192Ir近距离腔内放疗联合体外逆向调强放射治疗宫颈癌160例疗效观察

目的 研究¹⁹²Ir高剂量率腔内放疗加体外逆向调强放疗（IMRT）治疗宫颈癌的疗效及放射反应。方法 160例宫颈癌患者采取¹⁹²Ir高剂量率腔内放疗加体外逆向调强放疗（IMRT）放射治疗，体外全盆腔照射IMRT，6MV X射线DT 45~50 Gy，5次/周，1.8~2 Gy/次。全盆腔放疗结束后行¹⁹²Ir腔内治疗1次/周，5~8 Gy/次，总剂量21~24 Gy。结果 全组1年、3年生存率分别为100%和78.75%，Ⅱ、Ⅲ期3年生存率分别为80%和63.89%，患者3年生存率I期与Ⅱ期、Ⅲ期与IV期有明显统计学差异（100%、80%，63.89%、16.67%，P<0.05），Ⅱ期、Ⅲ期无明显统计学差异（80%、63.89%，P>0.05）。病理I级与Ⅲ级的Ⅱ期患者生存率有明显差异（100%、53.33%，P<0.05）。病理I级与Ⅲ级的Ⅲ期患者生存率有明显差异（100%、33.33%，P<0.05）。IV期各病理分级的患者生存率均无明显差异（P>0.05）。Ⅱ、Ⅲ期患者中肿瘤直径<4 cm与肿瘤直径>4 cm的3年生存率有明显差异（P<0.05），而IV期患者肿瘤直径<4 cm与肿瘤直径>4 cm的3年生存率无明显差异（P>0.05）。早期放射性直肠炎反应发生率21.8%，膀胱反应发生率7.5%，晚期放射性直肠炎发生率7%，晚期膀胱炎反应发生率5%，直肠阴道瘘0.625%。结论 ¹⁹²Ir高剂量率腔内加体外适形调强放疗治疗宫颈癌疗效好，毒副反应较少。     

The emerging role of high-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy as monotherapy for prostate cancer

High-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy as monotherapy is a comparatively new brachytherapy procedure for prostate cancer. In addition to the intrinsic advantages of brachytherapy, including radiation dose concentration to the tumor and rapid dose fall-off at the surrounding normal tissue, HDR brachytherapy can yield a more homogeneous and conformal dose distribution through image-based decisions for source dwell positions and by optimization of individual source dwell times. Indication can be extended even to T3a/b or a part of T4 tumors because the applicators can be positioned at the extracapsular lesion, into the seminal vesicles, and/or into the bladder, without any risk of source migration or dropping out. Unlike external beam radiotherapy, with HDR brachytherapy inter-/intra-fraction organ motion is not problematic. However, HDR monotherapy requires patients to stay in bed for 1–4 days during hospitalization, even though the actual overall treatment time is short. Recent findings that the α/β value for prostate cancer is less than that for the surrounding late-responding normal tissue has made hypofractionation attractive, and HDR monotherapy can maximize this advantage of hypofractionation. Research on HDR monotherapy is accelerating, with a growing number of publications reporting excellent preliminary clinical results due to the high ‘biologically effective dose (BED)’ of >200 Gy. Moreover, the findings obtained for HDR monotherapy as an early model of extreme hypofractionation tend to be applied to other radiotherapy techniques such as stereotactic radiotherapy. All these developments point to the emerging role of HDR brachytherapy as monotherapy for prostate cancer.     

宫颈癌三维后装近距离治疗技术研究进展

宫颈癌是常见的女性生殖系统恶性肿瘤，在发展中国家及落后地区发病率较高。放射治疗是宫颈癌治疗的主要手段之一，其中近距离治疗是宫颈癌放疗中必不可少的重要组成部分。随着CT以及MRI等影像技术的迅猛发展，宫颈癌近距离治疗已从传统的二维影像引导技术逐渐发展成为三维影像引导技术，且治疗方式也越来越多，包括腔内近距离治疗、组织间插植近距离治疗以及腔内联合组织间插植近距离治疗等。本文对宫颈癌三维后装近距离治疗的几种常见技术进行综述，同时讨论内外融合照射方式的剂量学可行性。     

Long-term results of high-dose-rate brachytherapy and external-beam radiotherapy in the primary treatment of endometrial cancer

In this report we update our long-term follow-up results of the prospective study whose aim was to evaluate the efficacy of high-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy in combination with external-beam radiotherapy (EBRT) in the treatment of medically inoperable endometrial cancer. Between 1995 and 1998, 29 patients with stages I-III medically inoperable carcinoma of endometrium were treated with definitive irradiation. All patients underwent combined intracavitary HDR brachytherapy and EBRT. The EBRT dose was 50 Gy with midline shield from 16 Gy. The HDR brachytherapy dose was 50 Gy, delivered in 5 fractions in a weekly schedule. Overall survival (OS) at 5 and 10 years was 48.3% and 20.7%, respectively. Disease-specific survival (DSS) at 5 and 10 years was 73.5% and 67.9%, respectively. The 10-year DSS rate was 73.5% for all stages, 85.7% for Stage I disease, 71.4% for Stage II, and 16.7% for stage III disease. Late Grade 1-2 radiation complications were observed in 4 patients (13.8%). Our long-term follow-up confirms that HDR brachytherapy with EBRT appears to be an effective and safe treatment for stage I and II medically inoperable endometrial cancer.     

罗哌卡因和布比卡因硬膜外麻醉在剖宫产手术中的应用比较

目的探讨罗哌卡因和布比卡因硬膜外麻醉在剖宫术中的应用比较。方法选择2010-08/2011-01期间,在本院产科进行剖宫产的单胎初产妇82例,随机分成罗哌卡因组（R组）和布比卡因组（B组）各41例,2组产妇术前均无药物使用。于产妇麻醉前输入羟乙基淀粉（HES）,选择L2~3间隙行硬膜外穿刺,经留置管注入1%利多卡因5 ml作为试验量,待有麻醉平面产生,且无不良反应时,再分次缓慢将0.75%的罗哌卡因注入R组产妇,0.5%布比卡因注入B组产妇。对2组产妇感觉平面阻滞情况、运动阻滞情况以及肌肉松弛程度进行比较分析。结果与B组产妇相比,R组产妇感觉平面阻滞的起效时间明显提高,且T12维持时间明显降低,产妇感觉阻滞的最高Bromage评分和运动恢复时间明显降低,产妇肌肉松弛程度的极满意比率明显提高,不满意比率明显降低,差异均具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,而达到最高阻滞平面时间差异不显著,达到最高运动阻滞时间的差异不显著,肌肉松弛程度的满意比率差异不显著,不具有统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论罗哌卡因以其心脏毒性和中枢神经毒性较低的特点,比布比卡因更适用于剖宫产手术硬膜外麻醉。     

椎管内麻醉正中穿刺与侧入穿刺患者术后应激状态和腰痛发生情况分析

目的：研究椎管内麻醉正中穿刺与侧入穿刺患者术后腰痛发生情况及其与应激状态的相关性。方法：选择椎管内麻醉的患者138例,随机分为进行侧入穿刺椎管内麻醉的观察组和进行正中穿刺椎管内麻醉的对照组,观察麻醉后腰痛发生例数、疼痛程度及应激状态。结果：观察组发生腰痛的例数、中国整脊颈腰痛评分、JOA下腰痛评分以及血糖水平、HAMD评分、HAMA评分和NRS评分均明显低于对照组,胰岛素水平明显高于对照组;血糖水平、HAMD评分、HAMA评分、NRS评分与中国整脊颈腰痛评分、JOA评分呈正相关关系;血胰岛素水平与整脊颈腰痛评分、JOA评分呈负相关关系。结论：侧入穿刺入路椎管内麻醉能够有效减少腰痛发生率、缓解腰痛程度和应激状态,具有积极的临床价值。     

宫颈癌高剂量率近距离计划中的标准载源模型进展

近距离放射治疗在宫颈癌的根治性放射治疗中有着重要的地位.目前,国内绝大部分医院采用高剂量率近距离治疗方式,通过单一近似点源模拟线源来实现体积照射.因此,驻留位置和驻留时间可以进行适当的优化.然而,由于种种原因优化计划的初始状态必须从标准载源模型开始,并且保证优化后的计划基本保持梨形剂量分布.本文通过文献综述介绍了宫颈癌...     

Efficacy and safety of nedaplatin-based concurrent chemoradiotherapy for FIGO Stage IB2–IVA cervical cancer and its clinical prognostic factors

Cisplatin-based concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) is a standard treatment for cervical cancer, but nedaplatin-based CCRT is not routinely administered. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of nedaplatin-based CCRT (35 mg/m² weekly) and analyzed prognostic factors for survival among 52 patients with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) Stage IB2–IVA cervical cancer treated from 1999 to 2009. Patients were treated with a combination of external beam radiotherapy of 40–56 Gy (in 20–28 fractions) and 13.6–28.8 Gy (in 2–4 fractions) of high-dose-rate (HDR) intracavitary brachytherapy or 18 Gy (in 3 fractions) of HDR interstitial brachytherapy. Overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and local control (LC) were estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method. The Cox proportional hazard model was used for multivariate analysis. Acute and late toxicities were evaluated using the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 4.0. The median follow-up period was 52 months. The median patient age was 63 years. The 5-year OS, PFS and LC rates were 78%, 57% and 73%, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that histologic type, maximum tumor diameter, and pretreatment hemoglobin level were independent risk factors for PFS. Regarding adverse effects, 24 patients (46%) had acute Grade 3–4 leukopenia and 5 (10%) had late Grade 3 gastrointestinal toxicities. No patient experienced renal toxicity. Nedaplatin-based CCRT for FIGO Stage IB2–IVA cervical cancer was efficacious and safe, with no renal toxicity. Histologic type, maximum tumor diameter, and pretreatment hemoglobin level were statistically significant prognostic factors for PFS.     

High-dose-rate interstitial brachytherapy with computed tomography-based treatment planning for patients with locally advanced uterine cervical carcinoma

The aims of this study were to carry out a dose volume analysis of high-dose-rate interstitial brachytherapy with computed tomography-based treatment planning and to investigate the treatment outcome of patients with locally advanced bulky and/or irregularly shaped uterine cervical carcinoma. Between July 2003 and December 2007, 15 patients were treated with external beam radiation therapy and high-dose-rate interstitial brachytherapy with or without intracavitary brachytherapy. Seven patients were treated with interstitial brachytherapy alone, and 8 were treated with combined use of intracavitary and interstitial brachytherapy. A comparison of the volume and dose parameters with intracavitary and interstitial brachytherapy in patients who received both treatments showed that the median D90 of the high-risk clinical target volume per fraction was 4.4 Gy with intracavitary brachytherapy and 5.6 Gy with interstitial brachytherapy, and the median V100 was 66% with intracavitary brachytherapy and 85% with interstitial brachytherapy. The median D2cc of the bladder with intracavitary and interstitial brachytherapy per fraction was 5.5 Gy and 4.7 Gy, respectively, and the median D2cc of the rectum with intracavitary and interstitial brachytherapy was 5.9 Gy and 4.1 Gy, respectively. The median follow-up time was 37 months, and the overall and progression-free survival rates for all patients at 3 years were 78% and 51%, respectively. The actuarial 2-year and 3-year locoregional control rates were 80% and 71%, respectively. Dose distribution was improved with image-based interstitial brachytherapy, and satisfactory local control was achieved for patients with locally advanced uterine cervical carcinoma in which intracavitary brachytherapy may result in a suboptimal dose distribution.     

Brachytherapy for early oral tongue cancer: low dose rate to high dose rate

To examine the compatibility of low dose rate (LDR) with high dose rate (HDR) brachytherapy, we reviewed 399 patients with early oral tongue cancer (T1-2N0M0) treated solely by brachytherapy at Osaka University Hospital between 1967 and 1999. For patients in the LDR group (n = 341), the treatment sources consisted of Ir-192 pin for 227 patients (1973-1996; irradiated dose, 61-85 Gy; median, 70 Gy), Ra-226 needle for 113 patients (1967-1986; 55-93 Gy; median, 70 Gy). Ra-226 and Ir-192 were combined for one patient. Ir-192 HDR (microSelectron-HDR) was used for 58 patients in the HDR group (1991-present; 48-60 Gy; median, 60 Gy). LDR implantations were performed via oral and HDR via a submental/submandibular approach. The dose rates at the reference point for the LDR group were 0.30 to 0.8 Gy/h, and for the HDR group 1.0 to 3.4 Gy/min. The patients in the HDR group received a total dose of 48-60 Gy (8-10 fractions) during one week. Two fractions were administered per day (at least a 6-h interval). The 3- and 5-year local control rates for patients in the LDR group were 85% and 80%, respectively, and those in the HDR group were both 84%. HDR brachytherapy showed the same lymph-node control rate as did LDR brachytherapy (67% at 5 years). HDR brachytherapy achieved the same locoregional result as did LDR brachytherapy. A converting factor of 0.86 is applicable for HDR in the treatment of early oral tongue cancer.     

Preliminary results of conformal computed tomography (CT)-based intracavitary brachytherapy (ICBT) for locally advanced cervical cancer: a single institution's experience

Intracavitary brachytherapy using tandem and ovoids is an important component of definitive treatment for cervical cancer. In the present study, we analyzed the dose-volume histograms (DVHs) of the tumor volume and organs at risk including the sigmoid colon by CT-based treatment planning for high dose rate (HDR) intracavitary brachytherapy (ICBT) in cervical cancer. Seventeen patients with carcinoma of the cervix uteri were treated with external beam radiotherapy plus concurrent chemotherapy. For brachytherapy, the planning procedure started by performing a conventional plan which prescribed a dose of 6.5-7 Gy per fraction to point A, then optimized the dose based on CT imaging. Volumes and DVHs were calculated for the HR-CTV, bladder, rectum and sigmoid colon. The mean BED(2Gy) total doses of post-optimized plans of HR-CTV, bladder, rectum and sigmoid colon were: 89.6, 94.1, 74.0 and 69.8 Gy, respectively. For conventional plans, the calculated mean BED(2Gy) total doses of HR-CTV, bladder, rectum and sigmoid colon were 92.2, 120.1, 75.7 and 78.3 Gy, respectively. This study showed statistical significant higher BED(2Gy) total doses for bladder and sigmoid colon (p < 0.001) using conventional plans versus post-optimized, CT-based plans, while no difference between HR-CTV and rectum BED(2Gy) total doses could be detected. After a median follow-up of nineteen months, all seventeen patients had a clinical complete response. Two patients developed distant metastasis. Compared with conventional treatment, CT based brachytherapy planning was very effective in reducing doses to OARs, especially bladder and sigmoid colon whilst maintaining a high therapeutic dose for tumor target volumes in the treatment of cervical carcinoma.     

Eradicative brachytherapy with hyaluronate gel injection into pararectal space in treatment of bulky vaginal stump recurrence of uterine cancer

The purpose of this study is to develop a procedure for eradicative brachytherapy that can deliver a curative boost dose to bulky (>4 cm) vaginal stump recurrence of uterine cancer without risk of damaging surrounding organs. We separated risk organs (the rectum and sigmoid) from the target during brachytherapy, with a hyaluronate gel injection into the pararectal space via the percutaneous paraperineal approach under local anesthesia. The rectum anchored to the sacrum by native ligament was expected to shift posteriorly. We encountered a patient with bulky stump recurrence of uterine cancer, approximately 8 cm in maximum diameter. She was complaining of abdominal pain and constipation due to bowel encasement. Following 50 Gy of external beam radiotherapy, we applied a single fraction of brachytherapy under gel separation and delivered 14.5 Gy (50.8 GyE: equivalent dose in 2-Gy fraction calculated with linear quadratic model at α/β = 3) to the target. The gel injection procedure was completed in 30 min without complications. A total irradiation dose of 100.8 GyE was delivered to the target and the cumulative minimum dose to the most irradiated rectosigmoidal volume of 2 cc (cumulative D_2cc) was calculated as 58.5 GyE with gel injection, and was estimated to be 96 GyE without. Over three years, the local stump tumor has completely disappeared, with no complications. Brachytherapy with a pararectal gel injection can be a safe and effective eradicative option for bulky vaginal stump recurrence.     

Analysis of prognostic factors in localized high-risk prostate cancer patients treated with HDR brachytherapy,hypofractionated 3D-CRT and neoadjuvant/adjuvant androgen deprivation therapy (trimodality therapy)

Trimodality therapy consisting of high dose rate (HDR) brachytherapy combined with external beam radiation therapy (EBRT), neoadjuvant hormonal therapy (NHT) and adjuvant hormonal therapy (AHT) has been used to treat localized high-risk prostate cancer. In this study, an analysis of patients receiving the trimodality therapy was performed to identify prognostic factors of biochemical relapse-free survival (bRFS). Between May 2005 and November 2008, 123 high-risk prostate cancer patients (D''Amico classification) were treated with NHT prior to HDR brachytherapy combined with hypofractionated EBRT. Among these patients, 121 had completed AHT. The patients were assigned by time to be treated with a low-dose or high-dose arm of HDR brachytherapy with subsequent hypofractionated 3D conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT). Multivariate analysis was used to determine prognostic factors for bRFS. With a median follow-up of 60 months, the 5-year bRFS for all patients was 84.3% (high-dose arm, 92.9%; low-dose arm, 72.4%, P = 0.047). bRFS in the pre-HDR PSA ≤ 0.1 ng/ml subgroup was significantly improved compared with that in the pre-HDR PSA > 0.1 ng/ml subgroup (88.3% vs 68.2%, P = 0.034). On multivariate analysis, dose of HDR (P = 0.045, HR = 0.25, 95% CI = 0.038–0.97) and pre-HDR PSA level (P = 0.02 HR = 3.2, 95% CI = 1.18–10.16) were significant prognostic factors predicting bRFS. In high-risk prostate cancer patients treated with the trimodality therapy, the dose of HDR and pre-HDR PSA were significant prognostic factors. The pre-HDR PSA ≤ 0.1 subgroup had significantly improved bRFS. Further studies are needed to confirm the relevance of pre-HDR PSA in trimodality therapy.     

针药结合治疗癌性爆发痛的临床观察

目的观察吗啡即释片联合针刺治疗癌性爆发痛的疗效。方法选取2018年6月-2019年6月在本院住院69例癌症患者,随机分成两组,分别采用吗啡即释片5 mg、和吗啡即释片5 mg+针刺组控制爆发痛,分别比较两组患者疼痛控制有效率,疼痛缓解时间以及30 min和60 min时疼痛数字评分(numerical rating scale,NRS)情况。结果吗啡即释片组35例,60 min时有30例患者NRS评分均≤3分,有效率85.7%;吗啡即释片5 mg+针刺组34例,60 min时有33例患者NRS评分均≤3分,有效率97.1%;60 min时两组患者疼痛控制有效率比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),吗啡即释片5 mg+针刺组,有效率更佳。60 min时两组患者疼痛缓解时间比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),吗啡即释片5 mg+针刺组用时较短;30min时两组NRS评分比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),提示吗啡即释片联合针刺组治疗癌性爆发痛,起效时间更快。结论吗啡即释片联合针刺治疗癌性爆发痛起效时间快,有效率高,能较短时间内控制症状。     

Dose rate in the highest irradiation area of the rectum correlates with late rectal complications in patients treated with high-dose-rate computed tomography-based image-guided brachytherapy for cervical cancer

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of dose rate to the rectum on late rectal complications in patients treated with computed tomography (CT)-based image-guided brachytherapy (IGBT) for cervical cancer. The subjects were 142 patients with cervical cancer who underwent Ir-192 high-dose-rate (HDR)-IGBT between March 2012 and January 2018. The dose rate to the rectum was calculated using in-house software. The minimum, mean and maximum effective dose rate (EDR) was calculated for voxels of the rectal volume covered by cumulative doses >D_0.1cc, >D_2cc, and > D_5cc. The average EDR of three to four brachytherapy sessions was calculated (EDR for patients; EDR_p). The total dose of the rectum was calculated as the biologically equivalent dose in 2-Gy fractions (EQD₂). The associations between EDR_p for D_0.1cc, D_2cc, and D_5cc and the respective rectal EQD₂ values with late rectal complications were then analyzed. The median follow-up period was 40 months. Patients with rectal complications of ≥Grade 1 received a significantly higher mean EDR_p for D_0.1cc–5cc and had a greater EQD₂ for D_0.1cc–5cc. Multivariate analysis was performed using the mean EDR_p for D_2cc, EQD₂ for D_2cc, heavy smoking and BMI. Of these four variables, mean EDR_p for D_2cc (HR = 3.38, p = 0.004) and EQD₂ for D_2cc (HR = 2.59, p = 0.045) emerged as independent predictors for late rectal complications. In conclusion, mean EDR_p and EQD₂ were associated with late rectal complications in patients treated with HDR CT-based IGBT for cervical cancer.     

局麻、硬膜外麻开放式无张力疝修补术与腹腔镜全腹膜外疝修补术的疗效对比研究

目的：研究局麻、硬膜外麻下开放式无张力疝修补术与腹腔镜全腹膜外疝修补术（TEP）治疗成人腹股沟疝的疗效对比。方法：回顾性分析本院2009年8月-2014年3月诊治的87例成人腹股沟疝患者的临床资料,根据患者的经济情况和病情等选择不同术式,其中23例行局麻下疝修补的患者作为局麻组,36例硬膜外麻下行无张力疝修补术的患者作为硬膜外麻组,28例行腹腔镜全腹膜外疝修补的患者作为腹腔镜组。观察比较三组患者的手术时间、术后下床时间、总住院时间、术后疼痛时间、住院费用、术后并发症和术后复发率等指标。结果：三组患者手术均成功。手术时间以硬膜外麻组时间最短,腹腔镜组时间最长（P〈0.05）;术后下床活动时间以局麻组最短,硬膜外麻组最长（P〈0.05）;总住院时间以腹腔镜组最短,局麻组最长（P〈0.05）;术后疼痛时间以腹腔镜组最短,局麻组最长（P〈0.05）;住院费用以腹腔镜组最高,局麻组最低（P〈0.05）;三组的术后并发症发生率比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;三组均无近期复发病例。结论：三种术式各有最佳适应证和优缺点,应个体化选择疝修补术,腹腔镜腹股沟疝修补术有良好的发展前景。     

大肠癌患者术前营养风险筛查及对术后结局的影响

目的 应用营养风险筛查2002（NRS2002）评分系统对大肠癌患者的术前营养风险进行评估,并观察患者的适用性及对患者术后结局的影响.方法 选择手术治疗的大肠癌患者259例,按照NRS2002评分标准进行术前营养风险评估,观察不同性别、年龄、肿瘤部位、病理分化情况及Dukes分期大肠癌患者的评分特点,及不同评分对术后并发症、围手术期病死率及住院时间的影响.结果 行NRS2002评分患者243例,NRS2002评分≥3分80例,＜3分163例.大肠癌患者性别、病理分化与术前NRS2002评分无关（P＞0.05）,年龄、肿瘤部位、Dukes分期与术前NRS2002评分有关（P＜0.01）.243例患者无一例围手术期死亡.住院时间10～ 101（21.6±9.7）d.≥3分患者的并发症发生率为30.0％（24/80）,高于＜3分患者的17.2％ （28/163）;≥3分患者住院时间（20.5±8.2）d,短于＜3分患者的（23.9±11.9）d,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.多元Logistic回归分析显示性别、年龄、肿瘤部位、病理分化情况、Dukes分期、手术方式与大肠癌术后并发症发生无关（P＞0.05）,NRS2002评分与大肠癌术后并发症发生有关（P＜0.05）.Pearson相关分析显示住院时间与NRS2002评分存在相关性（P＜0.01）.结论 NRS2002评分适合于我国大肠癌患者的术前营养风险评估,且老年和青年、近端大肠、Dukes分期D期的大肠癌患者相比于中年、远端大肠及其他Dukes分期的患者更易存在术前营养风险.NRS2002评分≥3分的患者预示术后更易发生并发症和更长的住院时间,提示NRS2002评分≥3分的患者在术前需要加强营养支持.     

Clinical results of external beam radiotherapy alone with a concomitant boost program or with conventional fractionation for cervical cancer patients who did not receive intracavitary brachytherapy

A combination of external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) and intracavitary brachytherapy (ICBT) is well established as the standard radical radiotherapy (RT) for cervical cancer. However, it is sometimes necessary to perform EBRT alone for patients where ICBT is not feasible. For these patients, we initiated EBRT alone with three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT). The purpose of this study is to evaluate the results of EBRT alone without ICBT for patients with cervical cancer. Sixteen patients were treated with EBRT alone between 2002 and 2009. There were three stage IIB, six stage IIIB and seven patients with stage IVA disease. A total of 10 patients were treated with a median dose of 66 Gy with a median overall treatment time (OTT) of 40 days delivered by a concomitant boost (CCB), and a median dose of 60 Gy with a median OTT of 47 days was administered for six patients by conventional fractionation (CF). The 3-year overall survival (OAS) and local control (LC) rates were 43.8% and 75.0%, respectively. The 3-year LC rate was 90.0% for the CCB group, 50.0% for the CF group (P = 0.0692); 100% for OTT ≤42 days, 42.9% for OTT ≥43 days (P = 0.0095). No severe acute and late adverse effects were encountered for any of the patients. These outcomes suggest that EBRT with a CCB program may be a promising radical treatment for cervical cancer that provides better LC with minimal complications, especially in cases where ICBT cannot be performed.     

High dose rate brachytherapy for oral cancer

Brachytherapy results in better dose distribution compared with other treatments because of steep dose reduction in the surrounding normal tissues. Excellent local control rates and acceptable side effects have been demonstrated with brachytherapy as a sole treatment modality, a postoperative method, and a method of reirradiation. Low-dose-rate (LDR) brachytherapy has been employed worldwide for its superior outcome. With the advent of technology, high-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy has enabled health care providers to avoid radiation exposure. This therapy has been used for treating many types of cancer such as gynecological cancer, breast cancer, and prostate cancer. However, LDR and pulsed-dose-rate interstitial brachytherapies have been mainstays for head and neck cancer. HDR brachytherapy has not become widely used in the radiotherapy community for treating head and neck cancer because of lack of experience and biological concerns. On the other hand, because HDR brachytherapy is less time-consuming, treatment can occasionally be administered on an outpatient basis. For the convenience and safety of patients and medical staff, HDR brachytherapy should be explored. To enhance the role of this therapy in treatment of head and neck lesions, we have reviewed its outcomes with oral cancer, including Phase I/II to Phase III studies, evaluating this technique in terms of safety and efficacy. In particular, our studies have shown that superficial tumors can be treated using a non-invasive mold technique on an outpatient basis without adverse reactions. The next generation of image-guided brachytherapy using HDR has been discussed. In conclusion, although concrete evidence is yet to be produced with a sophisticated study in a reproducible manner, HDR brachytherapy remains an important option for treatment of oral cancer.     

盐酸罗哌卡因连续性硬膜外阻滞镇痛分娩151例分析

目的观察盐酸罗哌卡因连续硬膜外阻滞麻醉在阴道分娩镇痛中的应用及其对母婴的影响。方法选择2011年3月～11月使用盐酸罗哌卡因连续硬膜外阻滞麻醉进行镇痛分娩的产妇151例。选择其中初产妇137例作为镇痛组。随机选择同期、同条件、未采取镇痛措施者100例作为对照组,观察两组产程、产后出血、催产素使用情况及新生儿阿氏评分。结果连续硬膜外阻滞麻醉镇痛有效率100%,两组第二产程均在正常范围内,但镇痛组第二产程较对照组明显延长（P〈0.05）,镇痛组更多使用催产素（P〈0.05）。两组阴道助产、产后出血、新生儿阿氏评分、产后尿潴留差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论盐酸罗哌卡因连续硬膜外阻滞麻醉应用于镇痛分娩,镇痛效果确切、安全,对母婴无不良影响。