内镜下经鼻腔-蝶窦入路手术并发症分析与防治

目的 分析内镜下经鼻腔-蝶窦入路手术常见并发症发生原因并探讨防治措施.方法 对我院2009年1月至2010年8月259例内镜下经鼻腔-蝶窦手术病历资料进行回顾性分析.结果 住院期间各类并发症总计31例,其中术中大出血2例,术后术区血肿2例,脑脊液鼻漏6例,垂体功能低下8例,尿崩4例,电解质紊乱4例,鼻衄3例,动眼神经麻痹1例,脑膜炎1例,因颅内血肿死亡1例,因颅内血肿行二次手术清除1例,脑脊液鼻漏行二次手术修补2例.出院后204例病例经3-18个月随访(平均7.3个月),肿瘤复发5例,鼻衄1例,失嗅2例,鼻腔粘连1例,垂体功能低下2例.结论 内镜下经鼻腔-蝶窦手术与传统手术方式相比,手术损伤明显减少,但仍可发生多种手术并发症,并发症的预防和处理要求医护人员必须具备丰富的临床经验及多学科专业知识的积累.

Abstract：

Objective To discuss the prevention and treatment of the complications in endoscopic transsphenoidal surgeries. Method From January 2009 to August 2010,259 patients received endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery were analyzed. Results The complications in hospital were intraoperative massive hemorrhage(0. 8% ) in 2 cases,postoperative intracranial hematoma(0. 8% ) in 2,CSF leak(2. 3% ) in 6,pituitary hypofunction(3. 1% ) in 8,diabetes insipidus( 1.5% ) in 4,electrolyte disturbance( 1.5% ) in 4,epistaxis ( 1.2% ) in 3 ,oculomotor nerve palsy(0. 4% ) in 1 and meningitis(0. 4% ) in 1. After a follow - up of 204 patients for 3 - 18 months ( average 7. 3 months ), 5 patient were recurrent ( 1. 9% ), 1 epistaxis (0.4%) ,2 anosmia(0. 8% ), 1 adhesion of nasal cavity (0. 4% ) and 2 pituitary hypofunction (0. 8% ).Conclusions Endonasal transsphenoidal approach tends to present mainly fewer damage than traditional style. But we must be aware of the complications, and the prevention and treatment need more clinical experience and multi -disciplinary knowledge.     

经额叶侧脑室脉络膜裂入路丘脑胶质瘤切除术

目的 研究经额叶侧脑室脉络膜裂入路切除丘脑胶质瘤的手术方法.方法 采用经额叶侧脑室脉络膜裂入路切除丘脑胶质瘤20例,在冠状缝前约1.5 cm、冠状缝后不超过1 cm内分离额上沟并切除部分额中回,进入侧脑室体部.根据丘脑肿瘤主体与脉络膜裂的关系,4例在脉络膜裂的内侧纵形进入第三脑室,切除突出于第三脑室的丘脑肿瘤;16例在脉络膜裂的外侧切除丘脑肿瘤.结果 1例肿瘤切除范围小于50%,余19例切除范围大于90%;病理结果:胶质瘤Ⅱ级3例,Ⅲ级9例,Ⅳ级8例.围手术期死亡1例.随访无癫痫发生,GOS评分:良好16例,重残1例,死亡2例.结论 丘脑胶质瘤的手术仍存在较大的困难,采用经额叶侧脑室脉络膜裂入路切除丘脑胶质瘤,取得较理想的效果.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the effect of surgical treatment of thalamic gliomas via transcortico -ventriculo -choroidal approach. Methods 20 cases of thalamic gliomas were included in this group. The part of middle frontal gyrus was removed to get to the lateral ventricule and from there, according to the direction of the tumor encroaching and relationship with choroidal fissure, the tumor was removed directly or through the third ventricle. Results Partial resection ( less than 50% ) was performed in 1 case. Subtotal resection (more than 90% ) was performed in 19 cases. 3 tumors were low -grade gliomas, 17 high - grade. There were two postoperative death. During follow - up period, 16 cases lived in good neurological condition, one severe condition who needed help completely. Another case died of glioblastoma multiforme. Conclusions Transcortico - ventriculo - choroidal approach is safe and effective for getting a good view in the surgical treatment of thalamic glioma.     

枕大孔区肿瘤的分型及手术入路选择

目的 探讨枕大孔区肿瘤的分型及手术入路.方法 回顾性分析显微手术治疗的43例枕骨大孔区肿瘤,根据肿瘤位置分为:Ⅰ型(背侧)和Ⅱ型(腹侧),Ⅰ型又分为Ⅰ a(髓外)、Ⅰ b(髓内)、Ⅰ c(髓内外)三型,Ⅱ型又分为Ⅱa(髓外)和Ⅱb(髓内)两型.对于17例Ⅰ型患者选择后正中入路,26例Ⅱ型患者选择远外侧入路.结果 全切肿瘤35例(81%),无手术死亡,随访期内无肿瘤复发.临床症状改善32例;保持原有症状3例;加重8例,包括出现新的脑神经症状、肢体运动障碍和呼吸困难.结论 枕大孔区肿瘤的术前分型有助于手术入路的选择和判断手术效果,Ⅰ型多选择后正中入路,Ⅱ型选择远外侧入路.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the classification and surgical approach of magnum foramen tumor.Method A retrospective analysis was performed for 43 surgically treated patients with tumors involving the foramen magnum.According to the site of the tumor,the classification was divided to:Type Ⅰ ,located at dorsal, Ⅰ a extra - medullary, Ⅰ b intra - medullary, Ⅰ cintra - and extramedullary; Type Ⅱ,located at ventral, Ⅱ a extramedullary, Ⅱ b intramedullary.The midline approach was used in the Type Ⅰ (17cases), while the lateral or far- lateral approach for the Type Ⅱ (26 cases).Results Total excision was performed in 35(81% ).There were no mortality and no recurrence during the follow -up period.Thirtytwo patients had improvement in their neurological status, 3 cases unchanged.There were 8 cases aggravation,including newly cranial nerve deficits, hemiplegia, dyspnoea.Conclusions The preoperative classification was useful for the selection of surgical approach and evaluation of surgical outcome.The midline approach was apt to Type Ⅰ , while the lateral or far - lateral approach for the Type Ⅱ.     

导航引导下内镜扩大经鼻蝶窦入路切除鞍上区和第三脑室内颅咽管瘤

目的 探讨导航引导下完全内镜扩大经鼻蝶窦入路切除位于鞍上区和第三脑室内颅咽管瘤的可行性和有效性.方法 采用内镜扩大经鼻蝶窦入路、术中导航引导下切除3例位于鞍上区和第三脑室内的颅咽管瘤.结果 3例颅咽管瘤全切,手术效果好.术后随访10-14个月,患者生活正常,需要激素替代治疗.结论 内镜扩大经鼻蝶窦入路可以安全有效地切除位于鞍上区、第三脑室内的颅咽管瘤,这种手术方式不需要牵拉脑组织,并能完全暴露视交叉后、下方区域,在直视下操作,有利于对下丘脑、垂体柄及其他重要结构的保护.对于选择性的颅咽管瘤病例,内镜扩大经鼻蝶窦入路是切除肿瘤的一种新型微创手术入路.神经导航可以验证解剖标记点,引导手术方向,增加手术安全性.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the feasibility and efficacy of image -guided extended endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approach(EEETA) for the removal of craniopharyngiomas in the suprasellar region and third ventricle. Method A pure EEETA with image -guided system was used. Three patients with a craniopharyngioma involving the suprasellar region and third ventricle were treated. Results Total craniopharyngioma removal was achieved in three cases. All the patients recovered uneventfully. The follow - up study was carried out for 10 to 14 months with good outcomes. Compensatory endocrine substitution therapy was needed in all of them. Conclusions The EEETA for removal of craniopharyngiomas in the suprasellar region and third ventricle is feasible and effective. It has the advantages of no needing for brain retraction,offering panoramic view of retrochiasmatic and infrachiasmatic regions,manipulating under direct vision and protecting hypothalamus,pituitary stalk and other vital structures. The EEETA is a novel and minimally invasive approach for selected cases of craniopharyngioma. Neuronavigation plays an important role in identifying anatomic landmarks,guiding surgical direction and increasing safety of the operations.     

弥散张量成像对胶质瘤手术风险的评估

Objective To elucidate the clinical significance of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) mainly used for protecting neurological functions in patients with gliomas. Methods Thirty - eight patients with gliomas were recruited to undergo DTI test and assess the status of neurological functions before and after surgery. According to the relationships between gliomas and adjacent white matter(WM) tracts, DTI can be classfied as the following types : type Ⅰ - displacement; type Ⅱ - Infiltration; type Ⅲ - Disruption. The neurological functions before surgery were compared in three groups,as well as the change of neurological functions after surgery was also compared in three groups. Results There were 14 cases in type Ⅰ , 16 cases in type Ⅱ, and 8 cases in type Ⅲ. There were significant difference between DTI types and preoperative neurological functions, as well as between DTI types and the change of postoperative neurological functions ( P < 0. 05 ). Conclusions DTI allows to visualizate the relationships of gliomas and adjacent WM tracts, which represent the different growth patterns of gliomas. It is useful for neurosurgeons to select suitable surgical approaches and determine appropriate extent of resection.     

弥散张量成像对胶质瘤手术风险的评估

Objective To elucidate the clinical significance of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) mainly used for protecting neurological functions in patients with gliomas. Methods Thirty - eight patients with gliomas were recruited to undergo DTI test and assess the status of neurological functions before and after surgery. According to the relationships between gliomas and adjacent white matter(WM) tracts, DTI can be classfied as the following types : type Ⅰ - displacement; type Ⅱ - Infiltration; type Ⅲ - Disruption. The neurological functions before surgery were compared in three groups,as well as the change of neurological functions after surgery was also compared in three groups. Results There were 14 cases in type Ⅰ , 16 cases in type Ⅱ, and 8 cases in type Ⅲ. There were significant difference between DTI types and preoperative neurological functions, as well as between DTI types and the change of postoperative neurological functions ( P < 0. 05 ). Conclusions DTI allows to visualizate the relationships of gliomas and adjacent WM tracts, which represent the different growth patterns of gliomas. It is useful for neurosurgeons to select suitable surgical approaches and determine appropriate extent of resection.     

个体化入路手术治疗高血压基底节区出血

目的探讨个体化入路手术治疗高血压基底节区出血操作技巧及其疗效。方法 2009年12月至2011年6月收治高血压基底节区脑出血患者58例,根据临床表现及CT检查等,采取个体化入路手术。16例侧裂前型血肿经额上沟、额中回或额下沟入路手术清除,23例侧裂中心型血肿经侧裂-岛叶入路手术清除,19例侧裂后型血肿经颞中回或中央沟下点-脑岛入路手术清除。结果术后复查CT显示血肿清除达到90%以上24例,70%~90%22例,而少于70%6例;术后再出血3例,死亡3例。55例术后随访6个月,根据日常生活活动能力(ADL)评价预后,45例预后好(ADL 1~3级),10例预后差(ADL 4~5级)。结论采用个体化入路手术清除基底节区脑出血及术后合理的治疗可以明显降低患者死亡率,改善其预后。     

弥散张量成像对胶质瘤手术风险的评估

Objective To elucidate the clinical significance of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) mainly used for protecting neurological functions in patients with gliomas. Methods Thirty - eight patients with gliomas were recruited to undergo DTI test and assess the status of neurological functions before and after surgery. According to the relationships between gliomas and adjacent white matter(WM) tracts, DTI can be classfied as the following types : type Ⅰ - displacement; type Ⅱ - Infiltration; type Ⅲ - Disruption. The neurological functions before surgery were compared in three groups,as well as the change of neurological functions after surgery was also compared in three groups. Results There were 14 cases in type Ⅰ , 16 cases in type Ⅱ, and 8 cases in type Ⅲ. There were significant difference between DTI types and preoperative neurological functions, as well as between DTI types and the change of postoperative neurological functions ( P < 0. 05 ). Conclusions DTI allows to visualizate the relationships of gliomas and adjacent WM tracts, which represent the different growth patterns of gliomas. It is useful for neurosurgeons to select suitable surgical approaches and determine appropriate extent of resection.     

经外侧裂-岛叶与颞叶上回入路清除基底节区出血的疗效对比分析

目的分析经外侧裂-岛叶入路清除高血压基底节区脑出血的疗效。方法回顾分析49例单纯基底节区内囊以外的血肿患者,其中经外侧裂-岛叶入路显微手术治疗21例,经颞叶皮质入路手术治疗28例。从手术方法、血肿暴露、血肿清除难易、术中止血、术中脑组织损伤、术后复查、患者恢复方面进行对比分析。结果经外侧裂-岛叶与经颞上回入路清除高血压基底节区脑出血组比较,在72 h再出血率及术后3个月日常生活能力评分(ADL)中的Barthel指数评分比较,差异有统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论经外侧裂-岛叶入路清除高血压基底节区脑出血的效果优于经颞上回入路。     

Studies on Clinical Aspects, Pathological Changes, Immunohistochemistry, 14-3-3 protein, PrP Gene, and Animal Transmission of Creutzldt-Jakob Disease in China

Objectives To investigate the clinical manifestations, pathological changes, expression of PrP gene, 14-3-3 protein in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and experimental animal transmission of Creuizfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in China. Methods Clinical aspects of 24 patients with CJD which was confirmed neuropathological were evaluated. Brain sections of 10 cases of them were given immunostaining with antiserum to a synthetic polypeptide of prioni protein (PrP). PrP gene was analyzed in 10 cases, and 14-3-3 protein in CSF was detected in 5 cases. Experimental mouse transmission was carried out using brain suspension from 7 patients with CJD. Results 1) Nineteen cases with sporadic CJD, 3 cases with iatrogenic CJD, 1 case with inherited CJD and 1 case with coexistence of Alzheimer disease(AD) and CJD were found. 2) The percentage of acute and subacute onset was high up to 96%. The illness duration was shorter in a subacute onset and the brain atrophy was not obvious.3) The synaptic type of PrP deposition was shown in paraffin sections in all -cases by immunostaining.4) 14-3-3 protein was detected in 5 eases in cerebrospinal fluid with CJD 5) Spongiform degeneration and PrP deposition could be shown in the brain sections of experimental mouse transmission. Conclusion There are special characteristics in clinical aspects of CJD in China. The detection of 14-3-3 protein can provide objective evidence for early diagnosis of CJD in order to prevent its transmission     

水分离技术在经侧裂岛叶手术治疗高血压壳核脑出血的应用

目的 探讨水分离技术在经侧裂岛叶手术治疗高血压壳核脑出血中的应用及体会.方法 2010 年1 月至2010 年11 月间11 例高血压壳核脑出血患者,超早期采用经侧裂岛叶清除血肿,术中应用水分离技术解剖侧裂和清除血肿.结果 11 例患者均术后24 h 内复查CT,9 例血肿清除完全,2 例血肿清除大于95%,11 例患者均随访3 月以上,ADL 评分为Ⅰ级2 例,Ⅱ级6 例,Ⅲ级3 例.结论 水分离技术是一种安全简便的分离技术,在经侧裂岛叶清除高血压壳核脑出血中能很好帮助解剖侧裂和清除血肿,且对脑组织损伤小,血肿清除彻底.     

水分离技术在治疗高血压脑出血中的应用

目的 探讨水分离技术在经侧裂-岛叶手术治疗基底节区高血压脑出血中的应用及效果.方法 对42例应用水分离技术经侧裂-岛叶入路显微手术治疗的基底节区高血压脑出血患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 42例患者均术后24h内行CT扫描,38例血肿清除完全,4例血肿少量残留,术后存活40例,死亡2例.存活40例患者均随访3月以上,ADL评分为Ⅰ级13例,Ⅱ级15例,Ⅲ级9例,Ⅳ级2例,Ⅴ级1例.结论 水分离技术是一种安全简便的分离技术,在经侧裂-岛叶清除基底节区高血压脑出血中能很好帮助解剖侧裂和清除血肿,且对脑组织损伤小、血肿清除彻底、神经功能恢复好.     

应用Toth水解剖技术显微手术治疗高血压壳核出血

目的 探讨高血压壳核出血的手术治疗方法和效果.方法 对经侧裂-岛叶入路应用Toth水解剖技术显微手术治疗的50例高血压壳核出血患者的临床资料进行回顾性总结分析.结果 术后第1天复查头颅CT示:血肿清除大于90%者41例,其余9例血肿清除小于80%.术后存活41例,死亡9例.存活的41例中,术后6个月根据GOS评分:恢复良好9例,中残13例,重残15例,植物生存2例,死亡2例.结论 经侧裂-岛叶入路应用Toth水解剖技术显微手术治疗高血压壳核出血对脑组织损伤小,血肿清除彻底、神经功能恢复好.     

经侧裂-岛叶入路显微手术治疗高血压基底节区脑出血

目的 探讨高血压基底节区脑出血的手术治疗方法和效果.方法 对经侧裂-岛叶入路显微手术治疗的58例高血压基底节区脑出血患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 术后第1天复查头颅CT示:血肿清除＞90%者53例,其余5例血肿清除＜80%.术后存活50例,死亡8例.在存活的50例中,术后6个月根据GOS评分:恢复良好13例,中残18例,重残16例,植物生存2例,死亡1例.结论 经侧裂-岛叶入路显微手术是治疗高血压基底节区脑出血较理想的方法,具有对脑组织损伤小、血肿清除率高、神经功能恢复好等优点.     

改良术式对高血压基底节区脑出血术后脑梗死的影响

目的探讨颞浅动脉贴覆对高血压基底节区脑出血术后大脑中动脉脑梗死治疗结果的影响。方法分析491例基底节区脑出血开颅血肿清除手术病例资料,比较血肿清除后颞浅动脉贴覆术改良术式与传统手术方法治疗结果。并进行统计分析。结果改良术式患者生活质量提高,日常生活活动能力(ADL)I-III级病例增加了59.5%,未出现死亡病例。结论改手术式对高血压基底节区脑出血术后脑梗死治疗效果优于传统术式。     

微骨窗入路对高血压脑出血的临床疗效细胞免疫及预后影响

目的观察微骨窗入路对高血压脑出血患者临床疗效、细胞免疫及预后的影响。方法选取2014-08-2016-08于我院行手术治疗的108例高血压脑出血患者的临床资料,按手术方式不同分为2组,每组54例,观察组行微骨窗入路血肿清除术,对照组行传统骨瓣开颅血肿清除术,比较2组临床疗效及预后。结果观察组手术时间(2.61±0.71)h较对照组(4.33±1.36)h短,出血量(225.42±82.66)mL较对照组少,血肿清除率(94.55±5.68)%较对照组高(P0.05);观察组白细胞、C反应蛋白水平较对照组低(P0.05);观察组NIHSS评分、ADL评分均优于对照组(P0.05)。结论微骨窗入路血肿清除术可有效清除血肿,减少出血量,对细胞免疫影响小,且可提高神经功能、生活能力,改善预后。     

微骨孔人路神经内镜下超早期治疗脑出血疗效研究

目的探讨超早期微骨孔人路神经内镜下手术辅以灌注尿激酶引流血肿治疗脑出血的疗效。方法26例患者在内窥镜下穿刺血肿手术,以CT评估血肿残留量,随访6个月,以GOS评估预后。结果术后复查CT血肿清除率：第1天：〈30％3例,30％～50％12例,50％～70％9例,〉70％2例;第3天：〈30％0例,30％～50％2例,50％～70％5例,〉70％19例。随访6个月GOS评估,良好18例,一般6例,较差2例,死亡1例。结论超早期微骨孔人路神经内窥镜下血肿清除辅以灌注尿激酶引流治疗高血压脑出血,具有精确性、直视性、微创性、简便性,血肿清除率高,致残率低及预后良好等优点。     

Neonatal subdural hematoma secondary to birth injury

In order to evaluate the treatment and prognosis of subdural hematoma in neonates, we analyzed 48 survivors in the 3-year period January 1979 to December 1981. Based on the CT findings, the hematomas were grouped into four types according to location: type I, localized around the posterior interhemispheral fissure (25 cases, 52%); type II, extending from the posterior interhemispheral fissure to the hemispheric convexity (5 cases, 10%); type III, extending from the incisura to the posterior fossa (15 cases, 31%); and type IV, subdural hematoma accompanied by intracerebral hemorrhage (3 cases, 7%). Intracranial pressure was measured via the anterior fontanel in 13 cases. In 10 cases of extensive hemorrhage, the pressure exceeded 200 mm H₂O. The age of the patients was from 0 to 7 days. There were 36 mature (75%) and 12 premature (25%) infants. The mothers were primiparous in 27 cases (56%). Fetal presentation was cephalic in 38 cases (79%), in 10 of which (21%) suction delivery was performed, and breech in 11. The fundus oculi was examined in 32 cases. Retinal hemorrhage was noted in 12 cases; it did not correlate with the type of hematoma or the intracranial pressure. Operations were performed in 13 cases; 1 of type I, 4 of type II, 5 of type III, and 3 of type IV. Functional prognoses were found to be as follows: type I, normal 15, abnormal 4, undetermined 6; type II, normal 4, abnormal 1; type III, normal 13, abnormal 1, undetermined 1; type IV, normal 1, abnormal 2 cases.     

内镜下经侧裂岛叶入路治疗高血压基底核血肿

目的探讨内镜下经外侧裂岛叶入路治疗高血压脑出血的方法及疗效。方法回顾性分析67例采用经侧裂岛叶入路内镜下手术治疗的高血压基底核脑出血病人的临床资料。结果术后血肿清除率〉90％以上59例,血肿清除率达80％～90％8例。无再次出血病例。随访6个月,以GOS分级进行评定：恢复良好37例,轻度残疾23例,重度残疾3例,植物生存3例,死亡1例。结论内镜下经侧裂岛叶入路具有视野开阔、损伤小、并发症少等优点,是治疗高血压基底核出血安全、有效的治疗方法。     

CT引导立体定向神经内窥镜手术治疗高血压脑出血

目的 探讨CT引导立体定向神经内窥镜手术治疗高血压脑出血的方法和疗效.方法 选择我科自2005年至2006年收治的25例高血压脑出血患者,局麻下安装ASA602A型定向仪,CT扫描后导人手术计划系统,选择血肿最大层面,取血肿中心偏后1～1.5 cm处为靶点,测得坐标,设计手术切121及入路,全麻下环钻开颅,颅骨孔直径约3 cm,导入血肿排空针,排出部分血肿后,置入神经内窥镜进行血肿清除并止血. 结果 25例高血压脑出血患者中术后24 h血肿清除率达60%～70%10例;80%～90%11例;达90%以上4例,给予拔除引流管.72 h复查颅脑CT,患者血肿清除率均达90%以上,均拔除引流管.术后3个月日常生活能力评分示显著好转14例:好转9例;死亡2例,分别于术后10d、14 d死于肺部感染. 结论 立体定向神经内窥镜手术治疗高血压脑出血是一种定位精确、微创、血肿清除率较高和疗效较好的治疗方法.