初发慢性髓系白血病bcr/abl融合基因转录子与临床关系的观察

目的　研究初发慢性髓系白血病bcr/abl融合基因转录子类型与临床关系。方法　使用RT PCR对 5 1例初发CML患者进行bcr/abl融合基因转录子检测。结果　b3a2型患者血小板数高于b2a2型患者 ,但b3a2型患者WBC数低于b2a2型患者 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;血红蛋白浓度与b2a2型患者比较无差异 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;b3a2型和b2a2型患者比较AKP和Ph1染色体比例无差异 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;M bcr/abl阳性患者伴m bcr/abl阳性率为 47 0 % ,其中b3a2型患者有m bcr/abl融合基因转录子 14例 ,b2a2型患者有 10例。结论　b3a2型CML患者初发时更易有血小板升高表现 ,但b2a2型患者更易有WBC数升高的表现 ,较多的初发CML患者同时伴有m bcr/abl阳性。     

Value of symptoms to predict tilt testing outcome in patients with clinical suspicion of vasovagal syncope

Studies to assess the value of clinical symptoms to predict the head-up tilt test (HUT) outcome in patients with suspicion of vasovagal syncope have shown controversial results. We undertook this study to compare the frequency of symptoms between subjects with and without history of syncope, its association with syncopal spells in those with a history of syncope and positive or negative HUT, and to identify clinical predictors of HUT outcome. Sixty seven subjects with a history of unexplained syncope and 26 subjects without a history of syncope were interviewed using a structured questionnaire before undergoing HUT, which was performed first in a passive phase and, if negative, was repeated with pharmacological challenge using 5 mg of sublingual isosorbide. Questionnaire included the 16 symptoms most frequently reported in previous studies. Only five symptoms were reported more frequently by subjects with history of syncope in comparison with subjects without it: visual blurring, dysesthesia, sighing dyspnea, tremor in fingers, and diaphoresis. Comparison of symptom frequency between patients with history of syncope and positive or negative HUT revealed that only two were significantly different: nausea and hot flashes. However, a detailed analysis of the data indicates that only hot flashes occurring just before the syncope were more common in those with a positive HUT. Although some symptoms were found more frequently in patients with a history of syncope than in those without it, the use of a structured questionnaire in the group of patients failed to predict the outcome of the HUT.     

睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者血压结构、夜间睡眠结构的相关性

目的 运用基于时辰的心肺耦合（cardiopulmonary coupling,CPC）睡眠监测技术探讨睡眠呼吸暂停综合征（sleep apnea syndrome,SAS）患者血压结构及夜间睡眠结构的相关性。方法 纳入因睡眠问题就诊的92例患者,采用基于时辰的CPC监测仪和24 h动态血压（ambulatory blood pressure monitoring,ABPM）监测仪,进行同步监测,采集相关数据。根据CPC计算的呼吸紊乱指数（respiratory disturbance index,RDI）,将患者分为非SAS组23例,SAS组69例,分析两组间血压、夜间睡眠结构的差异;并比较不同程度SAS患者血压、夜间睡眠结构的差异;以及SAS患者RDI与夜间子、丑、寅时睡眠结构的相关性。结果 ①SAS组高血压患病率、异常血压节律发生率明显增高;且初入熟睡时间较长,熟睡时间减少,浅睡时间增多。②轻、中、重度SAS患者夜间睡眠结构差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。③不同程度SAS患者与夜间子、丑、寅时睡眠结构存在部分差异,进一步线性回归分析发现,SAS患者RDI与子时、寅时浅睡眠时间呈正相关。结论 SAS患者高血压患病率、异常血压节律发生率高,存在夜间睡眠结构紊乱;不同程度SAS患者间血压结构差异不明显,睡眠结构的主要差异在于不稳定睡眠增多,而稳定睡眠减少,且SAS严重程度与子、寅时浅睡时间呈正相关。     

Selective effect of low protein diets in chronic renal diseases

It has recently been established that the rate of progression of chronic renal failure in man can be slowed by restricting dietary protein. Consequently, the short term and long term effects of a low protein diet on the course of different chronic nephropathies were studied in an attempt to delineate the factors that determine the response to such a diet. When a low protein diet was given for six months renal function improved significantly in nine patients with chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis (p less than 0.025); the diet had a marginally beneficial effect in 12 patients with chronic glomerulonephritis (p less than 0.05) and no effect in nine with hypertensive nephrosclerosis. The heterogeneous functional response in the patients with chronic glomerulonephritis correlated closely with the effect of the diet on these patients' proteinuria (r = 0.76, p less than 0.01). In a short term study (four weeks) of 12 patients with chronic renal failure changes in renal plasma flow were proportional to dietary protein intake. Renal vascular resistance fell during a high protein diet and increased when dietary protein was restricted. The changes in renal plasma flow during the low protein diet correlated well with the patients' long term functional response to the diet (r = 0.76, p less than 0.01). It is concluded that the response to a low protein diet in chronic renal failure is determined, firstly, by the nature of the underlying nephropathy, with maximal benefit being observed in non-glomerular disorders; secondly, by the effect of the diet on the proteinuria in chronic glomerulonephritis; and, thirdly, by the haemodynamic response to the diet, with patients with a reactive renal vascular bed improving with a low protein diet.     

Pulmonary disease: pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, and thromboembolic disease

Although many medical problems are generally managed in concert with a general medical physician, it is important for the podiatric physician to be familiar with some of the major diseases of the lung. Pneumonia, an infectious process within the lung, is the sixth-leading overall cause of death. Antibiotic treatment, oxygen administration, and supportive care are the mainstays of its therapy. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease presents as a spectrum from chronic bronchitis, with a greater inflammatory component, to emphysema, with a more significant destructive component. Asthma, often a more episodic chronic obstructive disease, is characterized by inflammation of the airways leading to their narrowing. The work of breathing is often increased in these diseases, and treatment is with combination therapies with a focus on smoking cessation. Thromboembolic disease, the occlusion of blood vessels with consequent interruption of blood flow, may occur in a patient with risk factors, especially after surgery. Treatment is with anticoagulation agents or in some cases with thrombolysis. Prophylaxis is key.     

The dysplastic naevus syndrome in patients with cutaneous malignant melanoma in Western Australia

One hundred and three patients with cutaneous malignant melanoma responded to an invitation to attend a dermatology outpatient clinic. All patients with a family history of melanoma, a history of multiple melanomas, or histological evidence of a dysplastic naevus that was associated with their melanoma were invited. A random sample of other patients with cutaneous malignant melanoma was also invited to attend. First-degree relatives of patients with the dysplastic naevus syndrome (DNS) were invited for a similar examination. DNS was found in 27% of the patients with a family history of melanoma, multiple melanomas, or histological evidence of a dysplastic naevus in association with their melanoma, and in 6% of the remaining patients who were selected at random. DNS was estimated to be present in 12.8% of 17- to 55-year-old patients with cutaneous malignant melanoma in the Perth region, while familial DNS was present in 4.5%. Patients with melanomas with DNS were more likely to be young men and to have numerous naevi, particularly on the lateral surfaces of the arms, shoulders and trunk, than were patients with melanomas without the syndrome.     

Current perspectives of catabolic mediators of cancer cachexia.

The development of cancer cachexia is perhaps the most common manifestation of advanced malignant diseases and has been recognized as a poor prognostic sign. The abnormalities associated with the condition include progressive weight loss, anorexia, asthenia, and anemia. The degree of cachexia is inversely correlated with the survival time of the patient and always implies a poor prognosis. Currently there is no established mechanism for cancer cachexia, but the severe metabolic disturbances and marked alterations in carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism in the host finally lead to an increased energy deficiency. Weight loss, the key feature of cachexia, is due to a reduction of food intake, an increase in energy expenditure, or a combination of the two. A variety of changes in nutrient metabolism have been described in patients with cancer cachexia. Patients frequently exhibit a relative glucose intolerance and insulin resistance with increased activity of the Cori cycle. The cancer-bearing state affects protein synthesis and breakdown in different tissues of the body in a different manner. An acute-phase protein response can be presented in a significant proportion of patients with cancer with disease progression. A variety of proinflammatory cytokines appears to play a role in aspects of cachexia and a complex network of cytokines in combination with other factors might be involved. Aside from potential humoral mediators of cachexia, tumor-derived biologically active molecules have been reported recently.     

原发性肝癌患者血清前白蛋白、α_1-抗胰蛋白酶、α_1-酸性糖蛋白及结合珠蛋白含量的分析

本文采用单向免疫扩散法对100例原发性肝癌、49例肝硬化、36例急性肝炎及60例正常人血清前白蛋白(PA)、α_1-抗胰蛋白酶(α_1-AT)、α_1-酸性糖蛋白(α_1-AG)及结合珠蛋白(HP)的含量进行了检测,结果表明原发性肝癌患者血清α_1-AT及α_1-AG非常显著地高于肝硬化、急性肝炎及正常人(P<0.001);肝癌患者血清HP明显高于肝硬化及正常人(P<0.001及P<0.05)。33例AFP阴性肝癌患者血清α_1-AT、α_1-AG及HP均显著地高于良性肝病患者及正常人,这AFP阴性肝癌患者的鉴别诊断是非常有意义的。如将这三种糖蛋白再与AFP联合检测,则可大大地提高对原发性肝癌的诊断率。     

支气管哮喘患者生存质量影响因素和心理人格分析

目的：探讨成年哮喘患者生存质量及影响因素。方法：采用支气管哮喘生存质量评估表（AQLQ）、激惹、抑郁和焦虑自评量表（IDA）、正性负性情绪量表（PANAS）、自尊量表（SES）、安全感量表（SQ）以及自行设计的问卷对42例哮喘患者和正常对照组35例进行现场调查。结果：患者的抑郁得分、PANAS测量的负性情绪得分高于正常组,自尊水平和人际安全感均低于正常组,感情孤独得分高于正常组。生存质量总分与职业、病程、内向性激惹、消极认知观念负相关,与受教育程度、1s用力呼气量、PANAS测量的正性情绪、自尊、哮喘知识正相关,与抑郁、负性情绪显著负相关。抑郁与哮喘知识评分呈负相关,与积极认知观念负相关,与消极认知观念正相关,内向性激惹与消极认知观念正相关,负性情绪与消极认知观念显著正相关,自尊与积极认知观念正相关,感情孤独与哮喘知识显著负相关,人际安全感与积极认知观念正相关,确定控制感与消极认知观念显著负相关。结论：成年哮喘患者存在心理问题,生存质量与社会、心理、认知诸多因素有关,应当加强对哮喘患者的心理干预,让患者掌握更多的哮喘知识,强化积极的认知观念,促进健康行为,从而提高生存质量。     

Aldosterone and renin in essential hypertension.

A review of some recent laboratory findings indicates definite disturbances in aldosterone metabolism and regulation in patients with mild essential hypertension: (a) a significant mean increase in plasma aldosterone concentration in patients with mild and stable essential hypertension, in contrast to the absence of any difference in patients with labile borderline essential hypertension when in a normotensive phase, compared with control subjects; and (b) a significant mean decrease in metabolic clearance rate of aldosterone, associated with a 12% decrease in hepatic blood flow and an increased binding of aldosterone to a transcortin-like plasma globulin. The secretion rate of 18-hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone is above the upper range of normal in 60% of patients with mild, uncomplicated essential hypertension. The incidence of low-renin hypertension, when age and race are taken into account, is much lower than previously assumed. Unless measurements are repeated over a long period, one or two low values of plasma renin cannot be considered a permanent marker indicating a special category of patients with essential hypertension. Tonin, a new enzyme discovered by Boucher, which forms angiotensin II directly from a plasma protein, from the tetradecapeptide substrate and from angiotensin I, is present in most tissues, but in highest concentration in the submaxillary gland. This enzyme is under the control of beta-adrenergic receptors.     

Provision of first contact care out of hours in four urban areas in England

In a typical two week period in 1984 in three urban areas with general practitioner deputising services roughly 40% of first contact patient encounters out of hours were with hospital accident and emergency departments, and only a quarter were with general practitioner deputising services, although 47%, 64%, and 97% of general practitioners in the areas had permission to use such services. Roughly a third only of the encounters were with the practices themselves, and even fewer occurred overnight (11 pm-7 am). In a fourth urban area where 68% of general practitioners formed an out of hours cooperative rota a third of the encounters were with the accident and emergency department and half (more overnight) were with the rota. The presence of a woman principal in a practice and large partnerships of four principals or more were associated with an increased proportion of encounters with the practice itself. Undue prominence may have been given to the role of deputising services in out of hours care. Paradoxically, the use of general practitioner cooperatives may result in even less personal care being given by the patient's own practice.     

儿童热性惊厥脑电图与临床的关系

目的：探讨小儿热性惊厥（febrile convulsions，FC）脑电图（electroencephalogram，EEG）与临床的关系。方法：126例热性惊厥患儿进行EEG描记与分析。结果：126例患儿1周内及1周后EEG异常率分别为69．84％、32．54％；1周内及1周后均为〈3岁组及抽搐反复发作组异常率高；高热惊厥组及低热惊厥组EEG 1周内异常率无显著性差异，丑周后以低热组异常率高，与高热组比较，有显著性差异。98例表现为单纯性热惊厥，28例表现为复杂性热惊厥，EEG出现痫样放电的异常率分别是3．06％、25．00％。结论：EEG异常率与年龄、发作次数、抽搐时体温有关。复杂性热惊厥转为癫痫的可能性大。临床要重视复杂性热性惊厥、反复发作、小于3岁和低体温抽搐的患儿。     

检测支气管肺泡灌洗液中的肿瘤标志物和miR-29a、miR-34a对肺癌诊断和分型的作用

目的探讨检测支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALF）中的CEA、CA125、NSE、CyFRA21—1肿瘤标志物和miR-29a、miR-34a对肺癌诊断和分型的作用。方法收集105例疑似肺癌患者BALF,分为肺部良性疾病组（c组）25例、小细胞肺癌组（SCLC组）22例、鳞癌组（SQ组）34例、腺癌组（AC组）24例,分别检测各组CEA、CA125、NSE、Cy．FRA21-1和miR-29a、miR-34a的水平,并对各组的数据进行统计学处理和比较。结果SCLC组、SQ组、AC组3组的BALF中的CEA、CA125、NSE、CyFRA21—1水平均显著高于肺部良性疾病组（P〈0．05）,而SCLC组、sQ组、AC组3组之间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;SCLC组BALF中的miR-29a表达较sQ和AC两组显著下调（P〈0．05）,而SQ和AC两组之间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;AC组BALF中的miR-34a表达较SCLC和SQ两组显著下调（P〈0．05）,而SCLC和sQ两组之间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论检测BALF中的肿瘤标志物和miR-29a、miR-34a对肺癌的诊断和分型具有重要的临床意义。     

Where patients with cancer die in South Australia

In a sample of 1582 deaths among South Australian patients with cancer (795 deaths in 1981 and 787 deaths in 1985), 67% of deaths occurred in a hospital, 9% of deaths in a hospice, 10% of deaths in a nursing home, and 14% of deaths in a private residence. More patients died in a hospice or nursing home in 1985 than in 1981, and fewer died in a hospital. With increasing age, fewer patients died in a hospital and more in a nursing home. Compared with men, women were less likely to die at a private residence and more likely to die in a nursing home. A greater proportion of men with a living wife died at a private residence than was so among single or widowed men. However, conjugal status was not associated with the place of death of women. Patients who lived in the more affluent metropolitan suburbs tended more to die at a private residence than did those from poorer suburbs or country areas. Patients with haematological malignancies died in major metropolitan public hospitals more frequently than did patients with other tumours. Possible explanations are given for these findings.     

Staging of women with breast cancer after introduction of sentinel node guided axillary dissection

Today, sentinel lymph node dissection (SLND) has replaced axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) as standard procedure for staging of the axilla in the treatment of breast cancer. SLND can accurately stage the axilla by removing on average only two lymph nodes. Only in case of metastatic spread to sentinel nodes an ALND is offered. Removing fewer nodes has made more extensive histopathological examinations of the lymph nodes possible and as a consequence more metastases are found. This has resulted in stage migration. Based on data from the nationwide Danish Breast Cancer Cooperative Group (DBCG) database we have estimated the magnitude and therapeutic consequences of this stage migration in Denmark by comparing the distribution of lymph node metastases in breast cancer patients operated in 1993-1996 and 2005-2008; before and after introducing SLND. The proportion of patients having macrometastases was not significantly different in the two periods, whereas the proportion of patients with micrometastases increased significantly from 5.1% to 9.0%. However, the proportion of patients offered adjuvant systemic treatment due to positive nodal status as the only high-risk criterion did only increase from 7.8% to 8.8%, when estimated using today′s criteria for risk-allocation, because nodal status is now less important in risk-allocation. In general, only 15-20% of patients with micrometastases and 10-15% of patients with isolated tumor cells (ITC) in sentinel node have further metastatic spread to non-sentinel nodes (NSN). Thus, the majority of these patients does not benefit from additional ALND but still run the risk of arm morbidity. Based on data from the DBCG database, we have developed two models to predict NSN metastases in breast cancer patients with micrometastases or ITC in the sentinel node. A total number of 304 breast cancer patients with ITC and 1577 patients with micrometastases in sentinel node operated in 2001-2008 with SLND and subsequent ALND were identified in the database. In patients with ITC in sentinel node the risk of NSN metastases was significantly associated with younger age at diagnosis, increasing tumor size and increasing proportion of positive sentinel nodes in a multivariate analysis. If patients were ≥ 40 years at diagnosis with tumor size ≤ 2 cm as well as one or more negative sentinel nodes, NSN metastases were found in only 2%. Omission of ALND in this group would spare 1/3 of patients with ITC in sentinel node for an ALND. In patients with micrometastases in sentinel node the risk of NSN metastases was significantly associated with increasing tumor size, lymphovascular invasion, negative hormone receptor status, location of tumor in the upper lateral quadrant of the breast and increasing proportion of positive sentinel nodes in a multivariate analysis. However, a model based on these traditional prognostic markers could not identify a subgroup of patients with a risk of NSN metastases less than 10%. We then investigated whether the biochemical prognostic markers TIMP-1, Ki67 and HER2 could support the model. In a matched case-control study 25 cases with micrometastases in sentinel node and additional metastatic spread to NSN were compared to 50 matched controls with micrometastases in sentinel node but without NSN metastases. Despite being prognostic markers in breast cancer, we found no significant differences in the expression of these three biochemical markers between patients with and without NSN metastases. Not all NSN metastases will become clinically relevant, making ALND redundant in many breast cancer patients. Accordingly, there is a trend towards omission of ALND in breast cancer patients with minimal metastatic disease in sentinel node. As a result, a tool is needed to identify a group of patients with high risk of recurrence, where ALND should still be offered. In our model a small group of patients with micrometastases had a high risk of NSN metastases on nearly 40%, comparable to patients with macrometastases, indicating that ALND may still be recommended in this subgroup in the future.     

脑梗死患者血小板活化状态的研究

目的了解脑梗死患者活化血小板分子标志物的改变,并探索预防和治疗脑梗死更为安全、有效的药物.方法应用流式细胞术,以单克隆抗体为分子探针,对正常对照组及脑梗死患者活化血小板分子标志物CD41a、CD62p进行检测,同时动态观察脑梗死患者应用阿司匹林联合硫酸氯吡格雷治疗前后CD41a、CD62p的变化.结果脑梗死患者血小板CD41a表达阳性率高于正常对照组,而CD62p表达阳性率无明显差别;其中脑梗死患者发病≤3d者CD41a表达阳性率较发病＞3d者增高.阿司匹林联合硫酸氯吡格雷治疗后脑梗死患者CD41a表达阳性率较单用阿司匹林者降低.结论脑梗死患者血小板活化程度明显增高,尤其是发病≤3d者;脑梗死患者应用阿司匹林联合硫酸氯吡格雷能使血小板活化受到更为明显、有效的抑制.     

癌症患者血清α_1-抗胰蛋白酶、α_1-酸性糖蛋白和结合珠蛋白的变化

本文采用单向免疫扩散法对100例原发性肝癌、25例肺癌、25例卵巢癌、30例喉癌、87例鼻咽癌、139例良性疾患及60例正常献血员血清α_1-抗胰蛋白酶(α_1-AT)、α_1-酸性糖蛋白(α_1-AG)和结合珠蛋白(HP)进行了定量测定,结果表明五类癌症患者血清三种糖蛋白成分均高于正常人和良性疾患,具有显著区别(p<0.001及p<0.05)。应用七类人群进行逐步判别分析,建立判别式,正常人、良性疾患及原发性肝癌的回代符合率在60％以上。这些实验资料均表明对癌症患者,特别是对原发性肝癌患者有较好的鉴别诊断价值     

Changes in serum creatine phosphokinase during submaximal exercise testing

The changes in creatine phosphokinase with exercise were studied in 70 subjects who had a submaximal exercise electrocardiogram carried out as part of their routine medical investigation. A significantly greater proportion of the subjects with a positive exercise ECG had a rise in CPK following exercise than did the subjects with a negative exercise ECG. The former had significantly lower initial CPK values, and this difference could be related to the different alteration of CPK with exercise in the two groups, for example by indicating a lower level of physical fitness in the group with positive exercise ECGs. However, the most likely explanation for the greater tendency of subjects with a positive exercise ECG to show a rise in CPK following exercise is greater CPK efflux from their ischemic myocardium.

With refinements, measurement of CPK before and after exercise could be useful in helping to evaluate the diagnostic significance of the exercise ECG.

     

Reversal of postmenopausal vertebral bone loss by oestrogen and progestogen: a double blind placebo controlled study

Because of uncertainty about the place of hormones in the treatment of postmenopausal bone loss vertebral and forearm bone loss was measured by absorptiometry in early postmenopausal women before and after continuous or sequential treatment with combined oestrogen and progestogen in a double blind placebo controlled trial. Treatment with hormones significantly reversed the vertebral bone loss. The net gain in vertebral bone density amounted to 6.4% a year with continuous supplementation and 5.4% a year with sequential supplementation; the net gain in forearm bone density was lower (3.6% with continuous and 3.7% with sequential supplementation). Before a policy of supplementation with hormones can be recommended to all postmenopausal women with the aim of reducing the incidence of vertebral crush fractures further studies with different doses and combinations of hormones, administered over several years, are needed.     

P16INK4a蛋白在宫颈脱落细胞的表达及意义

目的探讨p16INK4A蛋白在宫颈脱落细胞即液基细胞学薄片(liquid-based cytology test,LCT)的表达及其用于宫颈鳞状细胞癌(squamous cell carcinomas,SCC)筛查的意义。方法225例宫颈病变患者,其中宫颈鳞状细胞癌(squamous cell carcinomas,SCC)56例,高度鳞状上皮内病变(high grade squamous intraepithelial lesions,HSIL)41例,低度鳞状上皮内病变(low grade squamous intraepithelial lesions,LSIL)76例,不典型鳞状细胞(atypical squa-mous cell lesions,ASC)32例,正常范围(within normal limits,WNL)20例。采用免疫组化方法,检测p16INK4A的表达。比较P16INK4a联合LCT及单纯LCT的病理诊断符和率。结果单纯LCT的病理诊断符合率为LSIL52.08%,HSIL77.14%,SCC 98.21%;P16INK4a联合LCT的病理诊断符合率为LSIL 68.75%(33/48),HSIL 91.43%(32/35),SCC100%(56/56);差异有显著性(P<0.05)。32例ASC的P16INK4a联合LCT阳性病理诊断符合率为71.43%,与单纯LCT相比,差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论P16INK4a联合LCT可用于宫颈癌的筛查,尤其对于ASC的确诊,较单纯LCT有更高的病理诊断符合率,可以提高宫颈癌的诊断准确性。