神经电生理检查对神经根型颈椎病与肘管综合征的鉴别诊断价值

目的：探讨神经电生理检查对神经根型颈椎病与肘管综合征的鉴别诊断价值。方法：对14例以手部内在肌萎缩为主要临床表现的患者进行双上肢体感诱发电位（somatosensory evoked potential，SEP）、双侧正中神经和尺神经传导速度（nerve conduction velocity，NCV）、双侧第一背侧骨间肌和尺侧腕屈肌肌电罔（electromyogram，EMG）检查。结果：3例以尺神经肘上-肘下段传导速度减慢大于10m／s及第一背侧骨间肌神经源性损害为主，诊断为肘管综合征；4例以SEP颈髓至外周电位（N9-N13）峰间潜伏期延长和尺侧腕屈肌、第一背侧骨间肌神经源性损害为主，诊断为神经根型颈椎病；7例为尺侧腕屈肌及第一背侧骨间肌神经源性损害、尺神经肘上-肘下段传导速度减慢大于10m／s、SEPN9-N13峰间潜伏期延长，诊断为二者合并存在。手术治疗10例，术中所见均与神经电生理检查结果相符。结论：神经电生理检查在神经根型颈椎病与肘管综合征的鉴别诊断中具有重要提示意义。     

108例腕管综合征正中神经传导测定结果分析

分析１０８例腕管综合征正中神经传导测定结果，以求最敏感的电诊断指标。比较１０８例正中神经复合肌肉动作电位，肘至腕的运动传导速度测定及指至腕部的感觉神经动作电位三项。指标异常检测率，表明拇指至腕段的感觉传导速度减慢是最敏感的电诊断参量。１０８例中伴有前臂段运动传导速度减慢的占１０．５％。同组病例无症状上肢出现电生理异常者为２０％，指示有亚临床的腕管部神经卡压存在的可能。     

格林-巴利综合征患者的神经肌电图分析

目的:学习研究患者肌电图以及神经肌肉传导测定对格林-巴利综合征(GBS)患者的在临床实践中的全新价值和意义.方法:通过肌电图设备给60例GBS患者对感觉神经元传导速度、运动神经元传导速度及肌电图三项进行检测.结果:肌电图出现自发电位主要因为平均动作电位时限延长,运动神经传导战缓63％,然而感觉神经传导降低或测不出51％.结论:神经肌电电生理测试肌电图分析不但用于GBS患者的附带检查.还可以整体性来决定和评估GBS患者外周神经元由近到远损害的特征、面积、严重与否等,对GBS的诊治疗和预后分析评估均有重要的价值.     

利用外固定架进行神经牵引治疗周围神经缺损的疗效观察

目的通过缓慢延长神经的方法治疗大段神经缺损,并与传统的腓肠神经移植进行疗效比较。方法 2016年1月-2018年6月共入选17例周围神经缺损患者,分为观察组8例和对照组9例。观察组采用自制的外固定架对缺损神经进行缓慢延长,每日1 mm,对照组采用传统的腓肠神经移植方式治疗神经缺损。术后1年对比两组BMRC神经功能评定等级以及神经电生理检查,测量修复神经的运动传导速度、运动电位潜伏期及感觉传导。结果两组MBRC功能评价优良率:观察组87.5%,对照组88.9%,两组间无明显差异。观察组的运动神经传导速度(m/s)、运动电位潜伏期(ms)、感觉神经传导速度(m/s)分别为(38.32±3.42)、(6.63±1.15)、(45.34±3.12);对照组为(39.71±3.17)、(6.40±1.25)、(46.75±2.15),两组间无明显差异。结论利用自制的外固定架对大段缺损的周围神经进行牵引可以达到满意的治疗效果,为周围神经缺损的治疗提供了一种新的方法。     

足部护理对糖尿病周围神经病变预后的影响

目的探讨足部护理对糖尿病周围神经病变患者下肢神经传导速度及症状的影响。方法将42例2型糖尿病周围神经病变患者随机均分为对照组和观察组各21例，两组均给予糖尿病饮食和规范的降血糖治疗，控制血糖达标，同时配合活血化淤类药物及营养神经治疗。观察组在此基础上配合实施足部护理．教育指导，时间3个月。评价治疗前后患者双侧腓神经和胫后神经感觉神经传导速度及双下肢症状改善情况。结果观察组治疗效果和感觉神经传导速度改善状况显著优于对照组（P〈0．05。P〈0．01）。结论足部护理有利于糖尿病周围神经病变患者下肢神经传导速度的恢复及症状改善，有利于预防糖尿病足的发生。     

硬膜外移植自体髓核对大鼠神经根功能和组织学的影响

目的：探讨无机械压迫时，腰椎间盘髓核突出引起腰腿痛的发病机制。方法：用硬膜外穿刺的方法给大鼠注射生理盐水及自体髓核混悬液，并对机械刺激缩爪阈值、马尾神经传导速度，神经根组织形态、疼痛行为进行了测定和观察。结果：大鼠硬膜外移植自体髓核能产生明显的痛觉过敏反应，马尾神经传导速度和神经根组织形态产生明显改变。结论：髓核所致的炎症反应是引起坐骨神经痛的重要原因之一。     

臂丛神经损伤的多种神经电生理诊断

本文对96例臂丛神经损伤患者进行肌电图与运动神经传导速度检查,结果发现损伤神经支配的肌肉肌电图有纤颤电位、正相电位等神经原损害表现;受损的臂丛神经运动神经传导速度有不同程度的减慢或缺失。18例臂丛神经损伤的病人还同时测定了感觉神经动作电位和体感诱发电位,以判断臂丛神经损伤在节前或节后,并与手术发现作了对比。本文认为用多种神经电生理检查方法能客观、准确地诊断臂丛神经损伤的部位、程度,对确定治疗、估计预后有重要意义。     

足部护理对糖尿病周围神经病变预后的影响

目的 探讨足部护理对糖尿病周围神经病变患者下肢神经传导速度及症状的影响.方法 将42例2型糖尿病周围神经病变患者随机均分为对照组和观察组各21例,两组均给予糖尿病饮食和规范的降血糖治疗,控制血糖达标,同时配合活血化淤类药物及营养神经治疗.观察组在此基础上配合实施足部护理,教育指导,时间3个月.评价治疗前后患者双侧腓神经和胫后神经感觉神经传导速度及双下肢症状改善情况.结果 观察组治疗效果和感觉神经传导速度改善状况显著优于对照组(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).结论 足部护理有利于糖尿病周围神经病变患者下肢神经传导速度的恢复及症状改善,有利于预防糖尿病足的发生.     

正中神经返支卡压征二例

病例1男,16岁.因双手拇指无力,大鱼际肌萎缩4个月而来我院就诊.专科检查:右手大鱼际肌萎缩(++),左手大鱼际肌萎缩(+),双手拇指外展、对掌受限,双手拇指及大鱼际痛温觉正常.神经电生理检查:双侧拇短展肌肌电图为神经性损害,正中神经远端运动潜伏期(LAT)延长,复合肌肉动作电位(CMAP)波幅降低,正中神经感觉传导速度(SCV)、感觉神经动作电位(SNAP)正常.     

正中神经返支卡压征二例

病例1男,16岁.因双手拇指无力,大鱼际肌萎缩4个月而来我院就诊.专科检查:右手大鱼际肌萎缩(++),左手大鱼际肌萎缩(+),双手拇指外展、对掌受限,双手拇指及大鱼际痛温觉正常.神经电生理检查:双侧拇短展肌肌电图为神经性损害,正中神经远端运动潜伏期(LAT)延长,复合肌肉动作电位(CMAP)波幅降低,正中神经感觉传导速度(SCV)、感觉神经动作电位(SNAP)正常.     

Foot deformities in children with hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy

The authors reviewed 104 feet from 52 consecutive children with hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSN) seen for the first time in clinics in two pediatric institutions between 1996 and 2003. Sixty-nine feet had a cavovarus deformity, 23 feet had a planovalgus deformity, and 12 feet had no significant deformity. All cases with deformity had bilateral involvement, and of those with deformity, only 45% had symmetric involvement. In HMSN I, III, IV, V, and X-linked HMSN, cavovarus was the most common deformity. However, in HMSN II, 55% of feet had a planovalgus deformity, 36% had a cavovarus deformity, and 9% had no deformity. In all, 43 feet underwent surgery of some type. Surgery, and in particularly combined bony and soft tissue procedures, was performed much more frequently on feet with cavovarus than planovalgus deformities. Soft tissue surgery alone was performed at an earlier age than combined bony and soft tissue surgery.     

Outcomes of cubital tunnel surgery among patients with absent sensory nerve conduction

OBJECTIVE: To report the outcomes of cubital tunnel surgery for patients with absent ulnar sensory nerve conduction. METHODS: The charts of 34 patients who exhibited clinical symptoms of ulnar nerve entrapment at the elbow and who had electromyography-confirmed prolonged motor nerve conduction across the cubital tunnel in association with absent sensory nerve conduction were reviewed. The mean age was 63 years, and the mean symptom duration was 17 months. Four patients had bilateral symptoms. Surgery was performed for 38 limbs, i.e., neurolysis for 21 limbs and subcutaneous transposition for 17 limbs. Fifteen limbs demonstrated associated ulnar nerve-related motor weakness. The mean postoperative follow-up period was 4 years (range, 3 mo to 11 yr). RESULTS: Sensory symptoms (i.e., pain, paresthesia, and two-point discrimination) improved in 20 limbs (53%), and muscle strength improved in 2 limbs (13%). Improvements in sensory symptoms were not related to patient age, symptom duration, cause, severity of prolonged motor nerve conduction, select psychological factors, associated medical diseases, associated cervical pathological conditions, or type of surgery. Improvements in sensory symptoms were significantly decreased among patients who had experienced cervical disease for more than 1 year and patients with bilateral symptoms. CONCLUSION: Patients with cubital tunnel syndrome who have absent sensory nerve conduction seem to experience less improvement of sensory symptoms after surgery, compared with all patients with cubital tunnel syndrome described in the literature. Bilateral symptoms and delayed surgery secondary to associated cervical spine disease seem to be significant negative factors for postoperative improvement of sensory symptoms. Sensory symptoms improved similarly among patients who underwent neurolysis or subcutaneous transposition     

Clinical analysis and outcomes of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with demyelinating polyneuropathy

Abnormalities of both motor and sensory nerve action potentials, similar to those found in demyelinating polyneuropathy, may occur in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). We analyzed the clinical features of unusual ALS patients with demyelinating polyneuropathy (DPN) to delineate the characteristics and outcomes of this rare condition. We reviewed three ALS patients with DPN who were confirmed to meet the electrophysiological nerve conduction criteria for DPN among 157 patients with ALS. At the initial neurological examination, one patient had both subjective sensory symptoms and abnormal results of sensory examinations, and one patient had sensory symptoms. Motor weakness of the limbs was present in all patients, and fasciculation was present in two patients. Anti-GalNAc-GD1a IgG antibodies were evident in one. Sural nerve biopsy showed a moderate, marginal reduction in myelin thickness, and teased fiber analysis revealed segmental demyelination and remyelination, but axonal degeneration was found in one patient. The mean interval from disease onset to respiratory failure or death in our three patients and seven previously documented ALS patients with DPN was 43.1 ± 18.7 months. Our findings suggest that survival in ALS with DPN is similar to that in classic ALS.     

Evaluation of the deformity in club foot by somatosensory evoked potentials

Somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) measure the conduction pathways from the periphery to the brain and can demonstrate the site of neurological impairment in a variety of locomotor conditions. SSEPs were studied in 44 children (64 feet) with surgically corrected club feet. Four children had unreproducible responses, 18 showed abnormal recordings and 22 showed normal responses. In a further 31 feet (21 children) subjected to motor electrophysiological tests, 16 (52%) were abnormal. Overall, 44 of 95 feet (46%) showed abnormal SSEPs or motor electrophysiological tests. Neurological abnormality was related both to the severity of the deformity and the surgical outcome. It was seen in 38% of feet with grade-2 and in 53% of feet with grade-3 deformity. A fair surgical result was obtained in 36% of feet with a conduction deficit and in only 6% with no abnormality. These results suggest an association between neurological abnormality as demonstrated by SSEPs or motor electrophysiological studies and the severity of deformity in club foot and its response to surgical treatment.     

Magnetic stimulation of motor cortex and motor roots for painless evaluation of central and proximal peripheral motor pathways. Normal values and clinical application in disorders of the lumbar spine

Magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex, motor roots, and proximal nerve trunks was performed in 46 healthy adults and in 73 consecutive patients with disorders of the lumbar spine. In combination with neurography and F-wave recordings, the fractionated stimulation of the motor pathways allowed calculation of conduction times of the pyramidal tract fibers, of the motor roots (ie, caudal fibers), and of the motor fibers of the lumbosacral plexus. Normal values for motor conduction times to the quadriceps, anterior tibial, and extensor digitorum brevis muscles were established. Patients had clinical and radiologic diagnoses of spinal stenosis (n = 43) and nerve root compression syndromes (n = 30). Motor conduction times to lower limb muscles were significantly delayed (above mean normal value +/- 2 x SD) in 65% of the patients with spinal stenosis and 50% of the patients with nerve root compression syndromes. Conduction slowing could be localized within the motor root and caudal fiber segment of the motor pathways in 80% of the patients in whom F-waves could be recorded. This method can be used to verify, quantify, and locate lesions of the motor pathways in conditions such as compression of the spinal cord, the caudal fibers (spinal stenosis), or the motor root passing through the intervertebral canal.     

Simple decompression or subcutaneous anterior transposition of the ulnar nerve for cubital tunnel syndrome

The purpose of this prospective randomised study was to evaluate which operative technique for treatment of cubital tunnel syndrome is preferable: subcutaneous anterior transposition or nerve decompression without transposition. This study included 66 patients suffering from pain and/or neurological deficits with clinically and electromyographically proven cubital tunnel syndrome. Thirty-two patients underwent nerve decompression without transposition and 34 underwent subcutaneous transposition of the nerve. Follow-up examinations evaluating pain, motor and sensory deficits as well as motor nerve conduction velocities, were performed 3 and 9 months postoperatively. There were no significant differences between the outcomes of the two groups at either postoperative follow-up examination. We recommend simple decompression of the nerve in cases without deformity of the elbow, as this is the less invasive operative procedure.     

Preferential block of small myelinated sensory and motor fibers by lidocaine: in vivo electrophysiology in the rat sciatic nerve.

BACKGROUND: Controversy still surrounds the differential susceptibility of nerve fibers to local anesthetics and its relation to selective functional deficits. In the current study we report features of conduction blockade in different classes of rat sciatic nerve fibers after injection of lidocaine by a percutaneous procedure that closely resembles clinical applications. METHODS: In 30 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (weight, 300-400 g) during general anesthesia, impulses were recorded in different classes of sensory axons (large, Aalpha and beta fibers; small, Adelta myelinated fibers and unmyelinated C fibers) and motor axons (large, Aalpha fibers; small, Agamma myelinated fibers) classified by conduction velocity. The sciatic nerve was stimulated distally, and impulses were recorded from small filaments teased from L4-L5 dorsal (sensory) and ventral (motor) roots sectioned acutely from the spinal cord. Lidocaine at concentration of 0.05-1% was injected percutaneously in 0.1-ml solutions at the sciatic notch. Both tonic (stimulated at 0.5 Hz) and use-dependent (stimulated at 40 Hz for Adelta and Agamma fibers and at 5 Hz for C fibers) impulse inhibitions by lidocaine were assayed. RESULTS: Minimal effective (threshold) lidocaine concentrations (i.e., to block conduction in 10% of fibers) were, for sensory, 0.03% for Adelta, 0.07% for Aalphabeta, and 0.09-0.1% for C fibers, and for motor, 0.03% for Agamma and 0.05% for Aalpha fibers. The order of fiber susceptibility, ranked by concentrations that gave peak tonic fiber blockade of 50% (IC50s), was Agamma > Adelta = Aalpha > Aalphabeta > C. Faster-conducting C fibers (conduction velocity > 1 m/s) were more susceptible (IC50 = 0.13%) than slower ones (conduction velocity < 1 m/s; IC50 = 0.30%). At 1% lidocaine, all fibers were tonically blocked. Use-dependent effects accounted for only a modest potentiation of block (at a lidocaine concentration of 0.25%) in Adelta and Agamma fibers, and in C fibers phasic stimulation had even smaller effects and sometimes relieved tonic block. CONCLUSIONS: Susceptibility to lidocaine does not strictly follow the "size principle" that smaller (slower) axons are always blocked first. This order of fiber blockade is qualitatively consistent with previous reports of the order of functional deficits in the rat after percutaneous lidocaine, that is, motor = proprioception > nociception, if we assume that motor deficits first arise from conduction failure in Agamma fibers and that nociception relies on C fiber conduction.     

不同神经毁损药对大鼠坐骨神经运动神经功能的影响

目的 评价不同神经毁损药物对大鼠坐骨神经运动神经功能的影响.方法 SD大鼠35只,随机分为7组(n=5):正常对照组(C组)、阿霉素组(Ad组)、无水乙醇组(Aa组)、8%酚甘油组(Pg1组)、10%酚甘油组(Pg2组)、12%酚甘油组(Pg3组)和庆大霉素组(Ci组).于臀肌间隙显露左侧坐骨神经,在坐骨神经穿入半膜肌和内收肌处注射相应药液各0.2 ml,C组:0.9%生理盐水,Ad组:5 mg/ml阿霉素,Aa组:无水乙醇,Pg1组:8%酚甘油,Pg2组:10%酚甘油,Pg3组:12%酚甘油,Ci组:4000 U/ml庆大霉素.于注药后21 d记录复合肌肉诱发电位波幅,并计算运动神经传导速度.结果 各组感觉神经传导速度均为0.与C组比较,其余各组运动神经传导速度和复合肌肉诱发电位波幅均明显降低(P＜0.05);Ad组运动神经传导速度和复合肌肉诱发电位波幅明显高于其它药物组(P＜0.05);Aa组及Pg3组运动神经传导速度和复合肌肉诱发电位波幅明显低于其余各组(P＜0.05).结论与无水乙醇、酚甘油及庆大霉素相比,5%阿霉素对大鼠运动神经功能的影响较小,提示其更适合作为神经毁损药物.     

Subclinical injury to forearm nerves during radial harvesting: electrophysiologic study

BACKGROUND AND AIM: There are few reports about injury to forearm nerves and its potential mechanisms during radial artery (RA) harvesting. We studied electrophysiologic changes in these nerves not sought until now. METHODS: Among 152 consecutive patients who underwent coronary artery bypass surgery between February 2002 and August 2002, 20 were randomized for RA harvesting and formed the study group and 20 were randomized as control group. Neurologic examination and electrophysiologic studies were performed for sensory and motor impairment of the nerves in both groups pre- and postoperatively. RESULTS: There was no change on neurologic examinations before and after surgery. Electromyography (EMG) revealed significant reduction in sensory and motor conduction amplitudes of median, ulnar, and radial nerves and motor conduction velocities of median and ulnar nerves at the level of forearm in the study group. In the control group, ulnar nerve was mostly affected. When two groups are compared, sensory and motor amplitude drops of median and radial nerves and motor velocity impairment of median nerve in the study group are significant. Ulnar nerve impairments are identical in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Handling of tissues, minor hematoma or edema along with chest retraction best explains these impairments. Patients were asymptomatic after surgery showing that EMG is highly sensitive and is not predictive of clinical impairment.     

Preferential Block of Small Myelinated Sensory and Motor Fibers by Lidocaine: In Vivo Electrophysiology in the Rat Sciatic Nerve

Background : Controversy still surrounds the differential susceptibility of nerve fibers to local anesthetics and its relation to selective functional deficits. In the current study we report features of conduction blockade in different classes of rat sciatic nerve fibers after injection of lidocaine by a percutaneous procedure that closely resembles clinical applications.

Methods : In 30 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (weight, 300-400 g) during general anesthesia, impulses were recorded in different classes of sensory axons (large, A[alpha] and [beta] fibers; small, A[delta] myelinated fibers and unmyelinated C fibers) and motor axons (large, A[alpha] fibers; small, A[gamma] myelinated fibers) classified by conduction velocity. The sciatic nerve was stimulated distally, and impulses were recorded from small filaments teased from L4-L5 dorsal (sensory) and ventral (motor) roots sectioned acutely from the spinal cord. Lidocaine at concentration of 0.05-1% was injected percutaneously in 0.1-ml solutions at the sciatic notch. Both tonic (stimulated at 0.5 Hz) and use-dependent (stimulated at 40 Hz for A[delta] and A[gamma] fibers and at 5 Hz for C fibers) impulse inhibitions by lidocaine were assayed.

Results : Minimal effective (threshold) lidocaine concentrations (i.e., to block conduction in 10% of fibers) were, for sensory, 0.03% for A[delta], 0.07% for A[alpha][beta], and 0.09-0.1% for C fibers, and for motor, 0.03% for A[gamma] and 0.05% for A[alpha] fibers. The order of fiber susceptibility, ranked by concentrations that gave peak tonic fiber blockade of 50% (IC50s), was A[gamma] > A[delta] = A[alpha] > A[alpha][beta] > C. Faster-conducting C fibers (conduction velocity > 1 m/s) were more susceptible (IC50 = 0.13%) than slower ones (conduction velocity < 1 m/s; IC50 = 0.30%). At 1% lidocaine, all fibers were tonically blocked. Use-dependent effects accounted for only a modest potentiation of block (at a lidocaine concentration of 0.25%) in A[delta] and A[gamma] fibers, and in C fibers phasic stimulation had even smaller effects and sometimes relieved tonic block.