Development of a clinically applicable tool for bone density assessment

Objectives

To assess the accuracy and reliability of new software for radiodensitometric evaluations.

Methods

A densitometric tool developed by MevisLab^® was used in conjunction with intraoral radiographs of the premolar region in both in vivo and laboratory settings. An aluminum step wedge was utilized for comparison of grey values. After computer-aided segmentation, the interproximal bone between the premolars was assessed in order to determine the mean grey value intensity of this region and convert it to a thickness in aluminum. Evaluation of the tool was determined using bone mineral density (BMD) values derived from decalcified human bone specimens as a reference standard. In vivo BMD data was collected from 35 patients as determined with dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The intra and interobserver reliability of this method was assessed by Bland and Altman Plots to determine the precision of this tool.

Results

In the laboratory study, the threshold value for detection of bone loss was 6.5%. The densitometric data (mm Al eq.) was highly correlated with the jaw bone BMD, as determined using dual X-ray absorptiometry (r = 0.96). For the in vivo study, the correlations between the mm Al equivalent of the average upper and lower jaw with the lumbar spine BMD, total hip BMD and femoral neck BMD were 0.489, 0.537 and 0.467, respectively (P < 0.05). For the intraobserver reliability, a Bland and Altman plot showed that the mean difference ± 1.96 SD were within ±0.15 mm Al eq. with the mean difference value small than 0.003 mm Al eq. For the interobserver reliability, the mean difference ±1.96 SD were within ±0.11 mm Al eq. with the mean difference of 0.008 mm Al eq.

Conclusions

A densitometric software tool has been developed, that is reliable for bone density assessment. It now requires further investigation to evaluate its accuracy and clinical applicability in large scale studies.     

Identifying elderly women with osteoporosis by spinal dual X-ray absorptiometry, calcaneal quantitative ultrasound and spinal quantitative computed tomography: a comparative study

The ability of spinal dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), calcaneal quantitative ultrasound (QUS) and spinal quantitative computed tomography (QCT) to identify women with osteoporosis within the GISELA study was evaluated in 43 women, aged 62-87 years. Osteoporosis was defined as a T-score below or equal to -2.5 using DXA (femoral neck). To determine the performance of each method, the sensitivity, specificity and area under the curve (by means of a receiver operating characteristic [ROC] analysis) were calculated. The median T-scores from the measurements differed significantly (p < 0.0001). DXA (spine) identified 75% of women with osteoporosis; QUS and QCT identified 100%. The specificity was 89% for DXA (spine), 66% for QUS and 29% for QCT. ROC analysis showed that all three methods are qualified to identify women with osteoporosis; however, the different sensitivities and specificities of the methods, as well as the thresholds used for diagnosing osteoporosis have to be considered. (E-mail: monika.neuhaeuser-berthold@ernaehrung.uni-giessen.de)     

Analysis of Apparent Integrated Backscatter Coefficient and Backscattered Spectral Centroid Shift in Calcaneus in vivo for the Ultrasonic Evaluation of Osteoporosis

The purposes of our study were to evaluate the correlation among apparent integrated backscatter coefficient (AIB), spectral centroid shift (SCS) of ultrasonic backscatter signals and bone mineral density (BMD) and to examine the effectiveness of ultrasound variables as predictors of osteoporosis. A total of 1011 persons aged 21–80 y old were included. All study participants underwent BMD measurements of the lumbar spine (LSBMD) and the femoral neck (FNBMD). The participants also underwent calcaneal measurements to determine AIB and SCS with central frequencies of 3.5 (one transducer) and 5.0 MHz (the other transducer). AIB decreased with age and was positively correlated with BMD, while SCS increased with age and was negatively correlated with BMD. The correlation coefficient of SCS with LSBMD and FNBMD at 3.5 MHz was −0.72 and −0.70, respectively. The correlation coefficient at 5.0 MHz was −0.75 and −0.74, respectively. The correlation coefficient of AIB with LSBMD and FNBMD at 3.5 MHz was 0.65 and 0.63. The correlation coefficient at 5.0 MHz was 0.59 and 0.55, respectively. The correlation between SCS and BMD was significantly better than the correlation between AIB and BMD. Using receiver operating characteristic analysis, a significant difference was found between the areas under the curve for SCS and AIB at 3.5 MHz (0.781 vs. 0.715, respectively, p < 0.05), as well as at 5.0 MHz (0.782 vs. 0.709, respectively, p < 0.05). The optimum T-score threshold for SCS was -1.3 for both transducers. The sensitivity and specificity of SCS at 3.5 MHz and 5.0 MHz for the optimum threshold were 64%, 85%, 63% and 86%, respectively. In conclusion, the correlations among the ultrasound parameters and BMDs are strong. SCS performs better than AIB in differentiating patients with osteoporosis. Ultrasound variables may be taken into consideration as predictors of osteoporosis in the future considering its portability.     

基于双能X线吸收测量法的三种胫骨软骨下骨骨密度测量方法的信度与效度分析

目的 观察基于双能X线吸收测量法(DXA)的三种胫骨近端软骨下骨骨密度检测方法的信度与效度。方法 招募28名健康女性,利用双能X线骨密度仪扫描膝关节;由2名研究者分别应用三种不同测量方法选取ROI进行测量分析,通过计算组内相关系数值(ICC),评价各方法的复测信度与测量者间信度,利用t检验评价区分效度。结果 三种方法均具有较好的复测信度(ICC 0.833~0.998)与测量者间信度(ICC 0.905~0.997),且对低年龄者和高年龄者具有较好的区分效度(P<0.05)。结论 利用双能X线骨密度仪研究膝关节软骨下骨具有可行性;本研究分析的三种测量方法可有选择地用于临床研究。     

双能X射线骨密度仪不同测量方式检测大鼠骨密度的准确性

背景:双能X射线骨密度仪是诊断骨质疏松症的金标准,但采用其系统默认方式测量小动物骨密度误差很大。目的:观察双能X射线骨密度仪不同测量方式对大鼠骨密度测量准确度的影响。方法:应用双能X射线骨密度仪对六七月龄雌性SD大鼠进行全身扫描,分别采用自定义手动矩形方式、手动椭圆形方式与系统默认标准方式依次测量大鼠的全身、头部及脊柱部位的骨密度。结果与结论:手动椭圆形方式与系统默认方式测得的大鼠全身、头部和脊柱的骨密度差异无显著性意义(P>0.05),而手动矩形方式与系统默认标准方式间差异有显著性意义(P<0.01)。双能X射线骨密度仪应用手动椭圆形方式与系统默认标准方式对测量结果影响不大,但手动矩形测量方式误差较大。提示手动椭圆形方式可作为小动物骨密度测量后的分析方法之一。     

沈阳地区2288例骨密度测定及骨质疏松症发病率分析

目的：观察沈阳地区健康人群骨密度（BMD）的变化规律及骨质疏松症的发病率，为骨质疏松症的防治提供参考依据。方法：采用GE，LUNAR公司生产的DEXA双能X线骨密度仪对沈阳地区2001～2005年来我院体检的2288例健康受试者进行BMD测定，以同部位、同性别峰值BMD减低2SD为诊断骨质疏松标准，按性别、年龄分组进行统计学分析。结果：沈阳地区男性BMD峰值在30～35岁，女性则在30岁左右，之后BMD开始下降，女性50岁后由于雌激素水平的下降，骨量快速丢失，致使此期男女BMD值差异更大（P〈0．05）。骨质疏松发病率女性高于男性，Ward’s区骨质疏松发生率女性明显高于男性。结论：本分析为沈阳地区骨质疏松症的诊断、防治提供了参考依据。     

Clinical Assessment of the 1/3 Radius Using a New Desktop Ultrasonic Bone Densitometer

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the capability of a novel ultrasound device to clinically estimate bone mineral density (BMD) at the 1/3 radius. The device rests on a desktop and is portable, and permits real-time evaluation of the radial BMD. The device measures two net time delay (NTD) parameters, NTD_DW and NTD_CW. NTD_DW is defined as the difference between the transit time of an ultrasound pulse to travel through soft-tissue, cortex and medullary cavity, and the transit time through soft tissue only of equal overall distance. NTD_CW is defined as the difference between the transit time of an ultrasound pulse to travel through soft-tissue and cortex only, and the transit time through soft tissue only again of equal overall distance. The square root of the product of these two parameters is a measure of the radial BMD at the 1/3 location as measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). A clinical IRB-approved study measured ultrasonically 60 adults at the 1/3 radius. BMD was also measured at the same anatomic site and time using DXA. A linear regression using NTD produced a linear correlation coefficient of 0.93 (p < 0.001). These results are consistent with previously reported simulation and in vitro studies. In conclusion, although X-ray methods are effective in bone mass assessment, osteoporosis remains one of the largest undiagnosed and under-diagnosed diseases in the world today. The research described here should enable significant expansion of diagnosis and monitoring of osteoporosis through a desktop device that ultrasonically assesses bone mass at the 1/3 radius.     

Serum bone sialoprotein: a marker of bone resorption in postmenopausal osteoporosis

Thirty healthy perimenopausal women who had normal lumber spine bone mineral density (LS-BMD) measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) participated in this study as controls. The pathological group comprised 50 postmenopausal osteoporotic women who had LS-BMD more that 2 SD below the normal mean of healthy perimenopausal women. Postmenopausal osteoporotic patients were allocated to three different therapeutic modalities (hormone replacement therapy HRT, alendronate or combined HRT and alendronate). Blood and urine samples were collected from all groups before and 12 months after treatment. Serum bone sialoprotein (BSP) was measured by a specific radioimmunoassay and urinary pyridinoline N-telopeptide of type l collagen (NTX ) were determined as biomarkers of bone resorption. In addition, serum IL-11 and TGF &#103 2 were measured by enzyme immunoassays. The results obtained showed that serum BSP was significantly elevated in postmenopausal osteoporosis compared to that of healthy perimenopausal controls. Significant positive correlations exist between serum BSP and biomarkers of bone resorption (Pyr,DPyr,NTX ) as well as bone resorptive cytokines (IL-11,TGF &#103 2 ). Serum BSP decreased after different antiresorptive treatments and this decrease paralleled the decrease of bone resorption markers and the increase of LS-BMD. Based on these data, circulating BSP appears to be a valuable marker of bone resorption and monitoring therapy with antiresorptive drugs in postmenopausal osteoporosis. (Pyr), deoxy-pyridinoline (DPyr) and     

Changes in Bone Mineral Density of the Proximal Femur and Spine with Aging: DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE POSTMENOPAUSAL AND SENILE OSTEOPOROSIS SYNDROMES

We measured bone mineral density (BMD) of the proximal femur, lumbar spine, or both by dual photon absorptiometry in 205 normal volunteers (123 women and 82 men; age range 20 to 92 yr) and in 31 patients with hip fractures (26 women and 5 men; mean age, 78 yr). For normal women, the regression of BMD on age was negative and linear at each site; overall decrease during life was 58% in the femoral neck, 53% in the intertrochanteric region of the femur, and 42% in the lumbar spine. For normal men, the age regression was linear also; the rate of decrease in BMD was two-thirds of that in women for femoral neck and intertrochanteric femur but was only one-fourth of that in women for lumbar spine. This difference may explain why the female/male ratio is 2:1 for hip fractures but 8:1 for vertebral fractures. The standard deviation (Z-score) from the sex-specific age-adjusted normal mean in 26 women with hip fracture averaged −0.31 (P < 0.05) for the femoral neck, −0.53 (P < 0.01) for the intertrochanteric femur, and +0.24 (NS) for the lumbar spine; results were similar for 5 men with hip fractures. By contrast, for 27 additional women, ages 51-65 yr, with only nontraumatic vertebral fractures, the Z-score was −1.92 (P < 0.001) for the lumbar spine. Thus, contrary to the view that osteoporosis is a single age-related entity, our data suggest the existence of two distinct syndromes. One form, “postmenopausal osteoporosis,” is characterized by excessive and disproportionate trabecular bone loss, involves a small subset of women in the early postmenopausal period, and is associated mainly with vertebral fractures. The other form, “senile osteoporosis,” is characterized by proportionate loss of both cortical and trabecular bone, involves essentially the entire population of aging women and, to a lesser extent, aging men, and is associated with hip fractures or vertebral fractures or both.     

Role of US in evaluating breast implant integrity

Purpose

To assess the diagnostic accuracy and inter-observer variability of ultrasound (US) in recognizing signs of intra or extra-capsular rupture of silicone breast implants by using the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings as the reference standard.

Methods

150 patients for a total of 300 implants underwent breast US and subsequently MR examination searching for signs of intra or extra-capsular rupture. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and diagnostic accuracy were calculated for breast US having MRI findings as the reference standard. Cohen’s kappa statistics was used in order to assess inter-observer agreement for US.

Results

170/300 (57 %) implant ruptures were detected at US (intra-capsular n = 110, extra-capsular n = 60). By comparing US findings with MR results, overall sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, PPV, and NPV of 79, 63, 70, 65, and 77 %, respectively, were found for breast US. In case of intra-capsular rupture, sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, PPV, and NPV of 63, 63, 63, 45, and 77 %, respectively, were obtained; 100 % values were found for extra-capsular rupture US diagnosis.

Conclusion

US can be used as the first examination in patients with breast implants. US intra-capsular rupture detection requires further evaluation by MRI; in case of extra-capsular rupture US diagnosis, surgical implant removal could be proposed without further investigations.     

Diagnostic Performance of Axial-Strain Sonoelastography in Confirming Clinically Diagnosed Achilles Tendinopathy: Comparison with B-Mode Ultrasound and Color Doppler Imaging

This primary aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of axial-strain sonoelastography (ASE), B-mode ultrasound (US) and color Doppler US in confirming clinically symptomatic Achilles tendinopathy. The secondary aim was to establish the relationship between the strain ratio during sonoelastography and Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment—Achilles (VISA-A) scores. The VISA-A questionnaire is a validated clinical rating scale that evaluates the symptoms and dysfunction of the Achilles tendon. One hundred twenty Achilles tendons of 120 consecutively registered patients with clinical symptoms of Achilles tendinopathy and another 120 gender- and age-matched, asymptomatic Achilles tendons of 120 healthy volunteers were assessed with B-mode US, ASE and color Doppler US. Symptomatic patients had significantly higher strain ratio scores and softer Achilles tendon properties compared with controls (p < 0.001). The strain ratio was moderately correlated with VISA-A scores (r = −0.62, p < 0.001). The diagnostic accuracy of B-mode US, ASE and color Doppler US in confirming clinically symptomatic Achilles tendinopathy was 94.7%, 97.8% and 82.5% respectively. There was excellent correlation between the clinical reference standard and the grade of tendon quality on ASE (κ = 0.91, p < 0.05), compared with B-mode US (κ = 0.74, p < 0.05) and color Doppler imaging (κ = 0.49, p < 0.05). ASE is an accurate clinical tool in the evaluation of Achilles tendinopathy, with results comparable to those of B-mode US and excellent correlation with clinical findings. The strain ratio may offer promise as a supplementary tool for the objective evaluation of Achilles tendon properties.     

Qualitative and Quantitative Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound Combined with Conventional Ultrasound for Predicting the Malignancy of Soft Tissue Tumors

This study was aimed at evaluating the performance of perfusion patterns and the quantitative parameters of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in the detection of soft tissue tumors (STTs) and establishing a US workflow for STTs to improve patient management. Conventional ultrasound (US) and CEUS data were retrospectively collected from 156 soft tissue masses. Six perfusion patterns (P1–P6) were applied for CEUS qualitative analysis. Multivariate logistic regression was used to evaluate the performance of conventional US and qualitative and quantitative CEUS in distinguishing benign and malignant STTs. The malignancy rates of P1–P6 in STTs were 0%, 50.0%, 9.1%, 33.3%, 73.4% and 61.0%, respectively. For "non-P1" STTs, the predictive model combining quantitative CEUS parameters with conventional US features, including margin (odds ratio [OR] = 4.490, p = 0.000), vascular density (OR = 2.307, p = 0.013), 50% wash-out intensity (OR = 1.904, p = 0.032) and 50% wash-out time (OR = 1.031, p = 0.019), performed favorably in predicting malignancy, with an accuracy of 81.0% and an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.868. Furthermore, a US workflow for the detection of STTs based on conventional US and CEUS was established. CEUS with qualitative and quantitative analyses could be an effective tool for STT diagnosis. The US workflow in this study may improve the management of STT patients.     

定量CT和双回波MRI评价骨质疏松

目的 探讨定量CT(QCT)和双回波MR成像评价骨质疏松的价值。方法 对74名志愿者行前瞻性队列研究,分别采用双能X线骨密度测量仪(DXA)和QCT检测腰椎骨密度,MR扫描仪及后处理软件检测腰椎椎体内骨髓脂肪组织。根据腰椎DXA结果分为骨量正常组、低骨量组和骨质疏松组,采用单因素方差分析比较3组间信号强度比值(SIR)的差异;采用Pearson相关分析分别检验双回波MRI技术所测SIR与DXA的T值及QCT所测骨量的相关性;采用ROC曲线分析SIR值对骨质疏松的诊断效能。结果 骨量正常组SIR值0.41±0.11,低骨量组SIR值0.55±0.12,骨质疏松组SIR值0.62±0.15,三组间差异有统计学意义(F=18.5,P=0.002),骨量正常组与骨质疏松组间、骨量正常组与低骨量组间SIR差异有统计学意义(P均<0.01),而低骨量组与骨质疏松组间SIR差异无统计学意义(P=0.194),QCT所测骨量与DXA所测T值呈正相关(r=0.675,P<0.01),SIR值与T值呈负相关(r=-0.587,P<0.01)。SIR值与QCT所测骨量呈负相关关系(r=-0.599,P<0.001)。采用SIR评价骨质疏松的ROC分析显示,SIR=0.54时,ROC曲线下面积最大,为0.833,诊断的敏感度为83.3%,特异度为75.7%。结论 QCT可直接精确测量骨质密度;双回波MRI技术可通过检测骨髓脂肪组织间接反映骨代谢情况。     

青年人群腰椎骨密度及标准差对骨质疏松检出率的影响:多中心、大样本分析

背景：不同地区骨峰值和标准差不同，对骨质疏松诊断率有较大影响。探讨建立一完整数据库为中国人骨质疏松诊断准确性提供依据。目的：探讨青年人腰椎骨密度和标准差正常参考值影响骨质疏松症检出率的程度。设计、时间及地点：调查分析，于1997—01／1999-12分别在北京、上海、广州、南京、嘉兴和成都市完成。对象：采用前瞻性及回顾性方法对全国6个中心骨密度参考数据库中11418人进行调查统计分析；男3666人，女7752人：年龄20岁～90岁；分别来自北京（2385人）、广州（1178人）、上海（1404人）、南京（2938人）、成都（1425人）、嘉兴（2088人），受试者来源于社区调查、健康体检和健康志愿者。方法：用GE-Lunar公司的DXA仪测量骨密度，调查全国6个中心11418人L2-L4腰椎后前位和髋部骨密度，建立了骨密度参考数据库。6个中心的仪器内部精度0．3％～0．7％，仪器间的精度1．1％。主要观察指标：①6个中心不同年龄组腰椎骨密度分布。②青年人群骨密度及其标准差值对骨质疏松症检出率的影响。结果：中国汉族女性以腰椎进行骨质疏松症诊断的青年人群的骨密度和标准差值，6个中心，最大差值分别为0．098g／cm^2和0．027g／cm^2。用6个中心及总体各自的青年人平均骨密度和标准差值为参考标准，对同一人群计算T-score和获得的骨质疏松症检出率不相同；发现青年人平均骨密度每变化0．01g/cm^2，则骨质疏松症检出率变化1．6％（呈正相关），其标准差值每变化0．01g／cm^2，则骨质疏松症检出率变化4％（呈负相关）。结论：青年人平均骨密度和标准差值不同引起骨质疏松症检出率也不相同。为了让不同中心的骨质疏松症检出率有可比性，建议同一个类型的骨密度仪，同一个种族，同一个地区用一个设计较完善大样本的参考数据库，以其青年人正常参考值计算T-score。     

A dispermic chimera was identified in a healthy man with mixed field agglutination reaction in ABO blood grouping and mosaic 46, XY/46, XX karyotype

BackgroundChimerism is the presence of two or more genetically distinct cell populations in one organism. Here, we reported the identification of dispermic chimerism in a 25-year-old male.MethodsBlood grouping was performed with standard gel centrifugation test cards. ABO and HLA-A, -B, -C, -DRB1 and -DQB1 loci genotyping was determined with PCR sequence-based typing. A quantitative analysis of dual red cells populations was measured by flow cytometer. The karyotype was analyzed by G-banded chromosomes. Short tandem repeat (STR) analysis was performed on blood, buccal mucosal and hair shafts samples.ResultsA mixed-field agglutination with anti-B antibody was observed with gel centrifugation tests, which showed a double populations of O and B groups RBCs. Two groups RBCs were also observed by flow cytometer with nearly 90% O group cells and 10% B group cells. The normal O01, O02, B101 alleles were identified in DNA sample of the proband. STR analysis revealed three alleles for D8S1179, D3S1358, TH01, D13S317, D16S539, D2S1338, D19S433, TPOX and D18S51 loci. HLA-DRB1 and -DQB1 loci had three alleles and a karyotypic mosaic was found with 60% 46, XY and 40% 46, XX karyotype in the proband. In all studies, the third allele was attributable to a dual paternal contribution.ConclusionA individual with dispermic chimerism was identified, which would generate by fertilization of an oocyte and the corresponding second polar body by two different sperms.     

Osteoporosis Diagnostic Model Using a Multichannel Convolutional Neural Network Based on Quantitative Ultrasound Radiofrequency Signal

Quantitative ultrasound (QUS) is a promising screening method for osteoporosis. In this study, a new method to improve the diagnostic accuracy of QUS was established in which a multichannel convolutional neural network (MCNN) processes the raw radiofrequency (RF) signal of QUS. The improvement in the diagnostic accuracy of osteoporosis using this new method was evaluated by comparison with the conventional speed of sound (SOS) method. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used as the diagnostic standard. After being trained, validated and tested in a data set consisting of 274 participants, the MCNN model could significantly raise the accuracy of osteoporosis diagnosis compared with the SOS method. The adjusted MCNN model performed even better when adjusted by age, height and weight data. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of the adjusted MCNN method for osteoporosis diagnosis were 80.86%, 84.23% and 83.05%, respectively; the corresponding values for SOS were 50.60%, 73.68% and 66.67%. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the adjusted MCNN method was also higher than that of SOS (0.846 vs. 0.679). In conclusion, our study indicates that the MCNN method may be more accurate than the conventional SOS method. The MCNN tool and ultrasound RF signal analysis are promising future developmental directions for QUS in screening for osteoporosis.     

徐州地区1204例中老年人骨质疏松症流行病学调查

目的 通过测量徐州地区中老年骨密度,分析骨密度的变化规律及骨质疏松症的发病率,为骨质疏松症的防治提供参考依据.方法 采用GE-LUNAR公司生产的双能X线骨密度仪对徐州地区2005-2008年1204例中老年人进行骨密度测定,分别做股骨上端及第2～4腰椎椎体测量,并按5岁为一个年龄组分组.以峰值骨密度减低2.5标准差为诊断骨质疏松症标准,按性别、年龄分组进行统计学分析.结果 徐州地区男、女各部位骨密度逐年降低,女性55岁后骨量下降较男性显著(P＜0.01),骨质疏松发病率女性高于男性.结论 对中老年人应加强普及骨质疏松预防知识,对于55岁女性和65岁男性,同时采取相应干预措施,以减少骨质疏松症的发生.     

Bedside ultrasonography of musculoskeletal complications in brain injured patients

IntroductionThe aim of this study was to evaluate the role of bedside ultrasonography (US) in early diagnosis of musculoskeletal complications (MSC) of acquired brain injuries, to describe its incidence and US features in a neurorehabilitation setting.Materials and methodsAll 163 patients admitted in tertiary-level neurorehabilitation unit with diagnosis of stroke or severe brain injury (SBI), with symptoms or signs of musculoskeletal pathology, underwent bedside US.ResultsMSC were diagnosed in 51.5%. In 86.9% US clarified diagnosis and/or modified therapeutic approach. Shoulder pain was observed in 27.6%. US showed a shoulder subluxation in 73.3% and a frozen shoulder in 8.8% of painful shoulders. In all the cases rotator cuff abnormalities were noted. Wrist-hand syndrome was observed in 29.4%. US showed mild effusion in wrist joints and tendon sheaths and subcutaneous edema without significant vascularity.Neurogenic heterotopic ossification was observed in 1.8%. US demonstrated the “zone phenomenon” or heterogeneously hypoechoic mass with low resistance vessels within the lesions.Contractures and spasticity were observed in 18.4%. US allowed reliable guidance for Botulinum toxin A injection. Relapsing osteoarthritis and acute arthritis were diagnosed in 15.3% and 7.3% respectively. Patients with MSC had lower Functional Independence Measurement (FIM) and Katz index scores in discharge (p < 0.04 and p < 0.0294 respectively) and more length of hospital stay (p = 0.0024).DiscussionMusculoskeletal pathology frequently complicates the course of acquired brain injuries and it delays functional recovery. Bedside US is a cheap and sensitive diagnostic tool and it can aid clinicians to define diagnosis and to choose therapeutic approach.     

腹膜透析患者骨密度测定与骨折风险评价

目的观察腹膜透析患者骨密度改变及分析相关因素,为骨质疏松早期诊断和预防骨折发生提供临床依据。方法选择上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院肾内科84例慢性肾衰竭腹膜透析患者,以双能X线吸收(dual energy X-ray absorptiometry,DEXA)骨密度仪测定腰椎和股骨近端骨密度,同时采集其临床、生化指标及X线平片。结果 11.9%腹膜透析患者骨质疏松,36.9%骨量减少。骨质疏松多元回归分析入选变量为性别、年龄、体质量指数、尿素清除指数(Kt/V)和尿量。这些患者自腹膜透析始骨折总发生率为9.5%。进入骨折Cox回归模型是腰椎Z值和股骨颈Z值及体质量指数。结论透析不充分、低体质量指数、老年、女性、残余尿量少可能是腹膜透析患者骨质疏松重要危险因素。腰椎和股骨颈Z值可预测腹膜透析患者骨折发生,低体质量指数是腹膜透析患者骨折独立高危因素。     

Bone mineral density correlates strongly with basal metabolic rate in postmenopausal women

BACKGROUND: This study investigated the relationships of bone mineral density (BMD) with body composition, basal metabolic rate (BMR), and fat distribution. METHODS: We measured body mass index (BMI), anthropometrics, and BMD in 345 postmenopausal women and 224 elderly men. Total body fat (TBF), fat distribution, and BMR were assessed using a body composition analyzer. Lumbar spine and proximal femur BMDs were measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS: Lumbar spine BMD was more strongly correlated with BMR (r=0.51, p<0.01) than with lean body mass (r=0.39, p<0.01) and waist hip ratio (r=-0.28, p<0.01) in postmenopausal women. The mean values of BMR in osteoporotic women were significantly lower than those for non-osteoporotic women (p<0.01). The prevalences of osteoporosis at the sites of lumbar spine and proximal femur were 32.1% and 23.3% in the women with BMR<1230 kcal, which were significantly higher than those of osteoporosis (5.4% and 7.7%) at the corresponding sites in the women with BMR> or =1230 kcal (p<0.01). In elderly men, the incidence of osteoporosis at the proximal femur was 29.5% in the subjects with BMR<1390 kcal, significantly higher than that (2.2%) in the subjects with BMR> or =1390 kcal (p<0.01). CONCLUSION: BMR is more closely associated with bone density in elderly persons, at least as compared to TBF, BMI, or lean body mass.