节活动角度、日常生活能力和X线片测量关节间隙宽度进行评价,结果:优11例,良18例,差8例. 结论游离骨膜移植修复关节软骨缺损,经远期随访应用于临床是可行的.     

藻酸钙复合自体软骨细胞修复羊膝关节负重区软骨缺损的实验研究

[目的]以中国山羊为动物模型,观察藻酸钙复合自体软骨细胞修复膝关节负重区软骨缺损的可行性。[方法]取羊肩关节软骨,分离、培养软骨细胞,蕃红"O"、 Giemsa及Ⅱ型胶原免疫组织化学染色对其进行鉴定。将自体软骨细胞与藻酸钙凝胶复合,修复山羊股骨髁负重区全层软骨缺损(直径6 mm),实验分为四组:(1)缺损旷置组:缺损内未植入任何组织;(2)骨膜覆盖组:自体骨膜覆盖缺损区;(3)藻酸钙+骨膜组:凝胶植入软骨缺损区,并用自体骨膜覆盖;(4)藻酸钙+细胞+骨膜组:藻酸钙复合自体软骨细胞植入软骨缺损区,自体骨膜覆盖;分别于手术后3、6个月取材,通过大体观察及组织学评分检测修复效果。[结果]软骨细胞复合物蕃红"O"、 Giemsa染色及Ⅱ型胶原免疫组化染色结果均为阳性,将藻酸钙凝胶-软骨细胞复合物用于羊负重区关节面软骨缺损修复,从大体观察和组织学评分进行比较,发现各组均有不同程度的组织修复,藻酸钙+细胞+骨膜组效果最好,与其他组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。[结论]藻酸钙凝胶-软骨细胞复合物结合自体骨膜覆盖,可较好修复山羊膝关节负重区软骨缺损。     

自体软骨细胞移植术治疗膝关节剥脱性骨软骨炎

目的探讨自体软骨细胞移植术治疗膝关节剥脱性骨软骨炎的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析自2017-01—2017-10诊治的膝关节剥脱性骨软骨炎,采用自体软骨细胞移植术治疗。随访期间采用Lysholm评分与IKDC主观评分表综合评价膝关节功能。结果 10例均获得随访,随访时间5～10个月,平均8个月。术后切口均一期愈合,未出现感染。术后X线片显示移植软骨面平整,关节间隙正常。术后MRI显示植入的胶原膜与周围健康软骨整合良好。末次随访时膝关节活动范围恢复正常。末次随访时膝关节功能Lysholm评分为(88.7±4.0)分,较术前明显提高,差异有统计学意义(t=-22.973,P 0.001)。末次随访时膝关节功能IKDC评分为(90.8±5.0)分,较术前明显提高,差异有统计学意义(t=-11.724,P 0.001)。结论自体软骨细胞移植术治疗膝关节剥脱性骨软骨炎可取得满意疗效,值得临床推广应用。     

膝剥脱性骨软骨病变关节镜下复位固定的疗效

目的:探讨膝剥脱性骨软骨病变关节镜下复位固定的疗效。方法:对2012年12月至2013年12月收治的4例膝关节股骨髁剥脱性骨软骨病变并伴有游离骨块的患者,采用关节镜探查找到剥脱软骨块,行小切口复位、软骨钉固定治疗。男3例,女1例;年龄15、15、20、27岁;病程1 d、5 d、1个月和1年。4例均出现膝关节肿胀积液,浮髌试验阳性,CT检查均可见骨质缺损及游离体。术前应用Lysholm、VAS及Tegner评分评定膝关节功能。结果:所有患者手术顺利,术后CT检查示软骨位置良好,无复位骨软骨脱落,4例平均随访时间12个月(10～13个月).1例术后二次关节镜探查,软骨骨折块与周围软骨连接,内固定物未能吸收。Lysholm、VAS及Tegner评分评定膝关节功能均优于术前。结论:关节镜辅助下软骨块复位联合可吸收螺钉固定治疗膝关节剥脱性骨软骨病变,能重建关节面的完整性和恢复关节稳定性,是一种有效的治疗方式。     

Chondral and osteochondral injuries associated with acute patellar dislocation

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the frequency and precise pathology of articular cartilage injuries after acute patellar dislocation. Type of Study: Case series. Methods: In 39 consecutive knees with initial lateral patellar dislocation, the articular cartilage injuries were examined using arthroscopy or macroscopic observation. Results: Thirty-seven knees (95%) had articular cartilage injuries of the patellofemoral joint and 2 knees (5%) had no cartilage injury. In all 37 knees (95%), articular cartilage injuries were observed in the patella. The appearances were categorized into 3 groups: cracks alone (9 knees), cartilage defect caused by osteochondral or chondral fracture (7 knees), and cartilage defects caused by osteochondral or chondral fracture associated with cracks (21 knees). The main site of osteochondral fracture was the medial facet, and the main site of cracks was the central dome. Twelve knees (31%) had cartilage injury of the lateral femoral condyle. Conclusions: From this study, articular cartilage injuries, especially of the patella, seem to be common occurrences after acute patellar dislocation. Chondral and osteochondral injuries of the patella were classified into 3 groups.     

自体骨软骨移植治疗膝关节软骨缺损的长期随访

目的:探讨自体骨软骨移植治疗膝关节局限性软骨缺损的临床疗效。方法:选取2007年1月至2008年1月行自体骨软骨移植治疗膝关节软骨缺损的患者15例,其中男7例,女8例;年龄23～45岁。比较术前与术后10年KSS评分。结果:本组15例患者获得随访,时间10.0～10.7(10.2±0.3)年。KSS评分临床总分由术前的38.86±4.09上升至术后10年的85.07±2.19,功能评分由术前的3.33±4.88上升至术后10年的82.67±4.58,KSS总分由术前的42.20±7.84提高至术后10年的167.73±6.29(P0.05);而膝关节稳定性比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。所有随访患者并未出现其他并发症。结论:通过对自体骨软骨移植治疗膝关节软骨缺损患者的长期随访后发现,该治疗方式能够有效改善膝关节功能,减轻膝关节疼痛,是一种有效的修复膝关节软骨缺损的方法。     

骨软骨镶嵌移植术与微骨折术治疗膝关节软骨损伤的疗效比较

目的:对比评估微骨折术与自体骨软骨镶嵌移植术治疗膝关节软骨损伤的临床疗效差异。方法 :回顾性分析2011年2月至2016年2月采用微骨折术或自体骨软骨镶嵌移植术治疗且随访时间≥2年的71例膝关节股骨远端关节面软骨损伤患者资料,按手术方式不同分为两组:微骨折组33例,男20例,女13例,年龄(28.1±4.2)岁;移植组38例,男26例,女12例,年龄(27.8±3.5)岁。采用Lysholm评分,美国特种外科医院膝关节评分(Hospital for Special Surgery Knee Score,HSS),Ahlb覿ck骨关节炎分级系统进行评估,并记录术后并发症。结果 :微骨折组与移植组的Lysholm评分,分别由术前62.9±6.8、60.3±7.5提高到术后的77.0±5.4、85.8±5.6 (P0.05);HSS评分分别由术前81.5±7.6、79.6±8.6改善为88.0±4.7、91.9±4.7(P0.05)。移植组术后Lysholm评分与HSS评分,均高于微骨折组(P0.05)。移植组发生切口浅表感染1例。随访未发现患者出现膝关节骨关节炎。结论:自体骨软骨镶嵌移植术与微骨折术治疗膝关节软骨损伤均安全、有效,但自体骨软骨镶嵌移植术比微骨折术临床疗效更佳。     

Effects of hyaluronan on periosteal grafts for large full-thickness defects in rabbit articular cartilage

We studied the effects of hyaluronan (HA) on chondrogenesis in periosteal grafts in rabbit knees to elucidate the effects of this agent in the repair of articular cartilage. Large full-thickness defects of the articular cartilage were created in the anteromedial part of the femoral articular surface of bilateral knee joints. Periosteal grafts were then harvested and sutured onto the defects. HA was injected in the right knee immediately after the operation and then once a week for 4 weeks (HA group). The same volume of saline was injected in the left knee in the control group. The animals were killed 2, 5, 8, and 12 weeks after the operation. Macroscopic and histological findings of the regenerated tissue were evaluated with a semiquantitative histological grading system. The total histological scores of the HA group were better than those in the control group at each time examination point. At 12 weeks, in particular, the scores for surface regularity and integration to adjacent articular cartilage were significantly better in the HA group than in the control group (P < 0.05). No significant differences were observed between the two groups in regard to the area healed (%). HA may have beneficial effects on the repair of large full-thickness defects of the articular cartilage with autologous periosteal grafts. Received for publication on Feb. 18, 1998; accepted on Oct. 20, 1998     

应用髂骨内板修复胫骨平台骨折关节面缺损

目的：探讨应用髂骨内板修复复杂胫骨平台骨折关节面缺损的可行性。方法：复杂胫骨平台骨折23例,男17例,女6例;年龄18～51岁,平均28.3岁。关节面缺损1cm×2cm～3cm×3cm,平均6.7cm^2。取带骨膜髂骨内板,修剪成和缺损区匹配的形状,并用直径1.5mm的克氏针间隔3～4mm钻孔,凹面朝上置入缺损区,其下植骨,T形或L形钢板固定。术后石膏外固定4周。结果：23例经随访8个月～3年,平均13.6个月,X线片示骨折全部愈合,关节面平整。采用Rasmussen评价标准,优11例,良8例,可3例,差1例。结论：对于复杂胫骨平台骨折关节面缺损,应用髂骨内板进行修复可恢复关节面平整,使膝关节获得满意功能,方法简单易行,很少发生供区并发症,临床实用性较强,可修复较大面积关节面缺损。     

腰骶区结核前路手术治疗风险分析

目的：探讨腰骶区结核前路手术的治疗风险。方法回顾性分析2004年3月～2012年11月因腰骶区结核在本院行前路病灶清除及植骨融合内固定手术的18个病例,记录手术中发生血管、神经损伤的情况,术后结核病灶复发、植骨融合率及内固定相关并发症。结果2例发生术中髂腰静脉损伤,3例神经损伤,1例术后形成窦道,所有病例术后平均10个月植骨融合,未发生内固定松动或断裂并发症。结论腰骶区结核前路手术要防范血管神经损伤,采取病灶清除、植骨及内固定治疗可取得良好的效果。     

髋关节后脱位合并股骨头骨折的诊疗方法

目的 总结髋关节后脱位合并股骨头骨折１２例的诊治情况。方法 根据股骨头骨折Ｘ线片及ＣＴ所见采取单纯牵引７例,手术治疗５例,包括关节内游离骨片摘除１例,髋关节碎骨片清理,髋臼骨折复位内固定２例,行股骨头骨折切开复位可吸收螺丝钉内固定术２例。术后早期开始被动及主动髋关节功能锻炼。结果 经过６个月￣３年随访,髋关节功能优良率达９１．６％。结论 对髋脱位复位后股骨头骨折对位良好及关节腔外非负重区游离骨片者无需手术治疗,同时注意关节早期功能锻炼,以利关节磨造及软骨修复。     

The association between patellofemoral alignment and osteoarthritis in magnetic resonance imaging

ObjectivesOsteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint disease in the world, becoming more prevalent with increasing age, and causes a significant burden on individuals and society. So far, several factors have been identified in association with OA of the knee joint. Age is the most crucial uncontrollable risk factor for OA. There are conflicting results regarding the relationship between patellofemoral joint orientation and OA. This study aims to elucidate the relationship between patellofemoral joint alignment and OA evidence.Material and methodsA total of 277 MRIs performed at Imam Reza Hospital during the first half of 2017 were included. Patients were divided into two groups, under 50 years old and over 50 years old. Femoral sulcus angle (SA) and depth (SD), lateral patellar displacement (LPD), tibial tubercle-trochlear groove (TTTG), lateral patellofemoral angle (LPFA), and Insall-Salvati index were measured in axial and sagittal images. The morphology of the patellofemoral articular cartilage was evaluated and the grade of joint damage was determined. P-value < 0.05 was considered as significant.ResultsSignificant correlations between SA (p-value = 0.01), SD (p-value < 0.001), Insall-Salvati index (p-value < 0.001), LPD (p-value = 0.02) values and OA in patients less than 50 years old were observed. A weak correlation was observed between SD and Insall-Salvati index values with increasing grade of articular cartilage damage (r = 0.21 and r = 0.21, respectively).ConclusionsPatellofemoral joint asymmetry in the younger people was significantly associated with joint cartilage damage and premature patellofemoral joint OA. Joint misalignment by stressing the articular cartilage causes joint cartilage changes that may be congenital or due to bone injuries such as trauma and surgery.     

Factors affecting the outcome of osteochondral autografting (mosaicplasty) in articular cartilage defects of the knee joint: retrospective analysis of 152 cases

Objective

The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the results and prognostic factors affecting the outcome of osteochondral autografting (mosaicplasty) in articular cartilage defects of the knee joint.

Materials and methods

One hundred fifty-two patients who underwent mosaicplasty for femoral condylar cartilage defects (modified Outerbridge classification: Grade III and IV) of the knee joint between 1998 and 2007 in our institution were included. There were 126 male and 26 female patients with a mean age of 24.8 ± 4.6 years. The average size of the lesion was 2.7 ± 0.7 cm². Of these patients, 33 had concomitant meniscal and/or cruciate ligament injuries which were treated simultaneously. All patients were followed up with a mean of 18.2 ± 4.2 months (range 12–24 months) using Lysholm knee score. We analyzed the relationship between the outcome variable (Lysholm knee score at the final follow-up) and the predictor variables (age, gender, lesion size, lesion grade, localization, accompanying intra-articular injuries and duration of follow-up).

Results

The mean preoperative Lysholm knee score was 55.2 ± 3.6 points and increased to 88.2 ± 2.5 points at the final follow-up. There was a significant increase in Lysholm score during follow-up period (p = 0.0001). The results were excellent in 2 cases (1.3 %), good in 144 cases (94.7 %) and fair in 6 cases (3.9 %). No patients had infection, systemic complication and revision surgery. Backward regression analysis showed that age, lesion size, localization and associated intraarticular injuries are the only predictors of the final Lysholm knee score in best fit model (R ² = 0.442, p = 0.0001). The linear regression equation was (Lysholm score at final follow-up) = 93.4 ? [0.2 (age of patient) + 0.8 (lesion size) + 0.9 (localization) + 2.8 (presence of associated intraarticular injuries)].

Conclusions

Mosaicplasty is an effective technique for the treatment of articular cartilage defects of the knee joint which restores the joint function in a short period of follow-up. Furthermore, age, lesion size, localization, and concomitant surgical interventions are major factors affecting the final outcome. The final knee score deteriorates as the age of the patient and size of the lesion increases. Furthermore, concomitant surgical interventions and lesions located on the medial femoral condyle have a negative effect on the final knee score.