Emergency Department Management of Shoulder Dystocia

Background

Precipitous obstetric deliveries can occur outside of the labor and delivery suite, often in the emergency department (ED). Shoulder dystocia is an obstetric emergency with significant risk of adverse outcome.

Objective

To review multiple techniques for managing a shoulder dystocia in the ED.

Discussion

We review various techniques and approaches for achieving delivery in the setting of shoulder dystocia. These include common maneuvers, controversial interventions, and interventions of last resort.

Conclusions

Emergency physicians should be familiar with multiple techniques for managing a shoulder dystocia to reduce the chances of fetal and maternal morbidity and mortality.     

Proximal Humerus Fractures in the Pediatric Population

Purpose of ReviewThe purpose of this review is to review recent literature focusing on proximal humerus anatomy, epidemiology of these fractures, diagnosis and treatment options, and clinical outcomes.Recent FindingsNon- or minimally displaced proximal humerus fractures treated nonoperatively do not lead to short- or long-term complication and do not cross over to operative treatment. There is a higher rate of operative management with older age, increased injury severity score, treatment at an adult hospital, and private insurance. Operative management is preferred with closed or open reduction and percutaneous pinning, but elastic nailing and plate fixation are other options with good postoperative outcomes.SummaryPediatric proximal humerus fractures occur after fall onto the affected shoulder or arm. Diagnosis is usually made with radiographs. Understanding the proximal humerus anatomy is critical to the proper management of these injuries to aid reduction and predict remodeling potential. There is considerable debate around the management of proximal humerus fractures in the pediatric population. Treatment is based on patient age, fracture displacement, and remodeling capacity. Nonoperative management is successful in younger patients or less displaced fractures, and operative management is usually considered in older patients with more displaced fractures.     

双矩形钉内固定治疗肱骨干骨折

目的　分析和评估双矩形钉内固定治疗肱骨干骨折的效果。方法　应用双矩形钉内固定治疗 42例肱骨干骨折 ;采用钢板螺丝钉内固定治疗 46例肱骨干骨折 ,观察疗效并进行比较。结果　所有病例随访 6～ 2 4(平均 12 )个月。手术耗时及出血量矩形钉组明显少于钢板组 (P <0 .0 5 )。矩形钉组及钢板组骨折愈合优良率分别为 95 .2 %及 80 .5 % (P >0 .0 5 ) ,肩肘关节活动度优良率分别为 88.1%及 84.8% (P <0 .0 5 ) ,术中桡神经误伤分别为 0例及 5例 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　应用双矩形钉内固定治疗肱骨干骨折具有操作简便 ,手术创伤小 ,固定可靠等优点 ,骨折愈合率高 ,术后可早期活动关节 ,并发症少。值得应用和推广。     

Shoulder Dislocations in the Emergency Department: A Comprehensive Review of Reduction Techniques

BackgroundShoulder dislocations are a common presentation to the emergency department and one of the most frequent types of joint dislocations. Studies have found that delays from presentation to first reduction attempt and failed attempt at initial reduction are associated with lower rates of overall reduction success.DiscussionThis article reviews 26 total reduction techniques, as well as a variety of modifications to these techniques. Each technique has distinct advantages and limitations associated with its use. While there are limited data comparing specific techniques, the individual success rates of most maneuvers range from 60–100%.ConclusionIt is essential for emergency physicians to be familiar with multiple different reduction techniques in case the initial reduction attempt is unsuccessful or patient-specific characteristics limit the ability to perform certain techniques. This article reviews several reduction maneuvers for shoulder dislocations, variations on these techniques, and advantages and disadvantages for each approach. It is intended to serve as a resource for those interested in expanding their knowledge of shoulder reduction techniques.     

Understanding Batter’s Shoulder: Diagnosis,Treatment, and Outcomes

Purpose of ReviewThough most of the attention in recent literature on baseball injuries has been paid to throwers, one often overlooked aspect of the game is the effect of the batter’s swing on the shoulder. It is well known that the batter’s lead shoulder can experience significant translational forces during the player’s swing, and that these are increased following a missed swing. The purpose of this paper is to review the background and pathophysiology as well as clinical presentation and treatment of players with Batter’s shoulder.Recent FindingsRecent studies demonstrate that while nonoperative treatment of Batter’s shoulder is still a viable first line of treatment, favorable outcomes have been reported with arthroscopic posterior labral repair for high level athletes.SummaryBatter’s injury can cause significant pain and dysfunction in baseball hitters, especially during the follow through phase of swing. While conservative care can be attempted early, outcomes following arthroscopic posterior labral repair are favorable with a high rate of return to play.     

人工肩关节假体置换治疗肱骨近端恶性骨肿瘤

目的：探讨人工肩关节假体置换治疗肱骨近端恶性骨肿瘤的疗效。方法：1985年8月至2003年8月我院共对35例肱骨近端恶性骨肿瘤患者行肿瘤瘤段切除,人工肩关节假体置换保肢术。其中骨肉瘤9例,骨巨细胞瘤9例,钵骨肉瘤5例,尤文氏肉瘤2例,恶性纤维组织细胞瘤3例,非霍奇金淋巴瘤2例,纤维肉瘤2例,转移癌3例。结果：35例患者中,5例失访,2例因肺部原发肿瘤死亡,6例因原发恶性骨肿瘤转移死亡,一2例因昂部复发而行前四分之一截肢术,1例因感染行假体翻修术;重建成功的20例患者无瘤生存,最长18年,最短6个月,平均6年,所有患者未发现假体松动或断裂。按Enneking骨骼肌肉肿瘤术后评估标准,平均评分24．6分,评分在24分以上者占65％。结论：人工肩关节假体置换在冶疗肱骨近端恶性肿瘤方面,不仅能保留患肢完整的外观形态,而且能在很大程度上保留上肢的功能,是一种值得肯定的治疗方法。     

新鲜肱骨近端骨折并肩关节脱位25例诊治分析

目的 探讨新鲜肱骨近端骨折合并肩关节脱位的疗法和效果.方法 治疗新鲜肱骨近端骨折合并肩关节脱位25例,受伤至就诊时间为1～22h,平均14h.手法复位成功6例,手术切开复位内固定19例.结果 肱骨近端骨折25例均得到随访,时间6～20个月,平均13.4个月.骨折愈合时间3～10个月.根据JOA肩关节疾患治疗成绩评定标准：优15例,良6例,可3例,差1例,优良率84%.结论 对于新鲜肱骨近端骨折合并肩关节脱位的治疗,手术切开复位内固定是治疗首选,术后辅以系统主动功能锻炼和康复治疗.     

手术治疗浮肩损伤的疗效分析

目的 探讨手术治疗浮肩损伤的临床疗效.方法 对36例浮肩损伤患者进行手术治疗,观察其疗效.结果 36例患者术后均获随访,随访时间6个月～5年,平均3.2年.骨折在预定的解剖部位上均复位满意,术后骨性愈合时间为14～19周,平均17周.根据Hecscovici肩关节评定标准:优23例,良9例,可4例,差0例,优良率为88.9%.1例合并桡神经损伤者,感觉、运动功能在1年后恢复;2例合并腋神经损伤者半年后恢复.出现复发性血气胸 2 例, 经胸腔穿刺引流后治愈.结论 浮肩损伤多由高能量直接暴力所致,常伴有合并损伤.切开复位内固定能恢复肩关节的动力平衡及稳定性,可早期进行功能锻炼,是一种有效的治疗方法.     

Bispectral Electroencephalographic Analysis of head-injured Patients in the Emergency Department

OBJECTIVES: Bispectral analysis of single-lead electroencephalographs (BIS) has proven valuable in assessing the level of awareness in sedated patients. In this study, the authors sought to determine if BIS values had a predictive value in patients with traumatic brain injuries (TBIs). Therefore, the objective was to determine in emergency department (ED) patients presenting with head trauma whether BIS and Glasgow Coma Scale score (GCS) prior to sedation would be sensitive and specific in predicting TBI. METHODS: A convenience sample of patients with known or suspected head trauma presenting between June and August of both 2001 and 2002 were entered into the study by having a BIS monitor placed immediately on presentation to the ED. BIS and GCS scores were collected every 2 minutes. Head computed tomography (CT) results and discharge dictations were then evaluated to determine the presence of TBI. RESULTS: Fifty-two patients were entered into the study; 13 were excluded due to receiving sedatives prior to enrollment. Of the remaining 39 patients, 14 had intracranial hemorrhage on initial head CT. Of these 14, two had BIS scores over 95. Both of these were neurologically intact at discharge. Eleven of the 12 remaining patients died or left the hospital neurologically impaired. Of the patients with no abnormalities on initial head CT, 19 of 25 had initial BIS scores >95 and all left the hospital neurologically intact. Of the patients with normal initial head CT and initial BIS scores < 95, four of six died or were neurologically impaired at discharge. Twenty of 39 patients presented with an initial GCS of 15; four of 20 had an initial BIS score < 95, three of whom were neurologically impaired at discharge. The 16 of 20 with BIS >95 left the hospital neurologically intact. All patients with a GCS of 14 had BIS scores >95 and left the hospital neurologically intact. All patients with a GCS of 13 had initial BIS scores < 95 and were neurologically impaired at discharge. One patient with a GCS of 11 and a BIS score of 67 left the hospital neurologically intact; all other patients with a GCS < 12 had a BIS < 95 and left the hospital with a neurologic deficit. CONCLUSIONS: BIS scores obtained prior to sedative medicines in the face of trauma are predictive of TBI and neurologic outcome at discharge.     

Factors Affecting Emergency Department Opioid Administration to Severely Injured Patients

OBJECTIVES: Studies of emergency department (ED) pain management in patients with trauma have been mostly restricted to patients with fractures, yet the potential for undertreatment of more severely injured patients is great. The authors sought to identify factors associated with failure to receive ED opioid administration in patients with acute trauma who subsequently required hospitalization. METHODS: At an urban Level 1 trauma center and teaching hospital, a retrospective cohort study of trauma team activation patients requiring hospitalization between January 1 and December 31, 1999, was conducted. The authors excluded patients receiving opioids only within ten minutes of chest tube insertion or fracture manipulation. The main outcome measure was ED opioid administration. RESULTS: A total of 540 charts of hospitalized first-tier trauma team activation patients were reviewed. A total of 258 (47.8%) received intravenous opioid analgesia within three hours of ED arrival. The median time to receiving the first dose of opioids was 95 minutes. Patients were independently less likely to receive opioids if they were younger or older, were intubated, had a lower Revised Trauma Score, or did not require fracture manipulation. Patients with these factors were less likely to receive opioids independent of the amount of time they spent in the ED. CONCLUSIONS: Many trauma activation patients requiring hospitalization do not receive opioid analgesia in the ED. Patients at particular risk for oligoanalgesia include those who are younger or older and those who are more seriously injured, as defined by a lower Revised Trauma Score, lower Glasgow Coma Scale score, and intubation.     

Weapon Carriage among Major Trauma Victims in the Emergency Department

Objective: To determine the occurrence of weapon carriage by major trauma patients at a university/county hospital ED.
Methods: Retrospective observational study of major trauma patients seen in the ED of a major urban trauma center in Los Angeles from 1979 to 1993. All major trauma patients were searched routinely for weapons by the security police. Cases of violence in the ED caused by these weapons were reviewed.
Results: Over the 14-year period, 26.7% of the victims of major trauma presenting to ED were armed with lethal weapons. The occurrence of automatic weapon seizure increased significantly from an annual rate of only 0.2 in the first five years to an average of 17 over the last five years (p < 0.001). A total of 115 "incidents" of violence involving weapons in the ED were recorded during this period; 1.7% of the weapons brought to the ED led to violence and injury. There were four fatalities of armed and dangerous patients, but only six minor injuries to the staff. No other (unarmed) patient in the ED at the time of these incidents was injured.
Conclusions: ED major trauma patients at one urban trauma center in Los Angeles frequently carry weapons, including automatic military weapons. In addition to violence prevention measures such as weapon confiscation, plans must be made and practiced for the management of violence within the "sacrosanct" hospital doors to protect both patients and ED personnel.