应用腓骨皮瓣修复前臂皮肤软组织伴尺桡骨缺损

目的 探讨应用腓骨皮瓣游离移植修复前臂皮肤软组织缺损伴尺桡骨骨缺损的临床疗效.方法 切取带有腓动脉供血的腓骨上3/4段修复前臂皮肤软组织缺损伴尺骨或桡骨骨缺损9例,其中伴桡骨骨折缺损6例,伴尺骨骨折缺损3例;切取腓骨皮瓣面积为14 cm×6 cm～25 cm×12 cm,腓骨移植长度为6～12 cm.结果 9例腓骨皮瓣全部成活.术后6例获得1年以上的随访,1例桡骨近骨折端不愈合,但未发生骨折端移位.5例腓骨瓣与尺桡骨完全骨性愈合,愈合时间为5-9个月.前臂功能优2例,良3例,差1例.供骨区踝关节活动正常.腓总神经支配区感觉无异常.结论 应用游离腓骨瓣修复前臂皮肤软组织缺损伴尺桡骨骨缺损,方法可靠,临床效果良好.     

游离腓骨(皮)瓣移植修复上肢长段骨缺损

目的 探讨游离腓骨(皮)瓣移植修复上肢长段骨缺损的临床应用及效果.方法 自2000年6月至2010年12月,应用游离腓骨骨瓣修复上肢长段骨缺损12例,其中携带皮瓣4例.男11例,女1例;年龄19～ 55岁,平均35岁.修复肱骨缺损2例,尺骨缺损6例,桡骨缺损4例.腓骨瓣切取范围1.5 cm× 2.0 cm～ 12.0 cm× 16.0 cm,腓骨移植长度6.0～ 20.0 cm.结果 12例均成功并获得随访,随访时间平均2年5个月.4例携带皮瓣全部存活;创面Ⅰ期愈合11例,Ⅱ期愈合1例,愈合时间12～18 d;腓骨移植骨愈合时间3～6个月,平均4个月.应用Enneking上肢功能标准评分为22～29分,平均27分;供区无功能障碍.结论 游离腓骨(皮)瓣移植修复上肢长段骨缺损可一期完成骨缺损修复,且可同时解决软组织缺损.虽难度大、风险高,但仍是一种很理想的治疗方法.     

互补截骨、镙钉固定的游离腓骨瓣修复前臂长段骨缺损8例

目的 探讨应用互补截骨、镙钉固定的游离腓骨瓣修复前臂长段骨缺损的临床疗效。方法 2013年3月至2019年6月,应用互补截骨、镙钉固定的游离腓骨瓣修复前臂骨缺损8例,其中桡骨3例、尺骨5例。骨缺损长度为4.5～10.5 cm。结果 术后游离腓骨瓣全部成活,其中1例发生血管危象,手术探查发现静脉栓塞,行血管移植后腓骨瓣成活。本组患者术后随访8～24个月,按中华医学会手外科分会上肢部分功能评定标准,优2例,良5例,可1例。小腿供区创面愈合良好,下肢负重及足趾屈伸活动无明显异常。结论 互补截骨、镙钉固定的游离腓骨瓣修复前臂长段骨缺损效果良好,是一种理想的修复方法。     

腓骨骨皮瓣移植修复肢体复合组织缺损

目的总结腓骨骨皮瓣移植修复肢体外伤性复合组织缺损的临床修复效果。方法依照患者肢体复合组织缺失情况及全身状况,采用腓骨骨皮瓣移植进行修复,其中男9例,女3例。年龄12～45岁。胫骨缺损伴腓骨骨折2例,单纯胫骨缺损2例,桡骨缺损2例,尺骨缺损3例,跟骨缺损1例,第1跖骨缺损2例;骨缺损长度4.2～10.6cm,平均7.8cm;皮肤缺损10.0cm×4.5cm～27.0cm×15.0cm。合并胫前和(或)胫后动脉损伤2例,胫后神经损伤2例,腓总神经损伤1例。一期修复4例,延期修复8例。骨皮瓣游离移植手术9例,推移手术2例,逆行移位手术1例。4例于术后3～6个月行二期肌腱移位动力重建术。行腕、踝关节融合术各1例。结果术后出现静脉危象及腓总神经牵拉性损伤各1例,经探查、大隐静脉移植等对症治疗,12例骨皮瓣全部成活。术后随访6～24个月,移植腓骨与受区断端均达骨性愈合,肢体功能均得到良好恢复。供区未出现膝及踝关节运动障碍。结论采用急诊或延期的腓骨骨皮瓣移植手术,可较好地修复肢体长管状骨干和软组织复合组织缺损。应注意受区移植腓骨皮瓣术后的感觉功能重建。     

游离腓骨移植修复胫骨慢性骨髓炎并长段骨缺损

目的探讨游离腓骨移植一期修复胫骨慢性骨髓炎合并长段骨缺损的方法和疗效。方法1996年3月～2003年12月，采用彻底清除病灶，切除长段死骨，取对侧带血管腓骨游离移植一期修复胫骨缺损的方法，治疗胫骨慢性骨髓炎合并长段骨缺损患者67例。年龄8～42岁。病程6个月～8年，平均2．8年。其中血源性骨髓炎14例，创伤性骨髓炎53例。18例合并同侧腓骨骨折；21例合并皮肤缺损及骨外露，缺损范围2cm×4cm～4cm×10cm；53例合并病理性骨折及骨不连；46例合并1～3个窦道。胫骨死骨长度8～22cm，平均12cm。细菌培养试验均显示阳性。46例单纯切取带血管腓骨瓣，21例携带皮瓣，腓骨切取长度10～28cm，平均15cm；皮瓣切取范围4cm×7cm～6cm×12cm。结果术后67例获随访12～45个月。2周内肢体炎性反应均消退，窦道愈合率达93．5％，窦道不愈合者经二次窦道清除后愈合。移植腓骨瓣骨折2例，经石膏固定2个月后愈合。21例携带皮瓣全部成活。X线片示移植腓骨均愈合，愈合时间4～6个月，平均4．2个月。按Enneking评价系统，肢体术后功能恢复平均为正常功能的79％。18岁以下患者腓骨增粗较快，可完全胫骨化；18岁以上患者腓骨增粗缓慢。结论对胫骨慢性骨髓炎合并长段骨缺损患者可行吻合血管的游离腓骨移植一期修复骨缺损，该术式能有效控制感染、缩短疗程及减少手术次数。     

上胫腓联合复合组织移植修复外踝并距骨骨缺损

目的总结上胫腓联合复合组织移植修复外踝并距骨骨缺损的方法及疗效。方法 2006年7月-2009年1月,收治4例外踝并距骨骨缺损男性患者。年龄15～42岁。交通事故伤3例,砸伤1例。损伤至手术时间10 d～4个月。外踝骨缺损3.5～8.0 cm,距骨骨缺损2.0～3.5 cm。3例先对创面行腓肠神经营养皮瓣移植修复,待皮瓣成活后行骨组织重建;1例一期完成皮瓣修复及骨组织重建。带血管蒂腓骨移植2例,游离腓骨移植2例。结果术后供区切口及创面Ⅰ期愈合。4例均获随访,随访时间24～38个月,平均27.6个月。移植骨成活良好,骨瓣愈合时间4～7个月。末次随访时患者步态均正常。踝关节功能根据Baird-Jackson评分系统评定:获优2例,良1例,可1例,优良率75%。结论腓骨头形态与外踝相似,应用上胫腓联合复合组织移植修复外踝并距骨骨缺损是一种有效方法。     

静脉移植桥接血管蒂的游离腓骨瓣移植治疗长骨感染性骨缺损

目的：探讨静脉移植桥接血管蒂的游离腓骨瓣移植治疗长骨感染性骨缺损及软组织缺损的手术方法及临床疗效。方法回顾性分析自2008年6月至2014年1月收治的17例长骨感染性骨缺损患者病例资料,男11例,女6例;年龄1.5~55岁,平均31.3岁;股骨8例,胫骨5例,肱骨3例,桡骨1例;骨缺损长度为4~19 cm,平均9.4 cm;其中8例合并软组织缺损（5.0 cm×3.0 cm~17.0 cm×5.5 cm）。感染性骨缺损端彻底清创后,负压封闭灌洗引流2~3周,待肉芽生长新鲜,设计并切取腓骨瓣或腓骨皮瓣移植进行重建,移植自体静脉并端端吻合桥接受区血管与腓骨瓣的血管蒂。静脉移植桥接腓骨瓣的动、静脉血管蒂长度5~18 cm,平均9.6 cm;移植腓骨皮瓣面积6.5 cm×4.0 cm~18.0 cm×6.0 cm。结果17例腓骨瓣手术及术后恢复顺利,均无血管危象。伤口一期愈合11例,延期1~2周愈合6例。术后6~8周X线片示移植腓骨端骨痂形成。15例获得随访,随访9个月~6年,平均30个月,2例失访。13例骨缺损一期愈合,2例腓骨一端与受区未愈合,再次手术后愈合。1例移植腓骨术后7个月发生应力骨折,经外固定架治疗4个月后愈合。感染性骨缺损愈合时间4.2~9.8个月,平均5.9个月,末次随访时采用Enneking系统评分,优11例,良3例,可1例,优良率93.3%。手术后肢体功能恢复满意。结论静脉移植桥接游离腓骨（皮）瓣血管蒂,不仅能有效地修复长骨感染性骨缺损和局部软组织缺损,而且可以改善骨缺损局部血运,控制感染,明显缩短疗程,是治疗肢体长骨感染性骨缺损及合并软组织缺损的有效手段。     

带血管蒂腓骨骨皮瓣移植修复创伤性骨髓炎所致骨缺损

目的探讨带血管蒂腓骨骨皮瓣移植修复创伤性骨髓炎所致骨缺损的临床应用。方法采用带血管蒂腓骨骨皮瓣移植治疗创伤性骨髓炎所致骨缺损患者20例。随访观察患者骨及软组织缺损愈合和功能恢复情况。结果 20例患者术后随访12~24个月,创面术后2周均1期愈合,X线示移植腓骨约3~4个月愈合,患肢关节功能保留完好,骨髓炎病灶消除,无复发,移植腓骨12~18个月胫骨化。结论采用带血管蒂腓骨骨皮瓣移植是治疗创伤性骨髓炎所致软组织及骨缺损的一种有效方法。     

带血管骨移植在四肢骨肿瘤治疗中应用

目的 临床观察带血管骨移植修复四肢骨肿瘤瘤段切除后骨缺损的治疗价值。方法 对４８例不同类型的骨肿瘤行局部彻底切刮除,或骨膜外瘤段切除后所致的骨缺损分别采用带血管蒂髂骨瓣转位移植６例,游离移植３例;带血管胫骨瓣游离移植１例;带血管蒂腓骨瓣同侧顺逆行转位移植９例,游离腓骨移植２２例,双腓骨瓣组合移植４例。腓骨皮瓣游离移植３例进行修复治疗。结果 移植骨与主骨均获得愈合,时间为２．５－４．２个月,平均３．     

组织瓣移植在修复重建外科的应用

创伤、炎症、肿瘤造成的组织缺损,临床上非常多见,是修复重建外科中需要加以解决的一大难题。我们从1991年以来,应用显微外科技术,采用皮瓣、肌瓣、骨瓣移植,修复各类不同部位的组织缺损或拇指再造47例,经6月～5年随访,效果满意,报道如下。临床资料本组男30例,女17例。年龄3～48岁。皮瓣面积2cm×5cm～20cm×25cm,腓骨切取最长7cm。包括(1)腓深血管蒂的组织瓣14例,其中带蒂移位12例,吻合血管游离移植2例;(2)腓浅血管蒂皮瓣1例;(3)胫后动脉静脉蒂小腿内侧皮瓣逆行转位2例;(4)腓肠肌皮瓣岛状转移6例;(5)骨间背血管为蒂的前臂背侧皮瓣2例;(6)胸…     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.