Safety of carotid artery stenting for symptomatic carotid artery disease: a meta-analysis.

AIMS: Clinical trials comparing carotid artery stenting (CAS) with carotid endarterectomy (CEA) for patients with symptomatic carotid artery disease have produced conflicting results. We performed a meta-analysis to systematically evaluate currently available data by comparing CAS with CEA in patients with symptomatic carotid artery disease. METHODS AND RESULTS: We searched MEDLINE, Embase, ISI Web of Knowledge, Current Contents, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts databases, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and scientific meeting abstracts up to 31 October 2006 and then calculated summary risk ratios (RRs) for mortality, stroke, disabling stroke, and death using random- and fixed-effect models. Data from five trials with 2122 patients were pooled. There was no difference in risk of 30-day mortality (summary RR 0.57, 95% CI 0.22-1.47, P = 0.25), stroke (summary RR 1.64, 95% CI 0.67-4.00, P = 0.34), disabling stroke (summary RR 1.67, 95% CI 0.50-5.62, P = 0.50), death and stroke (summary RR 1.54, 95% CI 0.81-2.92, P = 0.19), or death and disabling stroke (summary RR 1.19, 95% CI 0.57-2.51, P = 0.64) among patients randomized to CAS, compared with CEA. CONCLUSIONS: No significant differences could be identified between CAS and CEA in the treatment of patients with symptomatic carotid artery disease. Larger randomized controlled trials are warranted to compare the two strategies.     

颈动脉内膜切除术治疗颈动脉狭窄的临床经验

目的:总结颈动脉内膜切除术(CEA)治疗颈动脉狭窄的临床经验。方法:1998年10月至2010年3月,共220例患者进行CEA227例次。其中男性145例,女性75例。年龄51～88岁,平均66.4岁。术前有短暂性脑缺血(TIA)发作128例,31例术前曾患脑梗死。所有患者术前均行选择性颈动脉造影检查,手术患者颈内动脉狭窄均70%,同时对侧颈动脉伴有狭窄或闭塞的患者有48例。合并冠状动脉病变96例,其中25例患者同期行冠状动脉搭桥术,合并外周血管病变42例并同期处理。结果:2例患者术后30d内出现脑出血,其中1例死亡,1例保守治疗后好转出院。30d病死率0.45%。1例舌下神经损伤,4例面神经下颌缘支损伤,术后随访6～72个月,随防到155例,随访率70.5%,1例随访期间因心脏病死亡,余均病情稳定。结论:CEA是治疗颈动脉狭窄安全、有效的方法。     

颈动脉内膜切除术治疗颈动脉次全或完全闭塞的术后再通超声评估

目的应用血管超声对颈动脉次全或完全闭塞病变行颈动脉内膜切除术(CEA)后再通患者的近、远期效果进行评估。方法回顾性连续纳入2005年1月—2014年1月在首都医科大学宣武医院经DSA确诊为颈动脉闭塞性病变,并接受CEA治疗的患者共107例,其中次全闭塞(颈动脉狭窄率95%~99%)63例,完全闭塞44例。记录所有患者围手术期并发症的发生情况。随访采用门诊随访、电话跟踪的方式,超声随访手术再通患者术后1周及3、6、12、24个月的情况,记录CEA术后患者临床预后、血管再狭窄、血管结构及血流动力学的改变。结果 (1)107例患者手术后再通86例(80.4%),未通21例(19.6%)。术后30d内卒中及死亡发生率为4.7%(5例),其中次全闭塞组发生率为4.8%(3例),完全闭塞组为4.5%(2例)。(2)术后1周内再通患者的患侧大脑中动脉收缩期峰值血流速度(PSV)、舒张期末血流速度(EDV)及血管搏动指数均较术前明显升高[分别为(120±39)cm/s比(60±17)cm/s,(50±18)cm/s比(33±11)cm/s和0.96±0.20比0.67±0.14]差异有统计学意义(均P0.01);颈动脉超声显示再通患者原病变局部血管内径均较术前增宽[分别为(4.4±1.1)和(3.6±1.0)mm)],差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。(3)超声随访颈动脉再通患者69例,时间为1~60个月,中位数为12个月。术后1~6个月血管通畅比率95.6%(66例),6~12个月血管通畅比率94.2%(65例),12~24个月血管通畅比率94.2%(65例),2年以上血管通畅比率91.3%(63例)。结论血管超声可对颈动脉闭塞性病变CEA后血管再通患者进行近期及远期的跟踪随访,判断血流改善程度,及时发现术后再狭窄。     

颈动脉内-中膜厚度及粥样硬化斑块与冠心病相关性研究

目的探讨颈动脉内-中膜厚度及粥样硬化斑块与冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(冠心病)的相关性。方法选择疑诊冠心病并行冠状动脉造影的患者140例,根据造影结果分冠心病组(n=79)与对照组(n=61),超声检测受试者颈动脉内-中膜厚度(IMT)及粥样硬化斑块(AP),对冠心病患者进行Gensini评分。以冠状动脉造影为金标准,进行颈动脉IMT、AP对冠心病的诊断性试验;并与冠脉Gensini评分进行相关性分析。结果冠心病组较对照组IMT明显增厚(1.08±0.28vs0.84±0.28,P0.05),AP发生率明显增高(69.62%vs27.87%,P0.05);颈动脉IMT、AP对诊断冠心病有较高的敏感度与特异度,序列试验特异度为83.61%,平行试验敏感度为83.54%;IMT与冠状动脉病变程度存在线性相关(r=0.41,P0.05),且AP与冠状动脉病变程度存在等级相关(rs=0.60,P0.05)。结论颈动脉IMT及AP分级可用于无创辅助诊断冠心病及预测冠状动脉病变的严重程度。     

颈动脉内膜切除术治疗颈动脉次全或完全闭塞患者的术中超声评估

目的分析颈动脉内膜切除术(CEA)治疗颈动脉次全或完全闭塞术中超声监测血管结构、血流动力学改变与手术再通的相关性。方法回顾性纳入2005年1月—2014年1月在首都医科大学宣武医院经DSA确诊为颈动脉闭塞性病变,并接受CEA治疗的患者共107例。根据术中超声检查结果,分为血流再通组86例和未通组21例。对比分析两组患者术前及术中大脑中动脉的血流速度及搏动指数,记录术中颈动脉血管异常、血管残余狭窄率、再通患者病变血管内径及血流速度及搏动指数。结果 (1)颈动脉再通患者术中与术前患侧MCA的收缩期峰值流速(PSV)分别为(82±32)和(60±17)cm/s,平均流速(MV)分别为(50±19)和(42±13)cm/s,血管搏动指数(PI)分别为0.97±0.25和0.67±0.14,术中较术前明显升高,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.01);未通患者术中与术前MCA的PSV分别为(46±20)和(63±21)cm/s,EDV分别为(24±13)和(34±12)cm/s,MV分别为(32±16)和(44±15)cm/s,术中均较术前明显降低,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.01),但PI术中与术前比较差异无统计学意义(0.70±0.18和0.67±0.15,P=0.317)。(2)再通组病变血管内径术中较术前明显增宽[(3.4±0.9)和(0.6±0.4)mm,P=0.000]。术中超声检查发现再通者86例中血管结构轻度异常13例,未再通者均为血管结构显著异常。结论术中颈动脉超声结合经颅多普勒超声监测脑血流,可有效判断颈动脉血管结构及脑血管血流动力学的改善程度,及时指导术中二次修复。     

颈动脉内膜切除术治疗颈动脉次全或完全闭塞患者的术前超声评估

目的应用彩色多普勒血流显像(CDFI)及经颅多普勒超声(TCD)评估颈动脉次全或完全闭塞患者接受颈动脉内膜切除术(CEA)前血管结构、血流动力学变化与血管再通的相关性。方法回顾性纳入2005年1月—2014年1月在首都医科大学宣武医院经DSA确诊为颈动脉次全闭塞(狭窄率95%~99%)或完全闭塞,并接受CEA治疗的患者共107例,平均年龄(61±9)岁。根据DSA结果,将107例患者分为颈动脉次全性闭塞组63例和颈动脉完全性闭塞组44例。记录两组患者术前病变各段血管内径、病变的位置(颈内动脉或颈总动脉)、管腔内回声特征及颈内-外动脉侧支循环是否开放、与血管再通的相关性。结果颈动脉完全性闭塞组患者远心段血管内径较次全性闭塞组明显增宽[(4.1±1.1)、(3.2±0.8)mm],两组差异有统计学意义(P0.01);闭塞位置与手术再通率差异无统计学意义(P=0.460);血管腔内均质回声(低回声与等回声)充填者的再通率[94.1%(16/17)和86.7%(13/15)]均明显高于不均质回声患者的再通率[0(0/12),P0.01]。在颈内动脉完全闭塞患者中,颈内-外侧支动脉开放时CEA的再通率增加[70.0%(14/20)比0%(0/3)]。总体比较,颈动脉次全性闭塞组较完全性闭塞组的再通比率明显升高[90.5%(57/63)比65.9%(29/44),P0.01]。结论颈动脉管径正常或增宽、闭塞管腔内均质回声及颈内-外动脉侧支开放与血管再通密切相关。术前超声检查对颈动脉闭塞性病变CEA实施后再通性的评估具有重要价值。     

彩色多普勒超声在颈动脉内膜剥脱手术治疗前后的应用价值

目的:研究彩色多普勒超声在颈动脉内膜剥脱手术治疗前后的应用价值。方法:回顾性分析115例因颈动脉狭窄而行颈动脉内膜剥脱术患者的资料和彩色多普勒超声结果。结果:颈动脉内膜剥脱术后,狭窄处颈动脉的内径、血流速度较术前明显改善(P0.001);术后随访疗效满意。结论:颈动脉内膜剥脱术是颈动脉狭窄有效的治疗方法。彩色多普勒超声能够为手术提供可靠的客观依据,并可作为评价手术效果、随访的有效方式。     

Endothelial microparticles as conveyors of information in atherosclerotic disease

Endothelial microparticles (EMPs) are complex submicron membrane-shed vesicles released into the circulation following endothelium cell activation or apoptosis. They are classified as either physiological or pathological, with anticoagulant or pro-inflammatory effects respectively. Endothelial dysfunction caused by inflammation is a key initiating event in atherosclerotic plaque formation. Athero-emboli, resulting from ruptured carotid plaques are a major cause of stroke. Current clinical techniques for arterial assessment, angiography and carotid ultrasound, give accurate information about stenosis but limited evidence on plaque composition, inflammation or vulnerability; as a result, patients with asymptomatic, or fragile carotid lesions, may not be identified and treated effectively. There is a need to discover novel biomarkers and develop more efficient diagnostic approaches in order to stratify patients at most risk of stroke, who would benefit from interventional surgery. Increasing evidence suggests that EMPs play an important role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease, acting as a marker of damage, either exacerbating disease progression or triggering a repair response. In this regard, it has been suggested that EMPs have the potential to act as biomarkers of disease status. In this review, we will present the evidence to support this hypothesis and propose a novel concept for the development of a diagnostic device that could be implemented in the clinic.     

颈动脉粥样硬化与冠心病的关系

目的:探讨颈动脉粥样硬化与冠心病的关系。方法:根据冠状动脉造影结果将101例病人分为冠心病组及对照组,再根据受累血管数将冠心病组又分为一支病变组、二支病变组及三支病变组。应用高频超声测定所有病例双侧颈总动脉的内-中膜厚度(IMT)、颈总动脉内径,进行分析。结果:冠心病组的左颈动脉的平均IMT为(0.91±0.13)mm,平均内中膜横切面面积(IMCSA)为(22.13±3.21)mm2,而对照组的左颈动脉的平均IMT为(0.84±0.06)mm,平均IMCSA为(18.06±1.15)mm2,两组的差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);冠心病组斑块发生率为63.7%,对照组的斑块发生率为34.6%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。以左颈总动脉IMT0.845mm为界限预测冠心病的敏感性为68.8%,特异性为67.3%;以左颈总动脉IMCSA19mm2为界限预测冠心病的敏感性为87.5%,特异性为84.6%。结论:颈动脉粥样硬化可作为冠心病的预测因子,为临床诊断提供依据。     

颈动脉粥样硬化斑块及内-中膜厚度与冠心病的关系

目的：探讨冠心病患者颈动脉粥样硬化斑块及内-中膜厚度与冠心病的关系。方法：对58例冠心病患者的颈动脉内一中膜厚度及斑块进行超声检测，与35例具有动脉粥样硬化危险因素的患者作对照。结果：冠心病患者的颈动脉内-中膜厚度、斑块指数及斑块检出率明显高于对照组(P均＜0．01)，颈动脉内-中膜厚度与年龄，血总胆固醇、收缩压水平，高血压病呈正相关(r＝0．267-0．532，P＜0.05-0．01)。结论：年龄、甘油三酯、收缩压、高血压病程及斑块指数与颈动脉内-中膜厚度密切相关。     

Modest alcohol consumption and carotid plaques or carotid artery stenosis in men with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Background

Favorable association between modest alcohol consumption and cardiovascular disease had been reported in general population, however, whether observed benefit extend to men with established fatty liver disease remains unknown.

Methods

Cross-sectional study of 10,581 consecutive male participants aged 30 years or older undergoing abdominal ultrasonography and carotid artery ultrasonography were screened. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) was diagnosed with ultrasonography and exclusion of secondary causes for fat accumulation or other causes of chronic liver disease. Modest alcohol use was defined as consumption of less than 20 g of alcohol per day.

Results

There were total 2280 men diagnosed with fatty liver, and the mean age was 51.8 years old. Among them, 1797 were modest alcohol drinkers. The prevalence of carotid plaques (55.3% vs. 43.4%, p < 0.001) and carotid artery stenosis (11.0% vs. 5.5%, p < 0.001) was higher in non-drinkers than modest drinkers. Modest alcohol consumption had the independent inverse association with carotid plaques [odd ratio (OR): 0.74, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.60–0.92] and carotid artery stenosis (OR: 0.62, 95% CI: 0.43–0.90), adjusted for age, smoking and metabolic syndrome.

Conclusions

Modest alcohol consumption had a favorable association with carotid plaque or CAS in men with NAFLD.     

颈动脉粥样硬化与冠心病关系的研究

目的:研究颈动脉粥样硬化与冠心病的关系。方法:对301例冠状动脉造影的患者作双侧颈动脉超声检查,根据冠脉造影结果分为正常组及冠心病组,冠心病组根据冠状动脉病变支数再分为一支病变组,二支病变组,三支病变组3个亚组。测量颈总动脉后壁内中膜厚度(IMT),斑块厚度,计算斑块积分及粥样斑块发生率。结果:(1)冠心病组IMT,斑块积分及斑块发生率明显高于正常对照组(P<0.01)。(2)随冠脉病变支数增加,斑块积分及IMT增加,亚组比较有显著性差异(P<0.01)。(3)以IMT>0.85mm和(或)出现粥样斑块预测冠心病,特异性75.3％,敏感性84.6％,阳性预测率88.4％。结论:通过颈动脉超声检查可为冠心病的诊断提供依据。     

老年冠心病患者颈动脉硬化的超声研究

目的 探讨老年冠心病患者颈动脉超声特征及血流动力学变化.方法 根据冠状动脉造影结果,将548例患者分为:冠心病组373例,对照组175例.再将冠心病组是否合并心肌梗死分为:心肌梗死组160例,非心肌梗死组213例.所有患者年龄均在60岁以上,全部行颈动脉超声检测.运用统计软件分析所检测的颈动脉声像图和血流动力学参数.结果 冠心病组的颈动脉内中膜厚度、斑块厚度、斑块积分分别为(0.96±0.24)mm,(1.90±0.36)mm,(2.2±0.7)分均高于对照组的颈动脉内中膜厚度(0.78±0.11)mm,斑块厚度(1.66±0.13)mm和斑块积分(1.9±0.4)分(t分别为14.81,27.89,27.83,P均为0.00);冠心病组有斑块者161例(43.2%)高于对照组有斑块者7例(4.0%),差异有统计学意义(χ~2=337.18,P=0.00);心肌梗死组有斑块者81.3%,高于非心肌梗死组的14.6%(χ~2=60.88,P=0.00);冠心病组的颈动脉峰值血流速度(77.0±11.9)cm/s和阻力指数0.77±0.06均较对照组的血流速度(65.2±3.1)cm/s和阻力指数0.67±0.08高(t分别为12.26,50.43,P均为0.00).结论 颈动脉超声不仅可作为评价老年冠心病患者的一个窗口,而且可以预测老年冠心病病程的严重程度.     

颈动脉窦粥样硬化与冠状动脉粥样硬化程度相关

目的:探讨颈动脉粥样硬化与冠心病程度的关系。方法:对285例可疑冠心病患者行冠脉造影检查,以B型超声仪检查颈动脉内中膜厚度(IM T)。用冠脉病变支数表示冠心病程度。采静脉血检查血脂水平。结果:颈动脉与冠状动脉粥样硬化有共同的危险因子,如增龄、肥胖、血脂异常。比较各组IM T差别发现,颈动脉窦的F值最大(左,右分别为65.64%,63.24%)。颈动脉窦粥样硬化对诊断冠心病的阳性预告值最大(左、右颈动脉窦分别为89.9%,88.8%)。结论:颈动脉窦IM T与冠心病程度明显相关。颈动脉窦IM T可以作为筛选冠心病的指标。     

冠心病患者冠状动脉病变程度与颈动脉粥样硬化及脑梗死的关系

目的探讨冠心病患者冠状动脉病变程度与颈动脉粥样硬化及脑梗死的关系。方法入选经冠状动脉造影确诊为冠心病的病例319例。将319例冠心病患者按照冠状动脉病变程度分为4组,比较各组之间颈动脉硬化等级积分、Crouse斑块积分、斑块数、脑梗死发生率的差异。另将319例冠心病患者根据有无脑梗死分为两组:脑梗死组、非脑梗死组,比较两组颈动脉斑块性质、颈动脉硬化等级积分、Crouse斑块积分、斑块数的差异。结果3支病变组、左主干病变组的颈动脉硬化等级积分、Crouse斑块积分、斑块数明显高于1支病变组、2支病变组(P0.05)。3支病变组脑梗死发生率为27.53%,左主干病变组脑梗死发生率为38.27%;1支病变组、2支病变组未发现脑梗死病例。脑梗死组不稳定性斑块发生率显著高于非脑梗死组(90.00%比46.02%,χ2=6.2949,P0.05)。结论冠心病患者冠状动脉病变程度越严重,颈动脉粥样硬化越重,脑梗死发生率越高。颈动脉不稳定性斑块更易诱发脑梗死。     

Subclinical carotid atherosclerosis predicts all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events in obese patients with negative exercise echocardiography

BACKGROUND Obesity is a major health problem due to its high prevalence. The relationship between obesity and cardiovascular disease is unclear. Some studies agree that certain conditions associated with obesity, such as physical inactivity or cardiovascular risk factors, are responsible for cardiovascular risk excess among obese people. Carotid intima-media thickness and carotid plaques(CP) have been associated with cardiovascular adverse events in healthy populations, and recent data suggest a higher prevalence of subclinical carotid atherosclerosis in obese and metabolically unhealthy patients. However, there are no studies correlating subclinical atherosclerosis and adverse events(AE) in obese subjects.AIM To determine the association between carotid disease and AE in obese patients with negative exercise echocardiography(EE).METHODS From January 1, 2006 to December 31, 2010, 2000 consecutive patients with a suspicion of coronary artery disease were submitted for EE and carotid ultrasonography. Exclusion criteria included previous vascular disease, left ventricular ejection fraction 50%, positive EE, significant valvular heart disease and inferior to submaximal EE. An AE was defined as all-cause mortality,myocardial infarction and cerebrovascular accident. Subclinical atherosclerosis was defined as CP presence according to Manheim and the American Society of Echocardiography Consensus.RESULTS Of the 652 patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria, 226(34.7%) had body mass indexes ≥ 30 kg/m2, and 76 of them(33.6%) had CP. During a mean follow-up time of 8.2(2.1) years, 27 AE were found(11.9%). Mean event-free survival at 1, 5 and 10 years was 99.1%(0.6), 95.1%(1.4) and 86.5%(2.7), respectively. In univariate analysis, CP predicted AE [hazard ratio(HR) 2.52, 95% confidence interval(CI) 1.17-5.46; P = 0.019]. In multivariable analysis, the presence of CP remained a predictor of AE(HR 2.26, 95%CI 1.04-4.95, P = 0.041). Other predictors identified were glomerular filtration rate(HR 0.98, 95%CI 0.96-0.99; P= 0.023), peak metabolic equivalents(HR 0.83, 95%CI 0.70–0.99, P = 0.034) and moderate mitral regurgitation(HR 5.02, 95%CI 1.42–17.75, P = 0.012).CONCLUSION Subclinical atherosclerosis defined by CP predicts AE in obese patients with negative EE. These patients could benefit from aggressive prevention measures.     

老年冠心病患者颈动脉结构和功能改变的特点

目的　探讨老年冠心病患者颈动脉结构和功能改变的特点。方法　将 1 1 7例经冠状动脉造影确诊为冠心病的患者分为 2组 ,老年组患者年龄 >60岁 ,共 64例 ,非老年组患者年龄≤ 60岁 ,共 53例 ;用超声方法检测所有患者颈动脉内中膜厚度 (IMT)、粥样硬化斑块及内径 ,并以同时测量的肱动脉血压值计算颈动脉弹性特征指标 ;比较两组间上述各项指标的差异。结果　老年组患者颈动脉斑块发生率、颈动脉斑块数和颈动脉内径显著高于对照组 ,IMT亦有高于对照组患者的趋势 (有临界性统计学意义 ) ,而半径 IMT比值两组间无差异。老年组患者的动脉扩张性显著低于非老年组患者 ,而僵硬指数显著高于非老年组患者 ,弹性特征指标两组间无明显差异。结论　老年冠心病患者IMT均匀增厚及颈动脉代偿性重塑作用接近极限 ,但颈动脉粥样硬化斑块发生率持续增加、斑块数量持续增多。老年冠心病患者的颈动脉僵硬度显著增高 ,而扩张性系数显著降低 ,提示年龄增长的生理性作用对动脉功能仍有重要影响。     

颈内动脉肌纤维发育不良患者的DSA诊断和治疗

目的探讨颈动脉肌纤维发育不良（FMD）患者的临床特征、诊断及治疗。方法从南京卒中注册系统中检索出2010年5月—2011年5月的6例颈动脉肌纤维发育不良患者,提取这些患者的临床表现、实验室检查和影像学检查、治疗和随访结果等资料。6例FMD患者中1,例合并颈内动脉闭塞,1例合并大脑中动脉闭塞,2例合并夹层动脉瘤。对本组患者的治疗措施有,单纯给予3例患者抗血小板聚集药物治疗;1例患者因合并烟雾病未行抗血小板聚集治疗,只进行对症治疗;2例患者接受颈动脉支架置入及药物治疗。结果①6例FMD患者均经DSA确诊,均有颈内动脉管壁不规则或串珠样改变4,例患者表现为双侧FMD,2例表现为左侧FMD;②给予相应治疗后,6例患者均未出现新发症状,原有症状缓解,2例接受颈内动脉支架置入术的患者,术后均无残余狭窄。③3个月随访均未见缺血事件发生。接受支架置入术的患者,术后6个月复查DSA,支架形态良好,无再狭窄。结论 FMD患者可合并颈内动脉闭塞或颈内动脉夹层动脉瘤。血管内成形术可作为目前有效且安全的治疗方法之一。