固态胺CO_2净化系统中的蒸汽发生器研制

目的研究蒸汽发生器中功率匹配与水汽分离的关键技术 ,设计、研制了蒸汽发生器装置 ,并对其进行试验、研究与讨论。方法通过对固态胺解吸过程进行热力学分析与实验 ,掌握解吸能量的分配规律 ,实现对设计功率大小的确定。利用表面张力的作用 ,研制了陶瓷芯体 ,实现水、汽分离 ,并根据总的要求设计了蒸汽发生器。结果实验证明所设计的蒸汽发生器满足了系统的要求 ,有效地实现了水、汽分离并与系统功率的匹配合适。结论研究的结果与方案正确 ,在实际的应用中切实可行。     

憎水涂层多孔板对水升华器散热性能影响的实验研究

目的 探讨水升华器用憎水涂层多孔板的实现方法，并对所研制的憎水涂层多孔板进行实验研究。方法 利用Teflon溶液和特制的双疏涂层溶液对多孔板进行憎水涂层处理，并对所研制的憎水涂层多孔板进行物理特性测试。重新设计了水升华器实验件，对涂覆憎水涂层的多孔板、对水升华器散热性能的影响进行了实验研究。结果 憎水涂层多孔板的水滞留能力显著提高，但其渗透压降也不同程度地增加。两种涂层板的散热性能有所不同。采用双疏涂层溶液涂覆的多孔板相对好一些。结论 在对Teflon和双疏涂层溶液的涂覆参数及工艺进行优化后，憎水涂层多孔板可以提高水升华器的工作性能。     

载人飞行舱内压力服技术研究与实现

目的研究用于载人飞行舱内压力服的实现技术,研制舱内压力服系统.方法通过分析提出研制方案,针对载人航天器应急救生的技术性能要求,研究压力服的结构实现技术、压力控制技术、操作活动性能的保证技术、通风供氧技术、视觉保证和防雾技术的实现方法,通过研制和试验验证保证航天服的技术性能.结果在设计和工艺上实现了载人航天飞行所需压力防护和工效保障要求的舱内压力服系统,并通过了性能和接口匹配试验以及严酷的环境试验验证. 结论所研制的舱内压力服完全能够满足天地往返运输系统的压力应急工况使用要求.     

Study on Electrode Materials of High Current Density SPE Electrolyzer

目的 研究大电流密度下,电极材料对质子交换膜水电解器性能的影响.方法 分析了高电流密度条件下,影响质子交换膜水电解器功率效率与稳定性的主要原因,研制了金属氧化物电极.结果 利用金属氧化物电极,实现槽压保持1.8V时,实验用电解池工作电流密度达到1.5 A/cm2、实用电解池工作电流密度达到1.1 A/cm2、并能保持性能长期稳定的目标结果.结论复合氧化物材料替代铂合金电极材料使得水电解器的大电流工作性能、低温启动性能、稳定性能都有了很大程度的提高.     

水升华器用多孔板的物理特性研究

目的探讨水升华器的关键部件—多孔板的研制方法,并对多孔板的主要物理特性参数进行研究。方法在对水升华器用多孔板技术指标进行分析的基础上,利用粉末烧结技术,使用不同的材料,研制出了多孔板。设计了多孔板物理特性测试装置,对所研制的多孔板进行了较全面的物理特性测试。结果获得了影响多孔板性能的主要因素,为水升华器性能测试和全面建立多孔板的研制规范及优化多孔板的物理性能参数打下基础。结论采用粉末烧结技术研制的多孔板的特性满足水升华器的性能要求。     

大电流密度固体聚合物电解质水电解电极材料研究

目的研究大电流密度下,电极材料对质子交换膜水电解器性能的影响。方法分析了高电流密度条件下,影响质子交换膜水电解器功率效率与稳定性的主要原因,研制了金属氧化物电极。结果利用金属氧化物电极,实现槽压保持1.8 V时,实验用电解池工作电流密度达到1.5 A/cm2、实用电解池工作电流密度达到1.1 A/cm2、并能保持性能长期稳定的目标结果。结论复合氧化物材料替代铂合金电极材料使得水电解器的大电流工作性能、低温启动性能、稳定性能都有了很大程度的提高。     

固态胺二氧化碳去除系统中反应罐的设计

目的 设计一种能满足长期载人航天器内固态胺吸附／水蒸气解吸CO2控制系统要求的反应罐。方法 根据系统要求及固态胺本身特性,解决如下关键问题：（1）额定的阻力损失需要减少床高与吸附,浓缩需要增加床高的问题;（2）有限的解吸热量与一定解吸温度保持的问题;（3）微重力下如何适应固态胺的膨胀与收缩的问题。结果 成功地实现了CO2的吸附,解吸及浓缩,系统可控制座舱CO2浓度在0．5％以下,浓缩的CO2浓度＞95％,可直接进入CO2还原系统,系统阻力低于160mmH2O,解吸能耗降到650W以下,结论 设计的反应罐能满足微重力条件下固态胺二氧化碳去除系统的要求。     

用于生物效应研究的电磁场发生器及测量

研制了一种能模拟在自由空间传输并能准确计量的电磁场发生器，它由电磁波传输室，发射机，功率计，衰减器等组成，该发生器用于生物效应研究，其工作频率１～１０００ＭＨｚ，特性阻抗５１Ω，场强≤１．１ｋＶ／ｍ，并可以准确计量，总不确定度〈±１ｄＢ的电磁场。     

模拟微重力条件下的膜式水气分离器的实验研究

目的 研究中、长期载人航天任务中微重力条件下的水气分离问题.方法 利用自行研制的水气分离组件和不同材质、规格的亲水微孔滤膜,对不同压力和配比的水/气混合物进行分离实验,并研究了重力对分离的影响.结果 将4～6 L/h水、2 500 mL/min O2组成的混合流体分离成不含水的气流和含气量<1%的液流,对液流中含有的微量气体的来源和含量进行分析,证明重力对分离过程无影响.结论 水气分离组件设计合理,亲水微孔滤膜具有在微重力条件下进行水气分离的能力,需进一步研究并有广阔的应用前景.     

静态水/气分离器研制

目的 解决失重条件下小流量的水气分离问题。方法 从物质表面特性的分析出发,研制了符合要求的毛细材料,并设计了采用单一分离材料的水／气分离器,结果 该分离器在气体流量不超过１０．０Ｌ／ｍｉｎ、水流量不超过１０．０ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ的范围内工作时,分离后的水中不含气,分离后的气体中不带水。结论 研制的静肪水／气分离器结构基本合理,性能符合设计要求。     

基于RASCAL软件的核电厂事故后放射性核素不同释放途径对公众剂量的影响

目的 探讨核电厂事故后放射性核素不同释放途径对公众照射剂量的影响。方法 利用核事故后果评价软件（RASCAL 4.3）对长期全厂断电（LTSBO）事故下压水堆核电厂不同释放途径情景下放射性核素所致公众照射剂量分布特征进行模拟计算。结果 通过蒸汽发生器传热管破裂释放途径进入到环境中的放射性核素活度最高,安全壳泄漏或失效时通过安全壳释放途径进入到环境中的放射性核素活度最低。不同释放情景下总有效剂量当量（TEDE）剂量主要分布在距释放点40 km区域内,当安全壳泄漏或失效时通过安全壳释放和通过旁路安全壳释放情景下80 km范围内大部分扇区TEDE剂量<10 mSv,通过蒸汽发生器传热管破裂释放情景下80 km范围内大部分扇区TEDE剂量>50 mSv。结论 在核电厂环境影响分析时应重点关注LTSBO事故时通过蒸汽发生器传热管破裂释放途径对公众健康造成的放射性影响。     

Radon-in-water standard

The radon-in-water standard installed at the Czech Metrology Institute in 1994 is based on a generator producing radium-free radon solution and on a measurement system for generator calibration and stability checking. The generator consists of about 6 L cylindrical vessel with a solid phase ²²²Rn source with 99.9% air emanation power and an external circuit for solution homogenisation. Standard solutions are prepared by charging water in the vessel with radon for an appropriate period; radon volume activity of the solution may vary from 300 to 2000 Bq/L; its uncertainty is less than 2.5%.     

Analysis of tritiated water vapor by non-volatile liquid scintillant sorbent

The quantitative analysis of tritiated water vapor in air was investigated by sorption into a non-volatile liquid scintillant solution sorbent of silicone oil. The activity of the beta-ray from the sorbed tritiated water vapor, 10(-7) microCi/mL in air, was directly measured with the help of the scintillator solution which also served as the sorbent. It was found that the variation of the partial vapor pressure of tritiated water in air was proportional to the sorbed amount in the liquid scintillator sorbent from the vaporized tritiated water. The relation was also expressed as a sorption isotherm equation and was compared to the Langmuir adsorption isotherm supporting the suggested adsorption by solid adsorbent.     

Alpha indirect conversion radioisotope power source.

Advantages of radioisotope-powered electric generators include long service life, wide temperature range operation and high-energy density. We report development of a long-life generator based on indirect conversion of alpha decay energy. Prototyping used 300 mCi Pu-238 alpha emitter and AlGaAs photovoltaic cells designed for low light intensity conditions. The alpha emitter, phosphor screens, and voltaic arrays were assembled into a power source with the following characteristics: Isc=14 microA; Uoc=2.3 V; power output -21 microW. Using this prototype we have powered an eight-digit electronic calculator and wrist watch.     

Reversed-phase HPLC of 99mTc methylene diphosphonate bone imaging kits with quantification of pertechnetate

Ion-pairing reversed-phase HPLC is used to separate a mixture of ^99mTc methylene diphosphonate (MDP) complexes prepared by tin reduction of pertechnetate in the presence of ligand. Chromatographic conditions allow for the quantification of total pertechnetate concentration, as well as the determination of chemical purity of generator eluents from which ^99mTc is derived. Both determinations can be made prior to actual labeling. Commercially available MDP kits from three manufacturers are evaluated. All three MDP kits, when labeled with ^99mTc, produce multiple, chromatographically separable components. The formation of these Tc-MDP complexes is time dependent. The labeling procedure produces several products within the first 20 min, with up to fifteen complexes observed after 4 h. The results of this work demonstrate the presence of substantial chemical contamination in generator eluents.     

改进的反渗透法制取注射用水及其水质评价

根据野战条件使用要求,本文采用以反渗透为主体的综合处理过程,即精密过滤器→反渗透器→活性炭滤器→离子交换器→超过滤器,研制了FS-50Ⅱ型野战注射用水设备,用自来水或河水、塘水等天然水作进料水,处理后所得的产品水按注射用水要求进行检验,完全符合《中国药典》(1977年版)的有关规定。水样的发射光谱、紫外吸收光谱、荧光光谱分析以及细菌计数、微粒子计数表明,其水质已达到或超过双蒸水的水平。用本法制取的注射用水配制的5%葡萄糖注射液,经失血家兔及麻醉猫的输液试验,无任何不良反应,小鼠微核试验阴性。采用本工艺可以制取符合要求的注射用水。     

热电集成薄膜蒸发废水处理系统的轻量化分析

目的 在满足净水产量和卫生要求的条件下，使载人空间飞行器环控生保系统的热电集成薄膜蒸发废水处理系统的设计质量达到系统水平上的轻量化。方法 根据热电集成薄膜蒸发废水处理系统工作过程的特点，建立其主要部件的流动、传热和质量构成的物理数学模型，用数值方法对系统质量与结构参数、操作参数的关系进行研究。结果 系统的质量不仅与废水处理系统本身的结构参数、操作参数有关，而且与电源系统和热控系统的工作特性关系密切。相关质量在系统质量构成中占有较大比例。结论 废水处理系统的热电制冷元件的数目、废水的循环流量存在最佳值，使系统的设计质量最小。而较高的系统冷凝压力，有利于系统质量的降低。     

In vitro comparison of radiofrequency-heated and laser-heated metal probes for angioplasty

The effects of a metal probe catheter on tissue using radiofrequency (RF) as its energy source is evaluated. The energy dissipation and the temperature increase of this probe was compared with a laser-heated probe. After 15 seconds, the temperature rise of the RF-heated probe at a maximum power setting was 68 degrees C in water and 106 degrees C in plasma. In contrast, the temperature rise of the Nd:YAG laser-heated probe after 10 seconds, 10 watt (W), was 80 degrees C in water and 595 degrees C in plasma. Calorimetric experiments showed that in a 7 to 30 W range of the power setting for the RF generator, only 3.5 to 4.5 W was dissipated at the RF catheter tip. Using axial forces equivalent to 100 g in fatty tissue, the penetration velocity of the RF-heated probe was 0.015 mm/s, with a temperature rise of the tip of 180 degrees C; whereas the velocity of the laser-heated probe was 3.4 mm/s with a temperature rise of the tip of 300 degrees C. These in vitro results suggest that during clinical application, tissue in contact with the front surface of the RF-heated angioplasty probe will be remodeled, whereas with the laser-heated probe tissue will be vaporized circumferentially. The RF-heated probe's risk of vessel wall perforation is probably small.     

Production optimization of 99Mo/99mTc zirconium molybate gel generators at semi-automatic device: DISIGEG

DISIGEG is a synthesis installation of zirconium (99)Mo-molybdate gels for (99)Mo/(99m)Tc generator production, which has been designed, built and installed at the ININ. The device consists of a synthesis reactor and five systems controlled via keyboard: (1) raw material access, (2) chemical air stirring, (3) gel dried by air and infrared heating, (4) moisture removal and (5) gel extraction. DISIGEG operation is described and dried condition effects of zirconium (99)Mo- molybdate gels on (99)Mo/(99m)Tc generator performance were evaluated as well as some physical-chemical properties of these gels. The results reveal that temperature, time and air flow applied during the drying process directly affects zirconium (99)Mo-molybdate gel generator performance. All gels prepared have a similar chemical structure probably constituted by three-dimensional network, based on zirconium pentagonal bipyramids and molybdenum octahedral. Basic structural variations cause a change in gel porosity and permeability, favouring or inhibiting (99m)TcO(4)(-) diffusion into the matrix. The (99m)TcO(4)(-) eluates produced by (99)Mo/(99m)Tc zirconium (99)Mo-molybdate gel generators prepared in DISIGEG, air dried at 80°C for 5h and using an air flow of 90mm, satisfied all the Pharmacopoeias regulations: (99m)Tc yield between 70-75%, (99)Mo breakthrough less than 3×10(-3)%, radiochemical purities about 97% sterile and pyrogen-free eluates with a pH of 6.