超声引导下经皮室间隔消融术治疗肥厚型梗阻性心肌病研究进展

对有症状的肥厚型梗阻性心肌病,如何有效解除左心室流出道梗阻是治疗的重点,依靠药物、双腔起搏的方法以减轻左心室流出道压力阶差可缓解症状,而减少室间隔厚度的方法包括外科间隔心肌切除术、经皮室间隔心肌化学消融术、室间隔射频导管消融术等,这些方法在减少室间隔厚度上均有明显效果。超声引导下经皮室间隔心肌热消融术作为一种侵入性较小、效果较好的治疗方法,在肥厚型心肌病的治疗中有较大应用前景。本文就超声引导下经皮室间隔消融术治疗肥厚型梗阻性心肌病的研究进展作一综述。     

Long-term follow-up after percutaneous septal ablation in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the longterm follow-up results of percutaneous transluminal septal myocardial ablation (PTSMA) in a large patient cohort. BACKGROUND: PTSMA by alcohol injection into septal branches has shown good acute and short-term results in symptomatic patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. METHODS: A total of 100 consecutive symptomatic (NYHA class 2.8 +/- 0.6) patients underwent PTSMA. All patients had clinical and non-invasive follow-up at 3 months, 1 year, and annually up to 8 years. RESULTS: One patient died at day 2 after intervention due to fulminant pulmonary embolism following deep venous thrombosis, and eight patients required a permanent DDD-pacemaker due to post-interventional complete heart block. Acute reduction of the left ventricular outflow tract gradient was achieved from 76 +/- 37 to 19 +/- 21 mmHg at rest, from 104 +/- 34 to 43 +/- 31 mmHg during Valsalva maneuver, and from 146 +/- 45 to 59 +/- 42 mmHg post extrasystole (p < 0.0001, each). During follow-up (mean follow-up time: 58 +/- 14 months), three additional patients died (sudden death at 48 months, non-cardiac death at 49 months and stroke-related death at 60 months after the index procedure). All living patients showed clinical improvement to NYHA-class 1.4 +/- 0.6 (after 3 months, n = 99), 1.5 +/- 0.6 (after 1 year, n = 99), and 1.6 +/- 0.7 at final follow-up (n = 96; p < 0.0001, each). Non-invasive follow-up studies documented ongoing outflow tract gradient reduction, decrease of septal and left ventricular posterior wall thickness, and improvement of exercise capacity. CONCLUSIONS: PTSMA is an effective treatment for symptomatic patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Follow-up showed ongoing hemodynamic and clinical improvement without increased mortality and morbidity.     

Sustained ventricular tachycardia following alcohol septal ablation for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy

A 49-year-old man with a history of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) presented in sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (SMVT) 8 days post-alcohol septal ablation. A dual chamber implantable cardioverter defibrillator ICD was implanted and the patient experienced another episode of VT 3 weeks later, which was terminated by an ICD shock. This case demonstrates probable scar-induced reentrant VT post-alcohol septal ablation, a likely rare but hypothesized complication of this procedure.     

经皮经腔间隔心肌化学消融术治疗肥厚型梗阻性心肌病的近中期疗效观察

目的 评估经皮经腔间隔心肌化学消融术(PTSMA)治疗肥厚型梗阻性心肌病(HOCM)近中期疗效.方法 2006年7月至2009年6月,采用Sigwart法对19例(男14例,女5例)症状明显的肥厚型梗阻性心肌病患者进行PTSMA,所有患者均分别于术前、术后1周、术后30天及术后1年接受心脏彩色超声及心电图检查.结果 19例患者手术均成功.术前左心室流出道压差(LVOTPG)均明显高于术后1周、术后30天及术后1年,LVOTPG(92.5±32.4)mmHg vs(36.3±21.6)mmHg、(32.7±24.3)mmHg、(30.1±20.6)mmHg(P＜0.05或＜0.01).术前室间隔厚度(IVST)明显大于术后30天及术后1年,IVST(21.7±3.6)mm vs(15.4±4.2)mm、(13.4±2.8)mm(P＜0.05或＜0.01).17例患者术后心功能改善、临床症状明显减轻或消失.4例出现完全性右束支传导阻滞,其中1例术后即恢复,1例发生不完全左束支传导阻滞,无Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞发生.结论 PTSMA是HOCM一种安全、有效的治疗手段,IVST及LVOTPG均呈持续性下降.     

Percutaneous septal ablation after unsuccessful surgical myectomy for patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy

Objective  To evaluate the long-term outcome of percutaneous septal ablation (PTSMA) after a previous myectomy. Background  Myectomy usually results in symptomatic improvement and reduction of dynamic obstruction in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy patients (HOCM-pts.). However, a few pts. remain with severe symptoms and obstruction, and need additional interventions. Methods  We reviewed our database of 450 pts. who underwent PTSMA in our institution, and identified 11 (7 women, 4 men, mean age: 50 ± 14 years) with residual or recurrent NYHA class symptoms ≥III and significant left ventricular outflow obstruction (LVOTO) despite a previous myectomy 4 ± 5 years ago. In-hospital and follow-up data covering 6 ± 4 years, focusing on mortality and morbidity, symptoms, exercise capacity, and echocardiographic measures were collected. Results  PTSMA was performed by injection of 3.6 ± 2.9 ml of alcohol. There was no peri-procedural or late death in this cohort. CK peaked at 614 ± 434 U/l. In addition to two pts. who already had a pacemaker implanted, two more (18%) who both had pre-existing left bundle branch block were pacemaker-dependent after PTSMA. During follow-up, 9 pts. (81%) reported significant and stable improvement. Two pts. (18%) developed progressive class III symptoms until their last follow-up, one of these together with persistent AF and a non-fatal stroke, the other received an ICD for primary prophylaxis and entered our pre-transplant program. Echo-Doppler showed sustained LVOTO elimination without global LV dilatation in all cases. Conclusions  PTSMA is an effective non-surgical option for treating symptoms and residual or recurrent LVOTO after a previous surgical myectomy. The high rate of conduction disturbances in this post-surgical cohort translated into a higher rate of pacemaker dependency after PTSMA.     

经冠状动脉选择性心肌声学造影指导经皮间隔心肌化学消融术

目的 评价经冠状动脉选择性心肌声学造影对指导肥厚梗阻型心肌病化学消融的作用。方法 对10例确诊为肥厚梗阻型心肌病的患者行冠状动脉造影,将球囊导管送入间隔支拟消融的靶血管,在球囊导管封堵靶血管后,经导管中心腔注入利声显2－3ml进行心肌声学造影,在声学造影确定靶血管所支配的心肌确系肥厚梗阻部位后再进行化学消融。结果 与未经心肌声学造影组比较,心肌声学造影组治疗后即刻显效率、治愈率及近期疗效均提高（P＜0．01）,心肌损伤减少（P＜0．01）,X线曝光时间缩短（P＜0．01）。结论 心肌声学造影对肥厚梗阻型心肌病的化学消融治疗有指导意义,可以提高对靶血管的选中率,提高疗效,减少对心肌的损伤。     

Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy, bleeding history, and acquired von Willebrand syndrome: response to septal myectomy

Bleeding with severe aortic stenosis is linked to acquired von Willebrand syndrome and loss of high-molecular-weight multimers of von Willebrand factor. Valve replacement resolves bleeding tendency and loss of high-molecular-weight multimers. We report outcomes in 5 patients with symptomatic obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and spontaneous gastrointestinal, mucosal, or excessive postsurgical bleeding in whom acquired von Willebrand syndrome was documented. All 5 patients underwent surgical septal myectomy with resolution of acquired von Willebrand syndrome.     

桡动脉途径实施经皮室间隔心肌化学消融术治疗肥厚型梗阻性心肌病

目的 探讨桡动脉途径实施经皮室间隔心肌化学消融术（PTSMA） 治疗肥厚型梗阻性心肌病（HOCM）患者的疗效及安全性。方法 回顾性分析通过桡动脉途径接受PTSMA 治疗的32例HOCM患者的临床资料,观察患者术前及术后6个月心脏彩超的左心室流出道（LVOT）宽度、左心室流出道压差（LVOTG）以及室间隔（IVS）厚度等指标,评估PTSMA的疗效,同时观察患者并发症发生情况。结果 32例患者成功完成PTSMA。术后LVOTG由术前（75.17±12.70） mmHg降至（32.42±7.62） mmHg,术后IVS厚度由术前（26.87±4.35） mm降至（17.83±3.27） mm,术后LVOT宽度由术前（6.45±2.34） mm增至（11.23±3.28） mm;术后LVOTG、LVOT宽度以及IVS厚度均优于手术前,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.01）。临床症状显著改善。11例患者术中出现一过性Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞（AVB）;术后出现迟发性Ⅲ度AVB的2例患者中,置入双腔起搏器1例。无桡动脉闭塞、心包填塞、出血或急性肺栓塞等并发症,无死亡病例。结论 PTSMA是治疗HOCM患者的可行方法,能够显著降低LVOTG及IVS厚度、改善临床症状,并且桡动脉途径相对安全。     

经皮室间隔心肌化学消融术治疗肥厚型梗阻性心肌病

目的 :探讨肥厚型梗阻性心肌病经皮腔内室间隔消融术的临床意义及其并发症。方法 :5例肥厚型梗阻性心肌病患者完成经皮腔内室间隔消融术 ,观察比较术前术后数字指标及心电图变化。结果 :左室流出道压力阶差由术前65 .10± 18.3 2mmHg降至术后的 10 .76± 9.2mmHg。室间隔厚度由术前 ( 2 5 .66± 3 .17)mm降至术后 ( 14 .3 6± 3 .0 8)mm。心肌酶峰值时间为 11.2± 3 .5h ,3例出现短阵加速性室速 ,后转为短暂Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞 ,2例为右束支传导阻滞 ,无异常Q波发生。结论 :经皮腔内室间隔消融术致心律失常发生率高 ,多为一过性 ,只要病例选择恰当 ,靶血管选择正确 ,手术是安全的     

多普勒超声心动图在梗阻性肥厚型心肌病经皮间隔化学消融术中的应用价值

目的对症状性梗阻性肥厚型心肌病（HOCM）行经皮间隔化学消融（PTSMA）,应用多普勒超声心动图进行PTSMA治疗前后系列监测,初步探讨其在PTSMA术中的应用价值。方法对7例伴严重症状的HOCM患者实行PTSMA。NYHA功能分级平均3.16±0.37。多普勒超声心动图分别于术前、术中及术后监测。术中分别给予第一间隔支注射无水酒精1.5～2.0ml,同时行左、右心导管及心电图系列监测。术后急性期连续观察心肌酶谱,检测左室流出道压差。结果术前室间隔基部厚度平均22.7mm(19.7～24.4mm),室间隔厚度收缩期增厚率(ΔT%)均<14.0%;左室流出道面积<3.0cm2,最大跨左室流出道压差92.5mmHg(83.9～100.0mmHg),平均跨左室流出道压差47.6mmHg(41.7～55.5mmHg)。4例PTSMA术中二维超声显示室间隔基部心肌瞬间酒精灌注显影,显影面积平均(6.73±2.42)cm2。室间隔基部运动消失,即刻测左室流出道压差明显减低［最大压差(24.4～54.0)mmHg,平均压差(11.3～23.8)mmHg］。心导管测左室流出道压差0～27.2mmHg。7例患者术后8周复查,室间隔基部变薄,平均19.4mm（16.0～19.8mm）,运动消失并“室间隔切除征”;最大跨左室流出道压差33.1mmHg(8.1～56.3mmHg),平均跨左室流出道压差18.1mmHg(4.5～36.7mmHg)。左室流出道面积增大,为4.3～5.9cm2。NYHA分级平均1.71±0.69。结论PTSMA是治疗症状性HOCM有效的非手术疗法,多普勒超声心动图在筛选HOCM适应证患者、PTSMA术中监测以及术后疗效评价中均具有重要价值。     

心肌超声造影在肥厚型梗阻性心肌病室间隔心肌化学消融术中的价值

目的探讨选择性靶血管心肌超声造影在肥厚型梗阻性心肌病室间隔心肌化学消融术中选择靶血管、判断消融范围、防止并发症中的作用。方法肥厚型梗阻性心肌病37例。室间隔心肌化学消融术中向拟定的靶血管远端注人心肌超声造影剂后即刻和注入无水酒精后5min，超声记录心尖四腔观、胸骨旁左室长轴观、左室短轴观，观察造影剂显影范围、比较造影剂显影范围和无水酒精显影范围。结果37例患者中2例因冠状动脉血流显像技术显示无合适血管以供消融，而放弃心肌超声造影及消融治疗．2例因冠状动脉造影显示冠状动脉分布细小弥漫而放弃治疗，未行心肌超声造影。33例行心肌超声造影的患者，1例因左心室乳头肌显影、1例因右室调节束及右室乳头肌显影、1例因显影范围不在靶域、2例因显影范围过大放弃消融治疗。余28例均成功消融。术后即刻及术后7d，左室流出道压力阶差下降≥50％。部分病例显示无水酒精的显影范围小于心肌超声造影的显影范围。结论心肌超声造影可为肥厚型梗阻性心肌病的室间隔心肌化学消融间隔支靶血管的选择及消融范围的判断提供可靠的依据。     

超声心动图在肥厚型梗阻性心肌病经皮间隔化学消融术中的应用

目的 评价超声心动图在肥厚型梗阻性心肌病（HOCM）经皮经冠状动脉心肌化学消融术（PTSMA）中的应用价值。方法 20例经超声心动图诊断为梗阻性肥厚型心肌痛的患者,术前确定左室流出道梗阻部位（耙区）及左宣流出道压力阶差（LVOTPG）后,进行PTSMA治疗,术中先行冠状动脉造影,球囊试验性阻断间隔支动脉（靶血管）,如果LVOTPG下降．则提示靶血管选择正确,注入无水乙醇行PTSMA治疗,术中超声心动图随乙醇注人实时监测室间隔显影部位、形态,消融心肌的面积、回声及LVOTPG的变化。结果 注入无水乙醇后,17倒患者心肌显影的部位与术前靶区吻合,3例心肌显影部位与术前靶区不符：室间隔右室面显影1例,室间隔左室广泛心内膜面下显影1例,左宣侧壁基底段显影1例,访3例在超声提示下更换或增加靶血管后,也成功完成了PTSMA。本组20例忠者术后获得良好的血流动力学效果,LVOTPG较术前下降迭50％以上或降至正常水平。结论 应用超声心动图监测PTSMA,能确定消融部位及面积是否与术前靶区相符,可减少因盲目消融所导致的心肌损伤及各种并发症,并能即时监测LVOTPG变化情况,即时评价治疗效果。     

定量组织速度成像在肥厚型梗阻性心肌病化学消融术前后的应用

目的 应用定量组织速度成像(QTVI)评价肥厚型梗阻性心肌病化学消融术前及术后左心室局部收缩功能,并探讨前间隔基底段(靶组织)收缩速度与左室流出道压差关系.方法 23例肥厚型梗阻性心肌病患者于化学消融术前及术后3 d,超声心动图测量左室流出道压差;应用QTVI技术在心尖左室长轴观及心尖四腔观测量前间隔、后壁、后间隔和侧壁基底段与中间段的纵向收缩期峰值速度(Vp),在胸骨旁左心室长轴观测量前间隔及后壁基底段与中间段的横向Vp.结果 肥厚型梗阻性心肌病患者前间隔基底段的纵向及横向Vp术后[分别为(3.25±0.63)cm/s、(2.93±0.47)cm/s] 技术前[分别为(5.73±0.96)cm/s、(4.87±0.69)cm/s]减低(P＜0.05).肥厚型梗阻性心肌病患者左室流出道压差术后[(23.7±7.8) mm Hg] 较术前[(78.3±16.5) mm Hg]下降 (P＜0.01),左室流出道压差下降与前间隔基底段Vp下降显著相关(r=0.95,P＜0.01).结论 肥厚型梗阻性心肌病化学消融术后前间隔基底段收缩功能下降,左室流出道压差下降与前间隔基底段收缩功能下降有关.     

超声心动图在肥厚型梗阻性心肌病化学消融术中的应用

目的评价超声心动图在肥厚型梗阻性心肌病(HOCM)经皮室间隔化学消融术(PTSMA)治疗中的应用价值。方法应用超声心动图筛选HOCM患者16例,介入治疗术中引导及监测PTSMA。结果16例均成功实施PTSMA治疗,术后左室流出道流速及压差均有明显下降,临床症状亦均有不同程度改善。结论超声心动图可在术前筛选HOCM患者,术中指导及监测PTSMA,术后评价疗效及随访观察。     

心肌超声造影在肥厚型梗阻性心肌病化学消融术中的应用

目的探讨选择性心肌超声造影(MCE)在肥厚型梗阻性心肌病(HOCM)室间隔心肌化学消融术(TASH)中的应用价值.方法对47例HOCM患者在TASH术前应用冠状动脉多普勒血流成像(CDCFI)初步拟定靶血管,并向拟定的靶血管远端在注入造影剂后即刻和注入无水酒精5 min后,超声实时监测并观察造影剂显影范围、充盈缺损范围,并对比造影剂显影范围和无水酒精显影范围.结果47例患者中2例因冠状动脉造影显示间隔支分布细小弥漫及2例因CDCFI显示无合适血管,故未行MCE而放弃治疗.余43例实施MCE并行TASH,其中38例成功,38例中4例心肌显影范围略超过靶域,采用缓慢、分次注入无水酒精后,消融成功;另34例心肌造影显影位置与梗阻心肌相吻合;5例MCE指导放弃消融术.近期对10例患者应用MCE的CPS技术,发现9例造影剂显影范围与充盈缺损范围吻合,1例充盈缺损范围明显小于造影剂显影范围,追加消融间隔支,TASH成功.结论MCE可为HOCM患者的TASH术中间隔支靶血管的选择及消融范围的判断提供可靠依据.     

Impact of alcohol septal ablation on left anterior descending coronary artery blood flow in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy

Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of alcohol septal ablation (ASA) on coronary blood flow in symptomatic hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) using cardiac MR (CMR) coronary flow measurements. Background CMR flow mapping enables quantification of coronary blood flow in a noninvasive way. Both left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) gradient reduction and myocardial scarring after ASA are expected to influence left anterior descending (LAD) coronary blood flow. Methods Cine, contrast-enhanced (CE) imaging and breath-hold CMR phase contrast velocity mapping were performed at baseline and 1 and 6 months after ASA in seven patients. Changes of coronary blood flow were related to left ventricular (LV) mass reduction, enzyme release, volume of ethanol administered, LVOT gradient reduction, and LV rate pressure product (LVRPP). Results A significant mass reduction was observed both in the target septal myocardium and in the total myocardium (both P < 0.01). Mean myocardial infarct size was 23 ± 12 g (range 7.3–41.6 g). LVRPP decreased from 13,268 ± 2,212 to 10,685 ± 3,918 at 1 month (P = 0.05) and 9,483 ± 2,496 mmHg beats/min at 6 months’ follow-up (P < 0.01). LAD coronary blood flow decreased from 100 ± 37 ml/min at baseline to 84 ± 54 ml/min (P = 0.09) at 1 month and 67 ± 33 ml/min at 6 months follow-up (P < 0.01). A significant correlation was found between the change in LVRPP and LAD coronary flow at 1 month follow-up (r = 0.83, P = 0.02). CE-infarct size tended to modulate the blood flow changes over time (P = 0.12); no correlation was observed between enzyme release, volume of ethanol or both septal and total mass reduction and coronary blood flow. Conclusion The reduction in coronary blood flow is primarily associated with diminished LV loading conditions, whereas the induction of metabolically inactive myocardial scar tissue by ASA did not significantly influence the changes in coronary blood flow.     

化学消融术治疗肥厚型梗阻性心肌病疗效观察

目的评价经皮经腔间隔心肌化学消融术(PTSMA)治疗肥厚型梗阻性心肌病(HOCM)的中期疗效,以及影响预后的因素。方法33名肥厚型梗阻性心肌病患者入选行PTSMA,术前完善相关检查,术中测量压力阶差,术后定期复查心电图及超声心动图进行跟踪随访。结果每例患者使用无水乙醇量(1.0～9.0)ml,平均(3.6±1.9)ml,消融间隔支数1～3支,平均(1.3±0.6)支。消融术前左室流出道压力阶差(LVOTG)平均为(98.8±35.4)mmHg,消融术后左室流出道压力阶差平均为(16.1±23.5)mmHg,与术前相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);消融术前室间隔(IVS)厚度为(25.2±5.7)mm,消融术后2年室间隔厚度为(18.1±3.3)mm,与术前相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),消融间隔支数不同者,术后室间隔变薄程度不同(P<0.01);消融术前左心房内径为(45.6±6.6)mm,消融术后2年左房内径为(39.9±4.9)mm,与术前相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);消融术前左室内径为(40.9±6.9)mm,消融术后2年左室内径为(46.4±5.2)mm,与术前相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论经皮经腔间隔心肌化学消融术能显著降低左室流出道压力阶差,降低室间隔厚度,改善左室舒张功能,降低左房压力,并随着时间延长疗效逐渐增加。