急性创伤性髌骨外侧脱位后内侧髌股韧带和股骨外侧髁关节软骨损伤的MRI分析

目的探讨急性创伤性髌骨外侧脱位后内侧髌股韧带(MPFL)和股骨外侧髁关节软骨损伤的MRI特点。方法回顾性分析51例经临床证实的急性创伤性髌骨外侧脱位患者的MRI资料。51例病例均行常规MRI矢状面、冠状面和横断面T1WI、T2WI、脂肪抑制FSE双回波序列扫描,并与手术结果相对照。结果急性创伤性髌骨外侧脱位后,MPFL损伤发生率为100%,其中完全性MPFL撕裂31例,部分性MPFL撕裂20例,股骨侧撕裂30例,髌骨侧撕裂19例,体部撕裂2例,MRI诊断MPFL部分性撕裂的敏感性、特异性和准确性分别为85%、93.5%和90.2%,MRI诊断完全MPFL撕裂的敏感性、特异性和准确性分别为93.5%、85%和90.2%。股骨外侧髁关节软骨损伤17例,发生率为33.3%,其中13例位于股骨外侧髁承重面关节软骨,1例位于股骨滑车,3例股骨滑车和股骨外侧髁承重面关节软骨均受累;17例股骨外侧髁关节软骨损伤病例中,16例(94.1%)关节软骨损伤位于股骨外侧髁骨挫伤的偏后部分,1例(5.9%)位于骨挫伤的中间部分;MPFL髌骨侧损伤病例中,57.9%(11/19)伴发股骨外侧髁关节软骨损伤,MPFL股骨侧损伤病例中,20%(6/30)伴发股骨外侧髁关节软骨损伤,二组数据比较,差异具有显著统计学意义(χ2=5.80,P=0.016)。MPFL完全撕裂、部分撕裂病例中,股骨外侧髁骨软骨骨折发生率分别为19.4%(6/31)、0%(0/20),二者比较,差异具有显著统计学意义(χ2=4.39,P=0.036)。结论急性创伤性髌骨外侧脱位后,MPFL股骨侧最易损伤,其次为髌骨侧,MRI诊断MPFL损伤准确性高;急性创伤性髌骨外侧脱位后股骨外侧髁关节软骨损伤比较常见,MPFL髌骨侧损伤病例易于伴发股骨外侧髁关节软骨损伤,而MPFL完全撕裂较部分撕裂更易伴发股骨外侧髁骨软骨骨折;股骨外侧髁关节软骨损伤多位于股骨外侧髁承重关节面处,绝大多数位于股骨外侧髁骨挫伤的偏后部分。     

专用四肢关节低场MRI在踝部损伤中的应用

目的评价专用四肢关节低场磁共振成像（magnetic resonance imaging,MRI）在踝部损伤中的诊断价值。方法回顾分析2007年1月~2010年6月在本院就治的50例（50踝）资料齐全的经关节镜检或（和）切开手术证实的病例资料并进行整理,重点评价其对踝关节韧带、骨挫伤、隐匿性骨折、距骨骨软骨、肌腱的诊断能力。X线片及计算机断层扫描（computed tomography,CT）所能够诊断的骨折病例未纳入本研究。结果专用四肢关节低场MRI对于距腓前韧带损伤具有较高的诊断敏感度（88.9%）,而对于跟腓韧带的诊断敏感度只有50%,对于三角韧带损伤的诊断非常敏感（100%）,对于下胫腓联合损伤的诊断敏感度为100%;对于肌腱损伤、骨挫伤、隐匿性骨折能正确作出诊断;对于距骨骨软骨损伤总的敏感度为70.6%,对Mintz分级方法3~5级距骨骨软骨损伤的诊断敏感度为90%,而对于Mintz分级方法1~2级距骨骨软骨损伤的诊断敏感度只有42.9%,软骨下的骨水肿可以较为准确地预测距骨骨软骨损伤。结论专用四肢关节低场MRI在踝关节损伤诊断方面具有良好的应用价值,可为临床治疗提供依据。     

膝关节骨挫伤的低场MRI诊断价值探讨

目的探讨低场MRI对膝关节骨挫伤的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析72例膝关节骨挫伤的低场MRI表现。结果本组72例X线平片均未见异常。MRI检查72例骨挫伤在T1WI呈低信号、T2WI呈高信号或混杂高信号,境界不清,在STIR像上呈显著高信号,境界清晰;其中51例合并半月板损伤,43例合并韧带损伤,19例合并关节软骨损伤,3例合并骺板损伤,64例合并关节积液。结论低场MRI能清楚显示骨挫伤的病变特点及严重程度,准确判断关节其它结构的损伤,可为临床治疗及愈后的评估提供依据。     

MRI对急性膝关节软骨损伤的评价

目的 分析急性膝关节软骨损伤的MRI表现，以达到准确评价关节软骨损伤的范围及程度。方法 分析34例在15d内有膝关节损伤病史，且经关节镜和手术证实为关节软骨损伤患者的膝关节MRI所见，着重观察关节软骨和软骨下骨的改变，并与关节镜和手术结果对照分析。结果 34例急性损伤膝关节中有29例在MRI上表现异常，其中软骨信号异常改变4例，软骨局限性变薄3例，骨软骨压迹3例，软骨凹凸不平(皱褶)3例，软骨连续性中断13例，软骨缺损2例，软骨缺损伴关节内游离软骨体1例。MRI还发现关节镜无法观察到的骨挫伤、隐匿性骨折等改变。结论 MRI对急性关节软骨损伤的显示准确，MRI结合关节镜检查可准确评价急性膝关节损伤的范围、程度，可决定治疗方案.     

骨挫伤与膝关节附属结构损伤关系的MRI评价

目的　探讨骨挫伤与膝关节附属结构损伤的关系。方法　回顾性分析了 5 8例膝关节骨挫伤病人的影像学资料 ;记录患者的年龄 ,骨挫伤病灶的部位、病灶数、MRI表现、关节附属结构损伤的部位及类型。结果　膝关节骨挫伤好发于青少年 (3 1.0 % ,18/ 5 8) ;80 % (8/ 10 )的股骨外侧髁及胫骨外侧平台的骨挫伤伴有前交叉韧带撕裂 ;侧副韧带损伤中有 45 % (9/ 2 0 )伴有同侧的骨挫伤 ,5 0 % (10 / 2 0 )对侧有骨挫伤 ;64 .9% (2 4/ 3 7)的骨挫伤发生于半月板撕裂的同侧 ,对侧为 13 .5 % (5 / 3 7) ,内、外侧半月板同时累及2 1.6% (8/ 3 7)。关节软骨损伤均伴有软骨下的骨挫伤。结论　青少年膝关节外伤后关节疼痛 ,行MRI检查可发现相关的关节损伤。膝关节的骨挫伤是前交叉韧带撕裂、半月板撕裂及关节软骨损伤的重要间接征象。     

急性前交叉韧带断裂合并膝关节骨挫伤的临床研究

目的 :总结前交叉韧带急性断裂时骨挫伤的不同类型和分布 ,探讨骨挫伤与关节软骨损伤的关系。方法 :回顾性研究 37例前交叉韧带急性断裂合并膝关节骨挫伤患者的影像学和临床资料 ,分析前交叉韧带急性断裂时骨挫伤的MRI不同表现类型、分布以及关节镜下软骨损伤的情况。结果 :MRI显示本组病例骨挫伤共 5 7处 ,其中Ⅰ型 1 4处 (2 4 .6 %) ,Ⅱ型 32处 (5 6 .1 %) ,Ⅲ型 3处(5 .3%) ,Ⅳ型 6处 (1 0 .5 %) ,Ⅴ型 2处 (3.5 %)。共 5 4处 (94 .7%)骨挫伤位于外侧间室 ,其中股骨外髁骨挫伤 31处 ,胫骨外侧平台骨挫伤 2 3处。经关节镜下手术发现 9处 (1 5 .8%)骨挫伤部位有软骨损伤表现。结论 :急性前交叉韧带断裂时 ,骨挫伤通常发生在外侧间室 ,尤其集中在外侧股骨髁前部以及外侧胫骨平台后部。关节镜下软骨损伤与骨挫伤并非一一对应的关系。     

MRI对急性膝关节骨挫伤的临床应用价值

目的：探讨MRI对急性膝关节骨挫伤的临床应用价值。方法：对117例X线平片显示阴性并行MRI检查的外伤性膝关节病例进行回顾性分析,MRI检查时间为外伤后2h．5天,重点观察股骨下端、胫腓骨上端及髌骨的骨质信号,前后交叉韧带、内外侧副韧带、内外侧半月板的完整性和信号情况。结果：急性外伤后骨挫伤的发生率为87．2％（102／117）,合并韧带损伤62例,半月板损伤49例,关节软骨损伤17例,隐性骨折21例。结论：急性膝关节外伤后骨挫伤的发生率较高,MRI能准确显示骨挫伤的部位、范围以及临近结构的损伤,对临床诊断、治疗具有重要意义。     

磁共振STIRFIR序列对膝关节外伤的诊断准确性

目的 评价短反转时间快速反转恢复（STIRFIR）序列对膝关节外伤的诊断准确性。方法 60例膝关节外伤的患者均经磁共振检查，其中，35例有关节镜资料证实，对膝关节外伤的患者于外伤后2h～7d行STIR FIR序列、扰相梯度T2加权（Spoiled gradient T2 Weighted Image，GRE T2WI）序列并对其磁共振影像（MRI）表现进行比较分析。结果 扰相GRE T2WI序列显示前交叉韧带损伤40例，后交叉韧带损伤24例，半月板损伤21例，骨挫伤21例，骨挫伤区或其周围发现隐性骨折线19条；STIR序列检出前交叉韧带损伤41例，后交叉韧带损伤25例，半月板损伤21例，骨挫伤60例，骨挫伤区或其周围发现隐性骨折线182条。结论 与GRE T2WI序列比较，STIR FIR序列对膝关节外伤中的骨挫伤、隐性骨折具有更明显的诊断优势，可作为膝关节外伤MRI检查的常规序列。     

胫骨平台骨折的X线及MRI诊断价值分析

目的:探讨X线及MRI在胫骨平台骨折中的临床应用价值。方法:胫骨平台骨折患者42例。所有患者均行X线及MRI检查。根据暴力作用的大小和方向不同,将胫骨平台骨折分6型,比较平片与MRI诊断结果,分析骨折合并膝关节其他损伤的MRI表现。结果:X线片与MRI分别诊断平台骨折38例及42例,诊断符合率分别为88.1%、100%。所有Ⅱ型和Ⅵ型骨折X线片诊断与MRI相符,其他类型骨折的诊断及分型MRI优于X线片。同时MRI诊断骨挫伤24例,半月板损伤13例,韧带损伤34例,关节面软骨损伤31例,关节囊积液或积血28例。结论:X线片对移位塌陷明显、骨折严重的病例大部分能明确诊断,仍应作为常规应用,MRI是术前全面综合评估胫骨平台骨折及软组织损伤的有效方法。     

膝部骨胳隐匿性病灶的磁共振成像分析

目的：分析膝部骨结构隐匿性病灶的ＭＲＩ特点以及与关节损伤的关系。资料与方法：膝关节ＭＲＩ检查连续资料中发现７０例明确骨内信号异常，其ＭＲＩ表现分为五种类型。按临床表现不同分为三组。１９例施行关节镜检查，９例同时做ＣＴ检查。结果：膝关节急性损伤组的骨内ＭＲＩ异常信号多呈Ⅰ～Ⅲ型表现，即主要表现为片状模糊的Ｔ１ＷＩ低信号和Ｔ２ＷＩ高信号，反映骨挫伤、隐匿性骨折或骨软骨骨折。慢性损伤组的骨内信号改变多为Ⅳ～Ⅴ型表现，病灶紧贴关节软骨下，Ｔ１ＷＩ和Ｔ２ＷＩ以低信号为主，反映骨软骨慢性损伤或退变。亚急性组的骨内病灶ＭＲＩ表现类型则介于上述二者之间。结论：膝部骨内隐匿性病灶的ＭＲＩ表现类型与关节损伤状况密切相关     

膝部急性隐匿性骨损伤的MRI评价

目的:评价MRI对膝部急性隐匿性骨损伤的诊断价值.方法:回顾性分析113例符合纳入条件的急性膝部创伤患者的MRI图像,采用Mink膝部隐匿性骨损伤分类方法进行观察.结果:骨挫伤71例,骨软骨损伤25例,隐匿骨折15例,应力骨折2例.这些损伤的MRI表现形态各异,信号特点较为一致,以T1WI和STIR显示较好.结论:MR...     

四肢关节隐性骨损伤的影像学评价

目的 :探讨四肢关节隐性骨损伤的影像学表现并评价X线平片及MRI检查的价值。方法 :搜集 3 4例有外伤史且临床检查提示有四肢关节骨损伤的病例。所有患者外伤后 1天内行X线摄片检查。随后行MRI检查 ,2周内行MRI检查 5例 ,2周后行MRI检查 2 9例。采用矢状位T1WI (TR 45 0msTE 12ms)、矢状位T2 WI加FS (TR 3 0 0 0msTE 96ms)及冠状位ME 2D (TR 775msTE 2 7ms)等序列成像 ,层厚为 4mm ,层间距为 0 .1mm。结果 :所有 3 4例患者 ,常规X线检查结果均为阴性。MRI检查 3 4例患者共发现 44个骨挫伤病灶 ,其中T1WI上 3 1个病灶 ( 70 .5 % )为较低信号 ,T2 WI加FS上 44个病灶 ( 10 0 % )全部表现为高信号 ,ME序列上 44个病灶 ( 10 0 % )全部表现为稍高或高信号。结论 :在隐性骨损伤的诊断中 ,MRI是目前最佳的检查方法。对于外伤后X线平片表现为阴性 ,而临床上仍疑诊为骨损伤者 ,有必要进行MRI检查 ,以T2 WI加FS和ME序列对隐性骨损伤的诊断最具价值。     

膝关节运动性骨挫伤的MRI诊断

目的探讨膝关节运动性骨挫伤的MRI特征及诊断价值。方法选取近年X线平片未见膝关节骨折,而MRI检查显示膝关节骨髓有异常改变32例进行回顾性分析。结果 32例患者骨挫伤45处,合并韧带损伤12处,半月板损伤5例,软骨损伤2例。根据骨挫伤MR表现分为3型:Ⅰ型(14例),为邻近膝关节骨骺或干骺端松质骨内斑片状、地图状异常信号改变,边缘模糊。Ⅱ型(5例),除与I型表现相似外合并骨皮质连续性中断。Ⅲ型(13型),为紧靠皮质下局灶性的异常信号区。结论 MRI能揭示膝关节骨挫伤的病理改变,准确显示膝关节骨挫伤的部位和范围及有无其它附属结构的损伤,是膝关节骨挫伤的最佳检查手段。     

Multiple occult wrist bone injuries and joint effusions: prevalence and distribution on MRI

This study aims (1) to assess the prevalence and distribution of multiple occult injuries of the carpal bones and the distal forearm in patients with wrist pain and negative radiographs following trauma and (2) to evaluate the distribution and significance of joint effusions in the wrists with multiple osseous injuries. One hundred and thirty-one subjects, 74 men and 57 women, were consecutively examined in two institutions. All were acute trauma patients with negative X-rays whose clinical examination suggested possible fracture at the wrist or the distal forearm. Magnetic resonance (MR) wrist imaging was performed with and without fat saturation sequences. The MR images were analysed for detection of occult trabecular contusions and cortical discontinuity in the carpus, the distal forearm and the metacarpal bases. The prevalence and distribution of the injuries were assessed along with the distribution of joint effusions. Eight patients were excluded due to inadequate image quality. Two patients had bilateral injury. A total of 125 wrists were analysed. Seventy-eight (62.4%) wrists had occult bone injuries. Among these 78, 53 (68%) wrists had more than one injured bone. Twenty-five wrists (32%) had one injured bone. The highest number of injured bones per wrist was six. Injuries with a visible fracture line were seen in 29 (37.1%) wrists on MRI. The distal radius was the most frequent location for occult fracture line (11 cases). The injuries without a fracture line (contusion) were present in 49 (63%) wrists; they were detected more frequently in the scaphoid (35 cases). The lunate (29 cases) and the triquetrum (26 cases) were almost equally affected. The bone that was less frequently injured was the pisiform (four cases). Joint effusions were present in all 53 wrists with multiple bone lesions but more often situated in the ulnocarpal space [27 (50.3%) wrists]. There was no correlation between effusions in multiple locations (grades III and IV) and multiple bone injuries. This study revealed the presence of multifocal trabecular contusions without correlation with increased joint effusions in patients with negative radiographs and persistent pain. The clinical significance of these findings deserves further investigation.     

质子加权预饱和脂肪抑制在骨挫伤中的诊断价值

目的:探讨质子加权预饱和脂肪抑制(PDW-FS)在骨挫伤中的诊断价值。方法:108例四肢关节外伤患者在伤后60天内行多序列高场强(1.5T)MR检查,检查序列包括快速SE T1WI、T2WI及PDW-FS等。受伤部位为膝关节87例,髋关节9例,肘关节3例,肩关节6例,踝关节3例。结果:108例四肢关节外伤患者MR检查发现骨挫伤征象97例181处,隐性骨折36例。骨挫伤MR信号主要表现为T1WI、T2WI呈片状、地图状不规则低或稍低信号影,PDW-FS呈更明显片状、地图状不规则高信号影,PDW-FS序列更易认识辨别。结论:MRI能发现急性及慢性骨挫伤的存在,骨挫伤常伴随其它严重损伤,如隐性骨折等,MR检查的PDW-FS序列是明确诊断的最佳序列,可以作为骨关节创伤MR检查的常规序列。     

The fat pad sign following elbow trauma in adults: its usefulness and reliability in suspecting occult fracture

OBJECTIVE: An elbow joint effusion with no fracture seen on radiographs after acute trauma has become synonymous with occult fracture. This study evaluates the incidence of fracture in such cases as determined by MR imaging and the predictive value of an elbow joint effusion. METHODS: Twenty consecutive patients whose posttrauma elbow radiographs showed an effusion but no fracture and who were suitable for MR imaging were recruited. The elbow effusion size, represented by anterior and posterior fat pad displacement, was measured from the initial lateral elbow radiograph. Suitable candidates underwent MR imaging using a bone marrow sensitive sequence. The time between injury and MR imaging ranged from 0 to 12 days (mean 4 days). RESULTS: Seventy-five percent of the 20 patients who underwent MR imaging had radiographically occult fractures identified. Some (86.6%) of these fractures were located in the radial head, 6.7% were in the lateral epicondyle, and 6.7% were in the olecranon. Ninety percent had evidence of bone marrow edema. Fifteen percent had collateral ligament disruption identified on MR imaging, and 5% had a loose body. There was no change in patient management as a result of the additional imaging. The anterior fat pad displacement ranged from 5 to 15 mm (mean 9.25), and the posterior fat pad was elevated from 1 to 6 mm (mean 3.2). CONCLUSION: Our data using MR imaging suggests that fat pad elevation in the presence of recent trauma is frequently associated with a fracture. The size of the effusion, anterior/posterior fat pad elevation, or a combination of both does not correspond to the likelihood of an underlying fracture. MR imaging reveals a broad spectrum of bone and soft tissue injury beyond that recognizable on plain radiographs as demonstrated by all patients in this study.