Review and prospect of immune checkpoint blockade therapy represented by PD-1/PD-L1 in the treatment of clear cell renal cell carcinoma

As a common tumor of the urinary system, the morbidity and mortality related to renal carcinoma, are increasing annually. Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC) is the most common subtype of renal cell carcinoma, accounting for approximately 75% of the total number of patients with renal cell carcinoma. Currently, the clinical treatment of ccRCC involves targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and a combination of the two. In immunotherapy, PD-1/PD-L1 blocking of activated T cells to kill cancer cells is the most common treatment. However, as treatment progresses, some patients gradually develop resistance to immunotherapy. Meanwhile, other patients experience great side effects after immunotherapy, resulting in a survival status far lower than the expected survival rate. Based on these clinical problems, many researchers have been working on the improvement of tumor immunotherapy in recent years and have accumulated numerous research results. We hope to find a more suitable direction for future immunotherapy for ccRCC by combining these results and the latest research progress.     

Multidisciplinary management of metastatic renal cell carcinoma in the era of targeted therapies

The use of targeted agents to treat metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) has significantly extended progression-free and overall survival but raises issues relating to the long-term delivery of care and the sustained monitoring of efficacy and toxicities, certain of which have not previously been experienced. In this paper, an expert group of medical oncologists, urologists and oncology nurses and pharmacists review and make informal recommendations on the multidisciplinary management of mRCC in the light of progress made and problems that have arisen. Decentralisation of care, with a shift in emphasis from large to small hospitals and possibly to the community, may offer advantages of cost and convenience. However, the major responsibility for care should continue to lie with clinicians (either medical oncologists or urologists) with extensive experience in mRCC, assisted by specialist nurses, and working in centres with facilities adequate to monitor efficacy and manage toxicities. That said, the extended survival of patients emphasises the importance of compliance and the long-term prevention, detection and management of side effects. Much of this will take place in the community. There is therefore a need for multidisciplinary working to extend beyond specialist centres to include general practitioners, community nurses and pharmacists. Although this paper focuses on mRCC, many of the considerations discussed are also relevant to the management of more common solid tumours in the era of targeted therapy.     

Fatigue in renal cell carcinoma: the hidden burden of current targeted therapies

Fatigue is one of the most common symptoms associated with cancer. Persistent fatigue can impair multiple aspects of daily functioning and quality of life, and patients report that treatment-related fatigue has a greater impact than other symptoms, including pain, nausea, and depression. Thus, management of fatigue is recognized as an important component of care for patients with cancer. Treatment of advanced and metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) was, until recently, limited to cytokine-based therapies, which are associated with modest response rates and significant toxicity, including high rates of treatment-related fatigue. The paradigm for RCC treatment has shifted dramatically in the last 5 years with the advent of efficacious targeted therapies. These agents provide the promise of better tolerability because of their more selective mechanisms of action. However, there is considerable variation in the selectivity of targeted agents for RCC, and a review of randomized clinical trials in patients with advanced and/or metastatic disease reveals that there is considerable variation in the tolerability of these agents. Fatigue remains a prominent toxicity with current targeted therapies. Future agents that show better selectivity and potency than current targeted therapies should help to provide better efficacy and tolerability.     

基于PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂联合疗法对比舒尼替尼治疗晚期肾细胞癌安全性和有效性的Meta分析

目的：系统评价基于PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂的免疫联合治疗（以下称“免疫联合治疗”）对比舒尼替尼治疗晚期肾细胞癌（RCC）的安全性和有效性。方法：检索PubMed、Embase、Cochrane Library及中国知网（CNKI）数据库，收集国内外公开发表的免疫联合治疗对比舒尼替尼应用于晚期RCC的随机对照试验（RCT），检索时间均为自建库时间至2022年10月。由两名研究者独立评价纳入研究的质量、提取资料并交叉核对，采用StataMP16.0软件进行Meta分析。结果：共纳入6项RCT,Meta分析结果显示，（1）有效性：与舒尼替尼相比，免疫联合治疗显著提高了晚期RCC患者的总生存期[OS,HR=0.74,95%CI(0.67,0.80),P<0.01]和无进展生存期[PFS,HR=0.66,95%CI(0.51,0.81),P<0.01](;2)安全性：两治疗组均有较高的不良反应（AE）发生率，差异无统计学意义。但免疫联合治疗组发生皮肤及内分泌系统AE显著高于舒尼替尼治疗组，而血液系统相关AE则明显低于舒尼替尼治疗组（；3）以1%为临界点，免疫联合治疗组的RCC患者，...     

PD-L1 blockade with avelumab: A new paradigm for treating Merkel cell carcinoma

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare and aggressive neuroendocrine skin cancer. Until recently, no durable treatment options were available for patients with advanced disease. As an immunogenic cancer, MCC was hypothesized to be a candidate for PD-L1/PD-1 targeted therapy. On March 23, 2017 the US Food and Drug Administration granted accelerated approval for avelumab, an anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody, for the treatment of metastatic MCC on the basis of the JAVELIN Merkel 200 trial. Here we examine the results and implications of this pivotal study, published in Lancet Oncology by Kaufman et al., as well as current developments in the use of immune-checkpoint therapies for treating patients with MCC.     

PD-1/PD-L1单克隆抗体治疗头颈部鳞癌的研究进展

头颈部鳞癌是以转移和局部侵袭为特征的恶性肿瘤,手术及放疗后复发率高,疾病预后及患者生存质量差。近年来,程序性死亡分子-1(programmed death-1,PD-1)抑制剂被新版美国国立综合癌症网络(NCCN)指南推荐用于治疗复发、不可切除和转移性头颈部鳞癌,其疗效引人瞩目。PD-1单抗为铂类化疗难治性的晚期头颈部鳞癌患者提供了新的治疗手段,降低术后功能丧失的风险,实现改善患者生存质量的目的。本文就免疫检查点PD-1/程序性细胞死亡分子配体-1(programmed death-ligand 1,PD-L1)的结构、作用机制和其抑制剂在治疗头颈部鳞癌中的研究进展等方面进行综述。     

Characterization of PD-1 and PD-L1 Expression in Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma: Results of a Large Multicenter Study

BackgroundProgrammed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) play a decisive role as prognostic markers in clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC). To date, the role of PD-1/PD-L1 as a prognostic marker in papillary RCC (pRCC) remains scarce.Patients and MethodsPatients’ sample collection was a joint collaboration of the nationwide PANZAR consortium – a multicenter study. Medical history and tumor specimens were collected from 245 and 129 patients with pRCC types 1 and 2, respectively. Expression of PD-1 and PD-L1 was determined by immunohistochemistry in pRCC and tumor-infiltrating mononuclear cells.ResultsOf 374 pRCC specimens, 204 type 1 and 97 type 2 were evaluable for PD-1 and PD-L1 expression analysis. In total, PD-1 and PD-L1 expression were found in 8 (4.9%) of 162 and 12 (7.2%) of 166 evaluable pRCC type 1 specimens. Comparably, PD-1 and PD-L1 expression were found in 2 (2.4%) of 83 and 5 (6.2%) of 81 evaluable pRCC type 2 specimens. Hardly any clinically relevant associations between PD-1 and PD-L1 positivity and clinicopathologic or clinical courses were observed, neither in pRCC type 1 nor type 2.ConclusionThe analysis of a large pRCC cohort from a multicenter consortium revealed no impact of PD-1/PD-L1 expression on prognosis in patients with pRCC with predominantly limited disease status, neither for type 1 nor type 2. However, the impact of PD-1 and PD-L1 in more advanced pRCC disease needs further elucidation.     

PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂在晚期肝细胞肝癌治疗中的研究进展

晚期原发性肝细胞肝癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)的系统治疗主要包括靶向治疗、化疗以及免疫治疗。近3年,程序性死亡受体-1(programmed death receptor-1,PD-1)/程序性死亡受体-1配体(programmed death receptor-1 ligand,PD-L1)抑制剂在晚期HCC治疗中取得突破性进展。纳武单抗(nivolumab)和帕博利珠单抗(pembrolizumab)先后被美国食品药品管理局(FDA)批准用于HCC二线治疗。多个PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂联合系统治疗的Ⅰ、Ⅱ期临床研究初步显示出较好的疗效和安全性。阿特珠单抗(atezolizumab)联合贝伐单抗一线治疗成为首个在Ⅲ期临床研究中证实优于现有标准治疗索拉非尼的全新疗法。本文就近年PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂在晚期HCC治疗中的研究进展进行概述。     

PD-1/PD-L1在食管鳞癌中的研究进展

食管癌的发病率和死亡率均较高,也是最难治疗和治愈的恶性肿瘤之一。当前,免疫检查点抑制剂在肿瘤治疗中取得了突破进展,相关研究已成为热点,针对免疫检查点“程序性死亡分子1”(PD-1)及其配体PD-L1抗体的临床研究也正在广泛开展,本文就PD-1/PD-L1在食管鳞癌中的研究进展做一综述。     

PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂在恶性黑色素瘤（新）辅助治疗中的研究进展

恶性黑色素瘤是一种具有较高复发率及死亡率的实体肿瘤。目前针对Ⅱ～Ⅲ期黑色素瘤的治疗仍是以外科手术为主,由于缺乏有效的(新)辅助治疗手段,高危黑色素瘤患者的5年生存率仅有30%～70%。程序性死亡因子1(PD-1)和程序性死亡因子配体1(PD-L1)是重要的免疫检验点共抑制分子,通过抑制T细胞的激活和增殖通路参与了肿瘤的免疫逃逸。近些年来包括Nivolumab和Pembrolizumab在内的多种PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂研发获批上市,并在晚期黑色素瘤的治疗中表现出显著的疗效。因此多项针对PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂在高危黑色素瘤患者(新)辅助治疗的临床试验正积极开展。本文主要对近年来相关研究进行了回顾与总结,探讨PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂在黑色素瘤(新)辅助治疗应用的前景和可能发展的方向。     

PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂在尿路上皮癌治疗中的研究进展

近年来,随着人们对肿瘤免疫生物学认识的不断深入,针对免疫检查点抑制的系统免疫疗法在尿路上皮癌领域得到了广泛的探索和临床应用。程序性细胞死亡受体1(programmed death 1,PD-1)及其配体(programmed death ligand 1,PD-L1)是机体免疫活性的重要负性调节因子,可防止正常组织和自身免疫功能的破坏。迄今为止,美国食品和药物管理局(Food and Drug Administration,FDA)已批准了可阻断PD-1(Pembrolizumab和Nivolumab)或PD-L1(Atezolizumab、Durvalumab和Avelumab)的五种免疫检查点抑制剂,根据在相关临床试验中观察到的持久的治疗反应和可控的安全性,用于局部晚期或转移性尿路上皮癌的一线或二线治疗。本文就PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂在尿路上皮癌中的研究进展作一综述。     

肾癌的靶向治疗

 目前转移性肾癌是最难治的恶性肿瘤之一。基于肾癌发生的分子机制的阐明，从而导致发展有希望治疗靶点的新药。在临床研究中，舒尼替尼和索拉芬尼是治疗晚期或转移性肾癌有明显的效果和可处理的毒性，它属于口服的多靶点酪氨酸激酶抑制剂，抑制血管内皮生长因子受体与血小板衍生的生长因子受体和C-KIT受体酪氨酸激酶。这两种药很快批准作为第二线药物治疗肾癌，并将用作第一线治疗。舒尼替尼或索拉芬尼作为单剂治疗与联合方案治疗肾癌值得进一步研究     

程序性死亡受体-1及其配体在血液肿瘤中的研究进展

程序性死亡受体-1(programmed death-1,PD-1)及配体PD-L1为CD28/B7免疫球蛋白超家族负性协同刺激分子成员,在许多肿瘤细胞及其相关细胞表面高表达.近年来免疫治疗成为肿瘤治疗的新热点,其中PD-l及配体PD-L1为靶点的免疫抑制药物在各类肿瘤临床试验中显示出了良好的疗效和安全性.本文将对近年来其在白血病、淋巴瘤等血液系统疾病治疗中的研究现状作一综述,以期为血液系统疾病的治疗提供新的方法.     

Temisorlimus in the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma

Temsirolimus is a novel inhibitor of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), which is a central regulator of the response of tumour cells to growth and survival signals. When heavily pretreated patients with advanced solid tumours received intravenous (IV) temsirolimus over a broad dose range, antitumour activity was observed in various tumour types, including advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC). A study of single-agent temsiroliums in patients with cytokine-refractory metastatic RCC subsequently demonstrated antitumour activity and encouraging progression-free survival and overall survival. Temsirolimus was generally well tolerated over the 3 dose levels tested (25 mg, 75 mg or 250 mg weekly as a 30-minute IV infusion). The most frequent grade 3 or 4 treatment-related adverse events reported (n=110) were hyperglycemia (17%), hypophosphatemia (13%), anemia (9%), and hypertriglyceridemia (6%). Results from a randomized phase III study that enrolled previously untreated patients with advanced RCC and poor-prognostic features have recently demonstrated a significant increase in overall survival (p=0.0089) for patients who received temsirolimus 25 mg IV, 30-minute infusion once weekly compared with those who received interferon-alpha up to 18 million units subcutaneously thrice weekly. On the basis of improved survival, temsirolimus can be considered a first-line treatment for patients with advanced RCC.     

基于PD-1/PD-L1靶点的肿瘤免疫治疗研究进展

近年来的研究显示,肿瘤免疫治疗在恶性肿瘤的治疗上成效显著,疗效优于传统的化疗和放疗.程序性死亡受体-1(programmed death 1,PD-1)和程序性死亡受体配体-1(programmed death-ligand 1,PD-L1)这对免疫共抑制分子作为肿瘤免疫治疗的靶点备受关注,PD-L1在一些肿瘤细胞中的...     

食管鳞状细胞癌患者外周血PD-1和PD-L1的表达及其临床意义

目的:检测食管鳞癌患者外周血中程序性死亡分子1 (programmed cell death 1,PD-1)、程序性死亡分子1配体(pro-grammed cell death ligand 1,PD-L1)及IFN-γ表达情况,并分析其临床意义.方法选取2016年6月至2017年4月河北医科大学第四医院胸外科90例食管鳞状细胞癌患者(其中50例患者行手术治疗)和40例健康对照者为研究对象,收集研究其外周血液标本,采用酶联免疫吸附方法检测血清中可溶性PD-1 (sPD-1)、可溶性PD-L1 (sPD-L1)及IFN-γ的表达水平.采用SPSS 24.0软件对数据进行检验和相关性分析.结果:食管鳞癌组血清中sPD-l、sPD-L1及IFN-γ水平均明显高于正常对照组(P＜0.05);食管鳞癌组手术前血清sPD-L1、IFN-γ水平均明显高于术后(P＜0.05),而sPD-1水平两组比较无明显差异(P＞0.05).sPD-1、sPD-L1的表达水平与临床病理特征无明显相关(P＞0.05),IFN-γ的表达水平与淋巴结转移情况相关(P＜0.05),与T分期、TNM分期、肿瘤体积大小、肿瘤部位、组织分化程度、性别、年龄无明显相关(P＞0.05).血清中sPD-L1表达水平与IFN-γ无明显相关(P＞0.05).结论:食管鳞癌患者血清中sPD-L1较正常人表达升高,且术后表达较术前减少,说明血清中sPD-L1表达水平与病情发展变化有一定相关性.     

免疫检查点PD-1／PD-L1通路在小细胞肺癌中的作用

小细胞肺癌（SCLC）主要的特点为生长迅速且早期易发生广泛转移。尽管SCLC对于化疗和放疗敏感,但几乎所有的患者均在治疗后发生复发转移,预后差。免疫检测点抑制剂,尤其程序化细胞死亡受体-1（PD-1）／程序化细胞死亡配体-1（PD-L1）拮抗剂在SCLC的临床前和临床研究中均获得了良好效果,并且能够延长患者生存。免疫检测点疗法作为一种新兴的方法在未来可能会改变SCLC治疗模式。此外,有限的数据显示出PD-L1表达可能成为筛选获益人群一个有效的生物标记物。本文总结PD-L1作为标记物的发展历程,并同时阐述PD-1／PD-L1抑制剂在SCLC治疗中的进展。     

PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂与化疗治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌疗效的Meta分析

目的:本文旨在系统评价PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂对比化疗治疗非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)的有效性和安全性,采用Meta分析方法.方法:计算机检索Cochrane Library、PubMed、EM-Base、CNKI、万方数据库、VIP数据库,两名评价者独立评价纳入研究的质量、提取资料并交叉核对,运用Co-chrane量表评价纳入文献的方法学质量同质研究采用RevMan 5.3软件进行Meta分析.结果:共纳入5个随机对照试验,包括3042例病例.Meta分析结果显示:PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂相比较于对照组在总有效率[OR=1.58,95%CI(1.27,1.97),P<0.0001]、总生存期[HR=0.68,95%CI(0.62,0.75),P<0.00001]、无进展生存期[HR=0.79,95%CI(0.72,0.86),P<0.00001]高于对照组.在亚组分析中,PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂相比较于对照组在EGFR突变型的肺癌[HR=0.91,95%CI(0.76,1.11),P=0.35]中无明显差异,在EGFR野生型的肺癌[HR=0.67,95%CI(0.60,0.76),P<0.00001]中有差异.任何级别不良反应事件[OR=0.32,95%CI(0.27,0.39),P<0.00001]和3、4、5级不良反应事件[OR=0.18,95%CI(0.11,0.30),P<0.00001]低于对照组.结论:PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂方案治疗晚期NSCLC患者的疗效高于以多西他赛为主的化疗方案,且安全性优于后者.