左半结肠癌行No.223、No.253淋巴结清扫意义及争议

淋巴结转移是结直肠癌的主要转移方式,NCCN、日本大肠癌研究会（JSCCR）和我国结直肠癌诊疗相关规范都规定了结肠癌根治术需要行区域淋巴结清扫,No.223、No.253淋巴结属于左半结肠癌的区域淋巴结。结肠脾曲癌由结肠中动脉左支和左结肠动脉双重供血,推荐行No.223、No.253淋巴结清扫,降结肠癌和乙状结肠癌主要由肠系膜下动脉供血,只须行No.253淋巴结清扫。目前,部分研究认为血管低位结扎（血管根部淋巴结清扫）与血管高位结扎对于淋巴结清扫数量及肿瘤学效果一致,部分研究提示血管高位结扎可能影响肠管血供,增加吻合口漏的发生。因此,推荐清扫No.223、No.253淋巴结时可以保留结肠中动脉和肠系膜下动脉。由于左半结肠癌发病率较低,目前缺乏有说服力的证据,期待临床进行高级别循证医学研究进一步明确淋巴结清扫范围。     

伴脑动脉狭窄的症状性腔隙性脑梗死患者脑血管造影分析

目的分析伴脑供血动脉狭窄的症状性腔隙性脑梗死患者的全脑血管造影结果。方法选择经CT或MRI确诊的51例症状性腔隙性脑梗死患者,全部接受全脑血管造影检查,均存在脑供血动脉狭窄,观察统计病变血管的狭窄程度及闭塞血管的侧支代偿情况。结果全部患者均成功接受全脑血管造影,无严重并发症发生,狭窄程度：9例（17.65%）≤50%,12例（23.53%）50%～70%,14例（27.45%）71%～99%,16例（31.37%）闭塞。51例中,40例（78.43%）存在梗死相关病变血管。16例闭塞病例中,12例有侧支循环形成。结论对伴脑供血动脉狭窄的症状性腔隙性脑梗死患者行全脑血管造影具有较高的阳性率,梗死主要由前循环系统血管病变引起,观察血管病变程度及侧支代偿建立情况对疾病下一步治疗具有重要指导作用。     

Riolan动脉弓的MSCT血管成像表现

目的探讨MSCT血管成像（MSCTA）Riolan动脉弓的影像表现。方法收集6例Riolan动脉弓病变患者,3例男性患者为高血压动脉粥样硬化性疾病,3例女性患者均为多发性大动脉炎。采用16层（4例）、64层（2层）螺旋CT扫描行腹部CTA检查,对病变血管行VR、MIP和MPR重建。结果 6例Riolan动脉弓血管直径为3.5～10.0mm,平均（6.7±0.4）mm。3例腹主动脉粥样硬化性病变中,肠系膜上动脉（SMA）近端闭塞2例,远端与肠系膜下动脉（IMA）形成Riolan动脉弓,其中1例伴有腹主动脉瘤,同时SMA、IMA与腹腔动脉干形成动脉吻合弓;IMA近端闭塞1例,远端与SMA形成Riolan动脉弓。3例多发大动脉炎中,2例SMA狭窄,SMA与IMA间形成Riolan动脉弓,1例SMA、IMA同时与腹腔动脉干形成动脉吻合弓;1例IMA近端狭窄,IMA与SMA间形成Riolan动脉弓。结论 MSCTA可以显示SMA与IMA间Riolan动脉弓结构,其特征性影像表现是SMA与IMA间的纡曲扩张的血管弓。出现Riolan动脉弓提示SMA或IMA管腔闭塞或狭窄。     

结肠癌致肠梗阻患者的外科治疗（附32例报告）

目的探讨结肠癌致肠梗阻的外科治疗方法。方法回顾分析1991—2007年32例结肠癌致肠梗阻的外科治疗资料。结果32例患者中行Ⅰ期结肠癌根治性切除肠管端端吻合术共24例，其中右半结肠切除7例，横结肠切除3例，左半结肠切除5例，乙状结肠切除9例。行左半结肠切除、横结肠造口，关闭远端结肠备Ⅱ期吻合2例；乙状结肠癌根治性切除结肠造口1例；肿瘤无法切除行结肠侧侧吻合或造口5例。术后并发症发生率21．9％（7／32），围术期死亡率3．1％（1／32）。结论重视对结肠癌致肠梗阻的认识，早期诊断，根据病情选择合理手术方式，做好围术期处理是减少术后并发症、提高疗效的重要措施。     

多层螺旋CT血管成像在肾静脉血栓诊断和治疗中的应用

目的探讨多层螺旋CT血管成像（multi-slice spiral CT angiography,MSCTA）在肾静脉血栓（renal vein thrombosis,RVT）诊断和治疗中的临床应用价值。方法收集首诊RVT患者8例,慢性期RVT并左肾静脉重度狭窄或闭塞患者5例,均行CT平扫、动脉期及静脉期增强扫描,采用容积再现（volume rendering,VR）血管生长技术（addvessel,AV）进行血管重建,分析RVT、肾静脉侧支循环表现。结果13例RVT患者中,首诊8例（双侧3例,左侧5例）,CT平扫呈均匀稍高密度影,增强扫描示肾静脉主干及分支内见充盈缺损影,4例血栓延伸至下腔静脉内,1例合并左腰静脉干、左睾丸静脉内血栓,1例左睾丸静脉侧支循环形成。慢性期5例,CT平扫左。肾静脉结构显示不清,左肾静脉主干4例不显影,1例细如线样,均显示左卵巢静脉曲张,右卵巢静脉、双侧髂内静脉侧支循环形成。结论MSCTA能准确诊断RVT及肾静脉侧支循环,指导临床制定治疗方案。     

256层螺旋CT对腹腔镜结直肠癌手术前肠系膜血管解剖结构评估的价值

目的探讨CT三维血管重建技术对结直肠癌患者术前进行肿瘤血管评估的临床价值．为腹腔镜结直肠癌手术提供参考。方法2010年2月至2010年12月间,对11例准备行腹腔镜结直肠癌根治术的患者术前进行256层螺旋CT扫描．通过三维血管重建技术观察其肠系膜血管解剖及变异情况．并将结果与腹腔镜术中所见进行对照。结果256层螺旋CT三维血管重建均清晰地显示出肠系膜血管解剖及变异情况．并与腹腔镜手术中所见吻合。3例右半结肠切除术患者中,1例回结肠动脉走行于肠系膜上静脉的腹侧．2例回结肠动脉走行于肠系膜上静脉的背侧：2例右结肠动脉和回结肠动脉分别直接起源于肠系膜上动脉．另1例未见右结肠动脉而由结肠中动脉右支参与供血。1例横结肠切除患者的结肠中动脉发自肠系膜上动脉。3例乙状结肠切除患者中,2例乙状结肠动脉与左结肠动脉共干起源于肠系膜下动脉．另1例乙状结肠动脉直接起源于肠系膜下动脉。4例直肠癌患者均由肠系膜下动脉延续的直肠上动脉供血。结论256层螺旋CT血管重建技术可以满足腹腔镜结直肠癌根治术前对肠系膜血管解剖及变异情况的观察．为手术提供重要参考。     

腹腔镜结直肠癌手术的临床分析（附45例报告）

目的：总结行腹腔镜结直肠癌根治术的临床经验。方法：回顾分析2003年5月至2007年5月45例行腹腔镜结直肠癌根治术患者的临床资料。其中右半结肠癌8例，左半结肠癌5例，乙状结肠癌20例，直肠癌12例。按传统根治术的要求术中使用超声刀或同时用结扎束游离结肠或直肠及其相应的肠系膜和淋巴、脂肪等组织。结肠癌根治术：在腹部左侧或右侧做5cm的辅助切口，腹腔外行肠切除和肠吻合。低位直肠癌行Miles手术者在充分游离乙状结肠和直肠后，在左下腹做辅助性小切口（乙状结肠造口处），切断乙状结肠后，腹部手术组行乙状结肠造口，会阴手术组经会阴行直肠切除术。结果：手助腹腔镜右半结肠癌根治术6例，左半结肠癌根治术3例，乙状结肠癌、直肠中上段癌根治术20例，腹会阴联合直肠切除术6例。腹腔镜手术35例，中转开腹10例，中转率22．2％。无死亡病例。手术时间120～280min，平均180min；出血50～100ml，平均80ml。术后随访6～36个月，平均18个月。8例肿瘤复发、转移死亡，复发率22．9％。未发现腹壁小切口和穿刺孔转移。结论：依据结直肠肿瘤分期和部位选择合适的病例，用腹腔镜完成微创手术安全可行，可以达到根治目的。     

腹腔镜结直肠癌根治术中结肠血管变异的应对措施

往腹腔镜结直肠癌根治术中．当切除肿瘤后进行消化道重建时,远近端肠管有时会出现血运改变,术中难以对肠管生机进行判断。术中肠管血运改变主要与结肠系膜皿管的解剖学因素和手术操作有关。结肠壁的直接血供来源是边缘血管弓,边缘血管弓的完整性、通畅性是决定肠管存活率的关键.然而,边缘向．管弓在不同区段直径大小不等,搏动强弱不一．有时甚至中断,对术中结肠的切除吻合造成影响。最常见的3处吻合不全区域有：（1）回结肠动脉与有结肠动脉之间：（2）中结肠动脉与左结肠动脉之间——睥曲的Griffiths关键点;（3）乙状结肠动脉最下支与直肠上动脉之间——Sudeck危险区．在腹腔镜结直肠癌根治手术中,应注重预防性保护残留肠管的血供,保护边缘血管弓,警惕上述3处的血管解剖变异．应在精准的解剖部位结扎血管,以保证残端的良好血供．从而确保结直肠吻合口的正常愈合。对于老年体弱或糖尿病等患者,尤其注意保护结肠血运,如埘吻合口有疑虑,应行保护性末端回肠造口。     

大肠癌并急性肠梗阻的术式选择

右半结肠肠腔直径较大（结肠的直径自盲肠的6cm递减为乙状结肠的2．5cm），肠壁较薄，扩张性大；血液循环和淋巴组织丰富，吸收能力强；肠内粪便呈糊状。肠癌以全身中毒症状、贫血、腹部肿块为主，不易引起梗阻．如发生梗阻常误诊为急性阑尾炎或阑尾脓肿，急症行右半结肠根治性手术，回肠末端与横结肠吻合一次完成通常是合理安全的。左半结肠系膜边缘血管形成一级血管弓，因此血供较差；肠胜直径小，肠壁薄，弹性差；内容物多呈固态。癌肿多为浸润型硬癌，易引起环状狭窄。因此，左半结肠癌并梗阻多见（约占梗阻性大肠癌的2／3）。梗阻性大…     

肠系膜下动脉CT动脉造影分型与淋巴结转移相关性研究

目的 通过CT动脉造影（CTA）对肠系膜下血管（IMA）分型,研究其对结直肠手术的指导价值。方法 随机选取大连医科大学附属第一医院2011年1月至2013年4月间77例接受腹腔镜辅助结直肠癌手术病人采用容积再现（VR）血管生长技术（AV）进行血管重建,对IMA及其分支的变异进行分型。结果 77 例IMA均发自腹主动脉。根据左结肠动脉（LCA）、乙状结肠动脉（SA）及直肠上动脉（SRA）的起点,IMA的变异可分为4种类型,A型为三分支均发自同一起点;B型为SA发自LCA;C型为SA发自SRA;D型为SA分别发自LCA及SRA。上述分型与年龄、性别、肿瘤浸润深度、淋巴结转移以及肿瘤距肛门距离无统计学相关性,而淋巴结转移与肿瘤距肛门距离显著相关（P=0.002）。结论 IMA的变异较大,其中No.242淋巴结转移与SA变异相关。术前行IMA CTA有助于腹腔镜手术下寻找并保留LCA及减少淋巴结清扫不彻底。     

Critical lower limb ischaemia following excision of the rectum

Critical lower limb ischaemia can occur following rectal surgery by a number of mechanisms. Patients with aorto-iliac stenosis or occlusion may be dependent on collateral circulation to the lower limbs from the visceral arteries supplying the descending colon, sigmoid colon and the rectum. Division of these collaterals can precipitate critical ischaemia of the leg. This is an uncommon scenario but one that should be considered in arteriopaths undergoing rectal surgery. Two cases of this complication are reported and the mechanisms discussed.     

Survival benefit of high ligation of the inferior mesenteric artery in sigmoid colon or rectal cancer surgery

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to assess the impact of inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) root nodal dissection before high ligation of the artery on survival in patients with sigmoid colon or rectal cancer. METHODS: Data on 1188 consecutive patients who underwent resection for sigmoid colon or rectal cancer, with high ligation of the IMA, were identified from a prospective database (April 1965 to December 1999). Survival of patients with involvement of nodes along the IMA proximal to the origin of the left colic artery (root nodes, station 253) through the bifurcation of the superior rectal artery (trunk nodes, station 252) was determined. RESULTS: Twenty patients (1.7 per cent) had metastatic involvement of station 253 lymph nodes and 99 (8.3 per cent) had metastases to station 252. The 5- and 10-year survival rates of patients with metastases to station 253 were 40 and 21 per cent, and those for patients with metastases to station 252 were 50 and 35 per cent, respectively. CONCLUSION: High ligation of the IMA allows curative resection and long-term survival in patients with cancer of the sigmoid colon or rectum and nodal metastases at the origin of the IMA.     

A rare anomaly of left renal vein drainage into the left common iliac vein: A case report

IntroductionHerein, we describe a case of sigmoid colon cancer with a rare anomaly of the left renal vein located between the inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) and the left common iliac artery.Case presentationA 57-year-old woman with sigmoid colon cancer underwent three-dimensional computed tomography angiography for a preoperative assessment; the results revealed a rare variant of the left renal vein. There were two left renal veins: one retroaortically drained into the inferior vena cava, and the other was located between the IMA and the left common iliac artery and drained into the left common iliac vein. Laparoscopic sigmoid colectomy was performed safely while carefully avoiding any injury to the left renal vein located posterior to the IMA.DiscussionSeveral variations of the left renal vein have been reported, such as retroaortic or circumaortic left renal veins. The variants of renal vessels, which are frequently overlooked in the preoperative assessment, is rarely affected in colorectal surgery. However, if the surgeon is unaware of such renal vessel anomalies, an injury can occur, resulting in severe bleeding.ConclusionIt is important that surgeons identify retroperitoneal vessel variants before performing colorectal surgery.     

Sigmoid colon carcinoma with focal neuroendocrine differentiation associated with ulcerative colitis: A case report

IntroductionNeuroendocrine tumors of the colon and rectum are relatively rare compared to sporadic colorectal carcinoma. There are few reports of neuroendocrine tumors of the colon and rectum in patients with ulcerative colitis.Presentation of caseA patient with sigmoid colon carcinoma with focal neuroendocrine features is presented. A 32-year-old man, who had been followed for ulcerative colitis for 14 years, was found to have carcinoma of the sigmoid colon on routine annual colonoscopy, and he underwent laparoscopic total colectomy. Pathologic examination showed sigmoid colon adenocarcinoma with focal neuroendocrine features.DiscussionMost colorectal carcinomas associated with inflammatory bowel disease are histologically similar to the sporadic type, and tumors with neuroendocrine features are very unusual.ConclusionVery rare case of sigmoid colon carcinoma with neuroendocrine features arising in a patient with UC was described.     

机器人直肠癌根治术

术中自肠系膜下动脉下方切开乙状结肠系膜,游离Toldts间隙,暴露并保护左侧输尿管及生殖血管。切断肠系膜下动脉根部,清扫253组淋巴结。切开乙状结肠侧腹膜,游离乙状结肠下段。提起肠系膜下动脉血管蒂(已切断),沿Toldts层面分离直肠系膜与骶前间隙,环形完整游离直肠系膜,于肿瘤标记处远端约5cm处以直线切割闭合期切断直肠肠管。肠管断端提出体外,距离肿瘤近端约10cm,切断乙状结肠肠管,并包埋吻合器钉座。行乙状结肠-直肠端端吻合(Dixon手术)     

Sequential coronary artery bypass utilizing the internal mammary artery

Fifty consecutive patients underwent sequential bypass grafting of diseased coronary arteries using the left internal mammary artery (IMA) as a sequential bypass graft. There were no perioperative myocardial infarctions, and follow-up from 3 to 5 years revealed that all 50 patients are living and are free of angina. Technical aspects for use of the internal mammary artery as a sequential graft to two or more coronary arteries is technically a feasible procedure when certain guidelines are followed. We advise its use primarily for left anterior descending/diagonal connections and avoid its use when there is a wide angle between the latter vessels to avoid kinking. The distal end-to-side IMA anastomosis is always performed first to the most important coronary artery. With this approach if there is a problem with length or lie of the IMA graft, the sequential anastomosis to the lesser important coronary artery may be aborted. The side-to-side technique is used most often. Postoperative angiograms in 11 patients have revealed no evidence of stenosis, occlusion, or late ill effects.     

Staged Thoracic and Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair Using Stent Graft Technology and Surgery in a Patient with Acute Renal Failure

2 ) angiography identified a saccular thoracic aortic aneurysm, right renal artery stenosis, left renal artery occlusion, an infrarenal aortic aneurysm, celiac artery, and inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) orificial stenoses. Via an anterior retroperitoneal approach, bilateral renal artery thromboendarterectomy, infrarenal aortic aneurysmectomy, and IMA reimplantation were performed. The patient's tortuous iliac arteries were straightened to permit future passage of a thoracic stent graft by mobilizing the aortic bifurcation and anastomosing it to a Dacron graft within 4 cm of the renal vessels. Two weeks later, a stent graft was placed via a femoral incision utilizing CO₂ angiography, successfully excluding the saccular thoracic aneurysm. Recovery from both procedures was quick, with rapid return of renal function, and alleviation of the hypertension. At 8 months follow-up, his renal arteries and aorta are patent.     

MSCTA结合心肌首过灌注成像诊断冠状动脉狭窄

目的探讨MSCT血管造影(MSCTA)结合心肌首过灌注成像诊断冠状动脉狭窄的价值。方法对80例可疑冠心病患者行64排MSCTA检查,按MSCTA成像质量分为A组(n=41,血管显示清晰)和B组(n=39,血管显示不清);以CAG结果为金标准,计算并比较MSCTA和MSCTA结合心肌首过灌注成像诊断冠状动脉狭窄的准确率。结果A组中MSCTA诊断冠状动脉狭窄准确率[85.98%(141/164)]高于MSCTA结合首过灌注成像[80.49%(132/164)],B组中MSCTA诊断冠状动脉狭窄准确率[66.03%(103/156)]低于MSCTA结合首过灌注成像[79.49%(124/156)],差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05)。结论 MSCTA诊断冠状动脉狭窄时,对于血管显示不清者,结合心肌首过灌注成像能明显提高诊断准确率。     

167例缺血性脑血管病的多层螺旋CT血管造影分析

目的探讨MSCTA诊断缺血性脑血管病（ICVD）的临床价值。方法回顾性分析并对比167例临床确诊ICVD患者的头颈部MSCTA及DSA表现。结果头颈部MSCTA发现123例患者动脉狭窄,15例单纯前循环动脉狭窄,41例单纯后循环动脉狭窄,67例前、后循环动脉均有狭窄,多见于椎动脉（179／413,43．34％）、颈内动脉（217／539,40．26％）和大脑中动脉（135／539,25．05％）,99例共641支动脉存在硬化斑块。以DSA为金标准,MSCTA诊断头颈动脉狭窄的敏感度为97．54％（119／122）,特异度为91．11％（41／45）。结论MSCTA可准确评价头颈部动脉狭窄,在判断ICVD病因方面具有优势。     

Laparoscopic colectomy for persistent descending mesocolon in sigmoid colon cancer: A case report

A 55-year-old-man underwent laparoscopic sigmoidectomy for sigmoid colon cancer. Preoperative barium enema showed a slightly medial displacement of the descending colon, and the sigmoid colon was quite long. The operative findings showed that the descending colon was not fused with the retroperitoneum and shifted to the midline and the left colon adhered to the small mesentery and right pelvic wall. Thus, a diagnosis of persistent descending mesocolon (PDM) was made. The left colon, sigmoid colon, and superior rectal arteries often branch radially from the inferior mesenteric artery. The sigmoid mesentery shortens, and the inferior mesenteric vein is often close to the marginal vessels. By understanding the anatomical feature of PDM and devising surgical techniques, laparoscopic sigmoidectomy for sigmoid colon cancer with PDM could be performed without compromising its curative effect and safety.