Endothelial progenitor cells and arterial functions in the late convalescence period of Kawasaki disease

Aim:  The relationship was investigated between endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) level and arterial functions in the convalescence of Kawasaki disease (KD).
Methods:  Sixty-three children were divided into coronary artery lesion (CAL) group (group 1, n = 21), non-CAL group (group 2, n = 20) and control group (group 3, n = 22). EPCs were examined by flow cytometry and arterial functions (flow-mediated dilation [FMD], carotid artery stiffness index [SI]) were measured by ultrasound.
Results:  From group1 to group 3, FMD was 4.5%± 1.5%, 9.5%± 2.8% and 12.1%± 2.3% (p < 0.01 between any two groups); carotid artery SI was 4.10 ± 0.44, 3.81 ± 0.50 and 3.59 ± 0.46 (group 1 vs. group 2, p < 0.05; group 1 vs. group 3, p < 0.01; group 2 vs. group 3, p = 0.142) and the number of EPCs was 2.0 ± 0.6/μL, 4.2 ± 0.8/μL, 4.5 ± 0.7/μL (p < 0.01 for group1 vs. group 2 and group 1 vs. group 3; group 2 vs. group 3, p = 0.292). Multiple linear regressions analysis and correlation analysis identified that FMD and carotid artery SI were significant determinants of EPCs level and were all independently correlated with EPCs level.
Conclusions:  Our results indicate decreased EPCs are associated with arterial dysfunction in patients with CAL in the convalescence of KD. Our findings suggest EPCs may have a role in alteration of arterial functions.     

儿童再发川崎病77例临床特征回顾性分析

目的 探讨再发川崎病(KD)的临床特点及其预后。方法 收集1994年1月至2012年10月重庆医科大学附属儿童医院收治的KD再发病例,比较初发时和复发时的临床特征、实验室指标和随访资料。并选取5～10年未再发KD病例作为对照组,探讨KD再发可能的危险因素。结果 19年间收治KD 4 875例,其中再发KD 77例,再发1次74例,再发2次3例,男∶女为1.4∶1。再发平均间隔时间1.6年,1年以内再发45.4%（35/77）。发热病程再发时较初发时缩短 (7.6±3.1) vs ( 8.9 ± 3.8) d,P＜0.05;WBC和CRP水平再发时较初发时显著降低,(14.3±5.7) vs (16.2 ±5.4)×109·L-1和(61±58) vs ( 95±76) mg·L-1,P均<0.05。急性期（病程≤30 d）冠状动脉病变（CAL ）发生率初发时为17.8%（13/73) ,再发时为13.3%( 10/75);应用IVIG后亚急性期（病程>30 d）CAL发生率初发时为11.0%（8/73),再发时为9.3%（7/75),组间比较差异均无统计学意义。7例初发时与再发时均有CAL,其中1例初发时与再发时均合并冠状动脉瘤（CAA）。52例KD再发患儿有出院后随访资料,随访时间平均2.1年,其中1 例再发时合并左侧冠状动脉主干小型CAA的患儿随访中出现新发部位左前降支瘤样扩张,冠状动脉内径回缩至正常后4年7个月再次出现左侧冠状动脉扩张。多因素Logistic分析显示,年龄＜3岁、性别、热程＞10 d、并发CAL及WBC>20×109·L-1均与KD再发无统计学关联。结论 KD再发多发生在1年内。再发KD的CAL总发生率并未升高,初发时合并CAL患儿,再发时更易发生CAL。     

Intravenous γ-Globulin for Kawasaki Disease

We studied the effect of γ-globulin (IVGG) and aspirin (ASA) on the development of the coronary artery lesions (CAL) of Kawasaki disease (KD) in three different protocols. Within 29 days of the onset of KD the echocardiographic evidence of CAL had developed in 39–42% of the patients in the ASA group, but only in 13.7–20.8% of the patients treated with IVGG (200 or 400 mgγkgX5). In long-term follow-up observation of CAL of these patients the evidence of CAL in both the ASA and the IVGG group regressed gradually; however, the residual rate of CAL was significantly low in the IVGG group at all times up to 24 months after onset. These facts suggest that when using IVGG for KD, we should select a dose of intact γ-globulin, 1,000 mgγkg or more in total, to prevent the occurrence of CAL. We have demonstrated not only a significant reduction in the occurrence of CAL in patients treated with IVGG but a reduction in the residual rate of CAL for two years as compared with those treated by ASA.     

静脉输注丙种球蛋白防治川崎病冠状动脉病变的疗效

目的评价静脉输注丙种球蛋白(IVIG)治疗和预防川崎病(KD)冠状动脉病变(CAL)的疗效,探讨IVIG疗效的影响因素。方法对314例KD患儿的临床资料进行回顾性对比观察。按治疗将患儿分为阿司匹林(ASA) IVIG组和ASA组,观察两组CAL发生、恢复情况、不同时机不同剂量IVIG治疗KD疗效、临床及实验室指标,急性期出现CAL者分别于病程1,3,6,12个月复查。结果ASA IVIG组CAL发生率34.3%,ASA组56.0%,两组比较P<0.001。应IVIG2.0g/kg或1.0g/kg以及在病程3～10d应用IVIG,CAL发牛率低,P<0.05。22.2?L发生在IVIG治疗后;13.4?L在病程12个月仍不能恢复正常,多数为IVIG治疗开始时间超过10d者。ASA IVIG组住院时间、退热时间、总热程缩短,血小板计数、血沉、C反应蛋白显著降低(P<0.05)。IVIG耐药病例占10.5%。结论IVIG治疗可显著缩短KD病程和降低CAL发生,但对川崎病CAL防治并非人们所预期的那样有效,实际疗效需要再评价。     

2012至2016年单中心川崎病流行病学及临床特征研究

目的了解川崎病(KD)患病情况及临床特征,探讨KD冠状动脉损害(CAL)及IVIG耐药的危险因素。方法回顾性分析华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院2012年1月1日至2016年12月31日初诊的KD患儿的临床资料,比较分析KD治疗前后,典型和不完全KD,KD伴或不伴CAL,IVIG敏感或耐药的临床特征,分析CAL发生和IVIG耐药的危险因素。结果725例KD患儿进入本文分析,男∶女为1.61∶1,平均年龄（2.7±2.3）岁;不完全KD 206例（28.4%）,典型KD 519例;CAL 216例（29.8%）,IVIG耐药61例（8.4%）;治疗中仅使用阿司匹林者70例（9.6%）。KD伴CAL的危险因素为IVIG耐药（OR=5.138,95%CI：1.835~14.836）和氨基末端脑钠肽前体（NT-proBNP）≥1 000 pg·mL-1（OR=2.723,95%CI：1.110~6.679）。IVIG耐药的危险因素为出现CAL（OR=2.586,95%CI：1.067~6.271）。结论KD患病人数、CAL和IVIG耐药患儿有增加趋势。IVIG耐药和NT-proBNP≥1 000 pg·mL-1为KD伴CAL的危险因素,而发生CAL为IVIG耐药的危险因素。     

川崎病患儿外周血基质金属蛋白酶1的表达及其与冠状动脉损伤的关系

目的观察基质金属蛋白酶1（matrix metalloproteinase-1,MMP-1）在川崎病患儿外周血不同时期的表达水平,探讨其在冠状动脉（简称冠脉）损伤中的作用。方法40例川崎病患儿（无冠脉损伤组23例,冠脉损伤组17例）,按病程分为急性期、亚急性期和恢复期;另分别以10例败血症患儿、10例健康儿童为发热对照组和正常对照组。应用酶联免疫吸附法检测血清MMP-1蛋白水平、逆转录聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）检测外周血白细胞MMP-1 mRNA表达水平。结果急性期有、无冠脉损伤组血清MMP-1和白细胞表达MMP-1 mRNA水平均明显高于发热对照组和正常对照组（均P〈0．01）,且冠脉损伤组MMP-1蛋白和mRNA水平较无冠脉损伤组升高更为显著（P〈0．05）;到亚急性期、恢复期时MMP-1蛋白和mRNA水平依次明显降低（各期间比较,均P〈0．01）。川崎病组急性期血清MMP-1蛋白水平与外周血白细胞计数呈显著正相关（r=0．750,P〈0．01）。结论MMP-1在川崎病急性期,尤其在冠脉损伤时表达明显升高;MMP-1的过度表达可能与川崎病冠脉损伤的形成有关。     

Children with type 2 diabetes mellitus are at greater risk of macrovascular complications

Background:  Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is a risk factor for macrovascular complications in adults. Recently young-onset type 2 DM has increased worldwide and the increase of macrovascular complications in the young is worrisome.
Methods:  Plasma values for plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) as a marker for promotion, and adiponectin as a marker for inhibition of atherosclerosis, were compared in 33 patients with type 1 DM (16 boys, 17 girls; age 14.9 ± 3.7 years, mean ± standard deviation) with those of 43 patients with type 2 DM (15 boys, 28 girls; age 16.5 ± 3.5 years).
Results:  The PAI-1 level was significantly higher (19.3 ± 8.1 vs 32.9 ± 17.2 ng/ml; P < 0.001) and the adiponectin level was significantly lower (10.1 ± 3.8 vs 7.4 ± 3.7 µg/ml; P < 0.005) in the type 2 DM group. In obese patients, the PAI-1 level was significantly higher ( P < 0.005) and the adiponectin level was lower ( P = 0.15) in the type 2 DM group. Also, in the non-obese subjects, the PAI-1 level was significantly higher ( P < 0.05) and the adiponectin level was lower ( P = 0.11) in the type 2 DM group.
Conclusions:  Even in young patients, type 2 DM is a risk factor for macrovascular complications compared with type 1 DM.     

Cross-calibration of multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis with eight-point tactile electrodes and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry for assessment of body composition in healthy children aged 6–18 years

Background:  In diagnosis and treatment of obesity, body composition analysis including percent body fat (%BF) is useful in the clinical setting. Because bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) could be used quickly, easily and was non-invasive in clinical setting, the purpose of the present study was to evaluate the usefulness of multi-frequency BIA with eight-point tactile electrodes (MF-BIA8; InBody 720, Biospace) compared with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in healthy children and adolescents.
Methods:  A total of 166 children and adolescents under 18 (male, n  = 86; female, n  = 80) were recruited. Height, weight, body mass index (BMI) and Tanner stage were measured for each subject. The body composition such as fat-free mass (FFM), fat mass (FM), and %BF was measured on BIA and DXA and compared.
Results:  On linear regression analysis, DXA FFM = 1.006(BIA FFM) + 0.554, R ² = 0.99 and the standard error of the estimate (SEE) was 1.16 kg; DXA FM = 0.971(BIA FM) – 0.596, R ² = 0.93; SEE, 1.34 kg; and DXA %BF = 0.940(BIA %BF) – 1.026, R ² = 0.858; SEE, 3.03%. Limit of agreement in FFM, FM, and %BF was 0.7 ± 2.3 kg, −0.9 ± 2.9 kg and –2.2 ± 6.1%, respectively.
Conclusions:  Although the %BF was not interchangeable with DXA, MF-BIA8 (InBody 720; Biospace) could be used to measure body composition of children and adolescents in the clinical field because of its high precision.     

Peritonitis rates and common microorganisms in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis and automated peritoneal dialysis

Background:  The aim of the present study was to perform a multicenter investigation in Turkish children on chronic peritoneal dialysis by examining the rates of peritonitis as well as causative organisms according to year.
Methods:  Twelve pediatric renal units participated in this study and data were obtained by review of the medical records.
Results:  One hundred and thirty-two patients were on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), 21 were on automated peritoneal dialysis (APD) and 59 were on CAPD and APD at different times. Mean durations of CAPD and APD were 24.2 ± 21.1 months and 22.9 ± 12.8 months, respectively. Seventy-one (33%) out of 212 patients had no peritonitis episode. Overall peritonitis rate was one episode per 15.5 patient-months. The peritonitis rate was one episode per 15.4 patient-months for APD and one episode per 15.6 patient-months for CAPD. Coagulase-negative staphylococcus was the most common cause of peritonitis among patients with positive culture (20.6%). While the incidence of Gram-negative infection remained unchanged according to year in patients on CAPD ( P  = 0.68), the rate of Gram-negative peritonitis in children on APD was significantly higher ( P  = 0.03).
Conclusions:  Peritonitis rate was similar in CAPD and APD, but the risk of Gram-negative peritonitis in APD was higher than that of CAPD.     

Dermatological side effects and complications of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in preschool-age and school-age children

Objective:  The objective of this study was to evaluate whether very young children develop more dermatological complications during insulin pump treatment compared with school children.
Study design:  Cross-sectional study in 78 consecutive children using insulin pump treatment >4 months.
Results:  Children in group A [n = 40, 28 males (M) and 12 females (F)] were 2.3 ± 1.3 yr (±SD) and those in group B (n = 38, 13 M and 25 F) were 11.0 ± 2.9 yr old at the start of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII). The mean duration of CSII was similar in both groups (23.6 ± 16.5 months in group A and 21.8 ± 16.1 in group B). The most common dermatological complications were scars <3 mm (50% in group A vs. 71% in group B, p < 0.05) and lipohypertrophic areas at the insertion sites (45% in group vs. 47% in group B). Local abscesses and blisters were rare findings in both groups (7.5–12%), none leading to interruption or stop of CSII.
Conclusions:  Dermatological side effects during CSII are not more frequent or severe in very young diabetic children compared with diabetic children in school age.     

Effect of Carelink, an internet-based insulin pump monitoring system, on glycemic control in rural and urban children with type 1 diabetes mellitus

Objective:  To determine whether use of the internet-based insulin pump monitoring system, Carelink, improved glycemic control in rural and urban children treated with insulin pump therapy.
Research design:  We reviewed records of 94 children treated with insulin pump therapy between the years 2004 and 2007 and compared glycemic control, diabetes self-care measures, frequency of clinic visits, and geographic location associated with Carelink use.
Results:  Carelink users showed improvement in hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels [8.0 ± 0.1 (SE) vs. 7.7 ± 0.1 (SE), p = 0.002]. Carelink users uploaded pump and glucometer data 2.2 ± 1.8 (SD) times per month over 0.8 ± 0.4 (SD) yr. Patients who had no access to carelink software and were followed in a conventional manner showed no change in HbA1c levels [8.0 ± 0.2 (SE) vs. 8.1 ± 0.2 (SE), p = 0.17] during the study period. Carelink non-users, defined as patients who had Carelink access but did not use it, had a higher HbA1c level at the start of the study and did not change over the study period [8.9 ± 0.2 (SE) vs. 9.0 ± 0.3 (SE), p = 0.82]. Rural Carelink users showed improvement in HbA1c levels following Carelink use [7.9 ± 0.2 (SE) vs. 7.4 ± 0.2 (SE), p = 0.001], yet had significantly fewer clinic visits per year compared with urban patients [2.8 ± 0.2 (SE) vs. 3.5 ± 0.1 (SE), p = 0.001].
Conclusion:  Use of the Carelink system was associated with improved glycemic control in children with type 1 diabetes on insulin pump therapy.     

High incidence of meropenem resistance among α-hemolytic streptococci in children with cancer

Background:  Infections caused by antibiotics-resistant Gram-positive bacteria have been reported from many pediatric hematology–oncology centers.
Methods:  The susceptibility profiles to meropenem, piperacillin, and vancomycin among oral flora isolates of α-hemolytic streptococci (AHS) obtained from six children with cancer who received several empirical therapies (ET) against febrile neutropenia, were investigated.
Results:  Meropenem minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of AHS isolated from ET patients was 2.167 ± 0.258 μg/mL (mean ± SD), which was significantly higher than the MIC of AHS isolated from control groups. Intriguingly, AHS isolated approximately 6 months after hospital discharge indicated recovery of susceptibility to meropenem.
Conclusions:  AHS isolates from neutropenic children with cancer should be checked for antibiotic susceptibility, even against carbapenems.     

No differences between group versus individual treatment of childhood anxiety disorders in a randomised clinical trial

Background:  The present study compares an individual versus a group format in the delivery of manualised cognitive-behavioural therapy (FRIENDS) for children with anxiety disorders. Clinically referred children (aged 8 to 12) diagnosed with Separation Anxiety Disorder ( n  = 52), Generalised Anxiety Disorder ( n  = 37), Social Phobia ( n  = 22) or Specific Phobia ( n  = 16) were randomly assigned to individual ( n  = 65) or group ( n  = 62) treatment.
Method:  Analyses were conducted separately for the intent-to-treat sample and the sample of children who completed treatment. Analyses included chi-square comparisons and regression analyses with treatment format as a predictor.
Results:  Forty-eight percent of the children in the individual versus 41% in the group treatment were free of any anxiety disorder at post-treatment; 62% versus 54% were free of their primary anxiety disorder. Regression analyses showed no significant difference in outcome between individual and group treatment.
Conclusions:  Children improved in both conditions. Choice between treatments could be based on pragmatic considerations such as therapeutic resources, referral rates, and the preference of the parents and the child.     

Relationship between expression of Pad1 homologue and multidrug resistance of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome

Background:  Multidrug resistance is an occasionally seen phenomenon in children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS), but the mechanism of multidrug resistance is not clear as yet. The purpose of the present study was to investigated whether expression of Pad1 homologue ( POH1 ) plays a role in the onset of multidrug resistance of INS.
Methods:  Comparison was done of the mRNA level of POH1 on real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction in peripheral blood mononuclear cells among children with multidrug-resistant INS, children with steroid-sensitive INS and healthy controls.
Results:  The POH1 mRNA level of the onset INS group (5852.3 ± 2676.4 copies/µg) was significantly lower than that of the control group (10 877.1 ± 2386.6 copies/µg; P < 0.05). The POH1 mRNA level of the onset INS group with multidrug resistance was not significantly higher than that of the onset INS group without multidrug-resistance before treatment (6977.1 ± 6312.3 copies/µg vs 5281.3 ± 1926.7 copies/µg; P > 0.05), but significantly higher than that of the onset INS group without multidrug resistance after treatment (436 579.6 ± 99 727.4 copies/µg vs 38 438.2 ± 16 772.5 copies/µg; P < 0.001). The POH1 mRNA level of non-onset multidrug-resistant INS group (337 446.4 ± 107 423.5 copies/µg) after treatment was not significantly higher than that of the onset INS group with multidrug resistance after treatment (436 579.6 ± 99 727.4 copies/µg; P > 0.05), but was significantly higher than that of the onset INS group without multidrug resistance after treatment (38 438.2 ± 16 772.5 copies/µg; P < 0.001).
Conclusions:  Disorder of POH1 expression is involved in the onset of INS, and confers multidrug resistance in children with INS.     

Pyuria is not always sterile in children with Kawasaki disease

Background:  Although Kawasaki disease (KD) often presents with sterile pyuria, bacterial pyuria (urinary tract infection [UTI]) occasionally occurs.
Methods:  This was a retrospective cohort study of 285 children with KD diagnosed between 1995 and 2005. Among these patients, a total of 210 patients underwent routine urine tests and 75 children underwent urine culture tests. This study was conducted to investigate the incidence, clinical manifestations, management and outcome of KD with pyuria.
Results:  The incidence of pyuria was 29.5% (62/210). Among the 75 children undergoing urine culture tests, 34 had sterile pyuria (45.3%), eight had bacterial pyuria (10.7%), two had UTI without pyuria (2.7%) and 31 had neither pyuria nor UTI (41.3%). When pyuria was used as a predictor of KD with UTI, the positive and negative predictive values were 19% and 93.9%, respectively. There were no significant differences in demographic data, clinical presentations, laboratory results, duration of fever, ratio of resistant KD or risk level, except in the nitrite test, between both groups.
Conclusions:  Pyuria was not always sterile in patients with KD. Although there was no different clinical phenotype or coronary outcome in KD patients with or without UTI, we suggest that UTI should be considered and evaluated in KD patients with pyuria, a positive nitrite test or a positive result of urine culture. If UTI is definitively diagnosed, the patient should be treated for a UTI as well as for KD and complete post-UTI work-up is recommended.     

Do Kawasaki disease patients without coronary artery abnormalities need a long-term follow-up? A myocardial single-photon emission computed tomography pilot study

Objective:   To determine the frequency and risk factors for long-term myocardial perfusion scintigraphy abnormalities in patients with Kawasaki disease (KD).
Methods:   A cohort of patients with KD at least 3 years after disease onset and with persistent coronary artery aneurysms (CAA) (group 1) or without CAA (group 2) underwent stress–rest myocardial single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Clinical and laboratory parameters at disease onset were considered to assess their predictive value for the development of myocardial perfusion abnormalities.
Results:   Forty patients, 20 in group 1 and 20 in group 2, entered the study. The two groups turned out to be comparable for demographic, clinical and laboratory characteristics. Five patients (12.5%), two in group 1 and three in group 2, had abnormal myocardial perfusion assessed by SPECT. Neither the presence of CAA nor the overall cardiac involvement at the disease onset significantly increased the risk for these abnormalities.
Conclusion:   Cardiac SPECT abnormalities are not unusual in KD and can be found in patients with or without CAA. If confirmed in a larger cohort of patients, these preliminary data indicate that careful long-term cardiac follow-up should be considered, regardless of the presence of CAA.     

Effects of formula supplementation in breast-fed infants with failure to thrive

Background:  The aim of the present study was to assess whether formula supplementation of infants with failure to thrive can improve underweight without jeopardizing breast-feeding.
Methods:  In a prospective intervention study 31 term exclusively breast-fed infants were studied, who were admitted to hospital at an age of 28–99 days with failure to thrive (≤40% expected weight gain for age and/or bodyweight ≤10th percentile for age) without underlying disease. Infant formula was offered ad libitum after each breast-feeding, while continued breast-feeding was supported.
Results:  Energy intake per day increased from 352 ± 111 kJ/kg (mean ± SD) at study start to 587 ± 115 kJ/kg ( P  < 0.001, days 1–3 of supplementation) and 501 ± 99 kJ/kg (days 29–31; P  < 0.001 vs study entry). Twenty-five infants continued to be partially ( n  = 21) or fully ( n  = 4) breast-fed. Human milk intake decreased from 476 ± 163 g/day (study days 1–3) to 349 ± 285 g/day (study days 29–31; P  < 0.01). The contribution of breast milk to total milk intake decreased from 100% to 42 ± 35% ( P  < 0.001). Supplementation over 31 days led to increased weight (0.98 [0.70], standard deviation scores [SDS]), length (+0.40 [0.41] SDS) and head circumference (+0.59 [0.93] SDS).
Conclusions:  One month of formula supplementation successfully improved growth in 72% of infants with failure to thrive on human milk feeding. Breast-feeding was maintained in 81% of infants.     

SAA1基因rs4638289及rs7131332位点多态性与川崎病的相关性研究

目的 探讨血清淀粉样蛋白A1（SAA1）基因rs4638289、rs7131332位点多态性与川崎病（KD）患儿发病及其并发冠状动脉病变（CAL）的相关性。方法 随机选取2013~2017年间住院治疗的105例汉族KD患儿为KD组，另选取同期行健康体检的100例汉族儿童为对照组。KD组根据是否合并CAL，分为CAL组（n=23）和无冠状动脉病变（NCAL）组（n=82）。运用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性分析法分析各组SAA1基因rs4638289、rs7131332位点多态性。结果 KD组SAA1基因rs4638289位点AA、AT、TT基因型分布和A、T等位基因分布与对照组比较差异均无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。CAL组rs4638289位点AA、AT、TT基因型分布与NCAL组比较差异有统计学意义（P=0.016），A、T等位基因分布比较差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）；携带AT基因型是KD并发CAL的保护因素（OR=0.276，95% CI：0.099~0.772，P=0.011）。KD组SAA1基因rs7131332位点AA、AG、GG基因型分布和A、G等位基因分布与对照组比较差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。CAL组rs7131332位点AA、AG、GG基因型分布和A、G等位基因分布与NCAL组比较差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。结论 SAA1基因rs4638289、rs7131332位点多态性与KD发病无关，但rs4638289位点多态性与KD并发CAL有关，携带AT基因型可能使KD并发CAL风险降低。     

经胸超声心动图和螺旋CT冠状动脉成像在川崎病冠状动脉病变随访中应用价值的比较

目的　比较经胸超声心动图（TTE）和螺旋CT冠状动脉成像（CTA）在川崎病（KD）患儿冠状动脉病变（CAL）随访中的价值。方法　回顾性分析青岛大学附属妇女儿童医院2017年6月至2020年1月收治的512例KD患儿的TTE和CTA资料。512例中29例于急性期TTE检查发现CAL而恢复期TTE显示冠状动脉正常,或急性期TTE检查冠状动脉正常但恢复期随访过程中TTE检查冠状动脉可疑异常,或多人次TTE检查冠状动脉测量结果不一致者,将其分为急性期合并CAL（急性期CAL）组以及急性期未合并CAL（急性期Non-CAL）组。所有患儿于恢复期行TTE和CTA检查,分析CAL好发部位、大小、数目和风险分级,比较TTE和CTA对KD患儿CAL的评估价值。结果　29例KD患儿恢复期TTE发现冠状动脉瘤/扩张数19支,CTA发现28支,其中急性期Non-CAL组TTE较CTA漏诊7支（P＜0.05）,分别为左冠状动脉主干（LMCA） 4支,冠状动脉左回旋支（LCX） 3支;两种检查方法对急性期CAL组CAL风险分级评估差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,但对急性期Non-CAL组CAL分级评估差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）,其中TTE评估9例为CAL Ⅰ级,而CTA评估仅4例为Ⅰ级,6例为Ⅲa级,其中1例为TTE冠状动脉无异常。TTE测量的29例KD患儿的LMCA Z值较CTA小（P＜0.01）,而LAD Z值较CTA大（P＜0.05）;另外,急性期CAL组TTE显示分别有5例LMCA Z值和3例RCA Z值正常,但CTA均显示其Z值异常（P＜0.05）;急性期Non-CAL组TTE显示4例患儿LMCA Z值正常,而CTA显示其Z值异常（P＜0.05）。结论　对于急性期发生CAL但恢复期TTE检查正常或急性期未发现CAL而恢复期TTE疑似CAL者不宜单纯采用TTE评估CAL,而应给予CTA验证。     

The addition of rosiglitazone to insulin in adolescents with type 1 diabetes and poor glycaemic control: a randomized-controlled trial

Objective:  To evaluate the effect of rosiglitazone, an insulin sensitizer, on glycaemic control and insulin resistance in adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM)
Research design and methods:  Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial of rosiglitazone (4 mg twice daily) vs. placebo (24 wk each, with a 4 wk washout period). Entry criteria were diabetes duration >1 yr, age 10–18 yr, puberty (≥Tanner breast stage 2 or testicular volume >4 mL), insulin dose ≥1.1 units/kg/day, and haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) >8%. Responses to rosiglitazone were compared with placebo using paired t -tests.
Results:  Of 36 adolescents recruited (17 males), 28 completed the trial. At baseline, age was 13.6 ± 1.8 yr, HbA1c 8.9 ± 0.96%, body mass index standard deviation scores (BMI-SDS) 0.94 ± 0.74 and insulin dose 1.5 ± 0.3 units/kg/day. Compared with placebo, rosiglitazone resulted in decreased insulin dose (5.8% decrease vs. 9.4% increase, p = 0.02), increased serum adiponectin (84.8% increase vs. 26.0% decrease, p < 0.01), increased cholesterol (+0.5 mmol/L vs. no change, p = 0.02), but no significant change in HbA1c (−0.3 vs. −0.1, p = 0.57) or BMI-SDS (0.08 vs. 0.04, p = 0.31). Insulin sensitivity was highly variable in the seven subjects who consented to euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic clamps. There were no major adverse effects attributable to rosiglitazone.
Conclusion:  The addition of rosiglitazone to insulin did not improve HbA1c in this group of normal weight adolescents with T1DM.