Comparison between Lateral Supraorbital Approach and Pterional Approach in the Surgical Treatment of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms

Objective

The lateral supraorbital (LSO) approach is a modified method of the classic pterional approach and it has advantages of short skin incision and small craniotomy compared with the pterional approach. This study was designed to compare the two approaches in the surgical treatment of unruptured intracranial aneurysms.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed 122 patients with 137 unruptured intracranial aneurysms treated by clipping, from July 2009 to April 2011. Between August 2010 and April 2011, 61 patients were treated by clipping via the lateral supraorbital approach and the same number of patients treated by clipping via the pterional approach were retrospectively enrolled. We analyzed the two groups and compared demographic, radiologic and clinical variables.

Results

The mean age of patients in the two groups was 54.6 years (LSO group) and 55.7 years (Pterion group). The mean duration of hospitalization was shorter in the LSO group than in the Pterion group (7.9 days vs. 9.0 days, p=0.125) and the mean operation time was also significantly shorter in the LSO group (117.1 minutes vs. 164.3 minutes, p<0.001). Furthermore, the mean craniotomy area was much smaller in the LSO group (1275.4 mm² vs. 2858.9 mm², p<0.001). The two groups showed similar distributions of aneurysm location and postoperative complications.

Conclusion

The lateral supraorbital approach for the clipping of unruptured intracranial aneurysm could be a good alternative to the classic pterional approach.     

锁孔入路治疗破裂的前循环动脉瘤

目的探究锁孔入路治疗破裂的前循环动脉瘤的显微技术和治疗效果。方法通过眉弓眶上和翼点锁孔入路治疗前循环动脉瘤36例,包括前交通动脉瘤13例,后交通动脉瘤16例,大脑中动脉分叉处动脉瘤7例。手术均为发病后1～3d进行。结果术中动脉瘤显露良好,36例均成功夹闭,其中2例动脉瘤术中破裂出血。29例恢复良好,6例轻残,1例死亡。结论锁孔入路可显著减小手术损伤及手术并发症。完善的术前准备和设计,熟练的手术操作技术,良好的术中配合是手术成功的保证。     

眶上锁孔入路手术治疗前交通动脉动脉瘤

目的：探讨前交通动脉（ACoA）动脉瘤经眶上锁孔入路手术夹闭的手术技术、安全性和相对适应证。方法：总结27例经眉弓眶上锁孔入路手术治疗的ACoA动脉瘤临床资料，着重阐述手术方法、术中动脉瘤破裂处理及手术适应证。结果：27例动脉瘤全部一次手术夹闭成功，但其中有5例术中动脉瘤破裂，3例合并脑积水者行脑室一腹腔分流术，1例死亡。27例患者均未出现手术入路相关并发症。19例数字减影血管造影或CT血管造影随访显示夹闭良好。结论：眶上锁孔入路显微外科手术是治疗ACoA动脉瘤的一种有效、安全的微创方法。     

显微手术治疗前循环动脉瘤

目的：探讨颅内前循环动脉瘤的手术时机和技术。方法：本组74例颅内前循环动脉瘤患者（其中急性出血66例）共82枚动脉瘤。使用Hunt ＆ Hess分级法进行术前临床评价，采用翼点、半球间和眶上锁孔入路进行动脉瘤夹闭。早期（急性出血3d内）夹闭动脉瘤41例，其他行延迟手术。结果：良好60例，轻残2例，重残2例，死亡10例。结论：除术前Ⅳ和Ⅴ级病例主张延期手术外，颅内动脉瘤破裂后应积极争取早期手术夹闭。正确的手术方案和熟练的显微操作技术是颅内动脉瘤手术成功的关键。     

神经内镜辅助锁孔入路显微手术治疗颅内前循环动脉瘤

目的探讨神经内镜辅助锁孔手术治疗颅内前循环动脉瘤的手术入路及显微手术技术。方法采用神经内镜辅助锁孔入路显微手术治疗颅内前循环动脉瘤41例。根据影像学诊断结果,制定个体化手术方案。手术经由头皮小切口,作直径约3cm的骨窗开颅,在充分释放脑脊液脑组织回缩后,从脑外间隙抵达深部病变;通过有序地解剖蛛网膜下腔,显露病变,行动脉瘤夹闭术。结果本组41次手术成功夹闭43个动脉瘤。无手术死亡及严重手术并发症。结论神经内镜辅助的锁孔入路较常规显微手术入路更为微创、精细、准确、安全,是夹闭颅内前循环动脉瘤的一种较好的技术。     

单鼻孔经蝶与眶上锁孔入路切除垂体腺瘤的显微手术比较

目的比较单鼻孔经蝶与眶上锁孔入路显微手术切除垂体腺瘤的效果。方法手术治疗垂体腺瘤36例,其中采用单鼻孔经蝶入路25例,眶上锁孔入路11例。术中均采用神经内镜辅助技术。结果单鼻孔经蝶入路全切肿瘤22例（88%,22/25）,次全切除3例（12%,3/25）;眶上锁孔入路全切9例（81.8%,9/11）,次全切2例（18.2%,2/11）。术前有视力障碍者,85.7%（18/21）术后视力得到改善,其它临床症状较术前均有明显不同程度的好转,手术效果满意。结论两种不同入路有各自的优点及适应证,术前应根据肿瘤的不同特点选择不同的手术入路。利用神经内镜辅助显微手术有助于提高肿瘤全切率和减少术后并发症。     

翼点入路的显微外科解剖

目的 掌握经翼点入路对下丘脑区结构显露的显微外科解剖和显微外科技术。方法 在15例(30侧)经颈内动脉灌注红色乳胶的成人尸体头颅上模拟翼点人路，借助手术显微镜在6—25倍下通过鞍区手术间隙对下丘脑区重要结构进行显微解剖。结果 经翼点入路，通过鞍区的手术间隙，可对颈内动脉床突上段及其分支、基底动脉顶端、终板、垂体柄、结节漏斗区等下丘脑区重要结构进行良好的显露。结论 经翼点入路对鞍区病变，特别是动脉瘤和颅咽管瘤显微手术时，需熟悉局部解剖结构，利用显微外科技术保护周围重要血管和神经组织。     

经眉弓眶上锁孔入路鞍区手术间隙的显微解剖研究

目的探讨经眉弓眶上锁孔入路鞍区手术间隙的显微解剖学特点及其在显微外科手术中的应用。方法在6例新鲜成人尸头标本上,模拟经眉弓眶上锁孔入路在鞍区的手术,在内镜的辅助下或显微镜下观察鞍区手术间隙的解剖学结构。结果在显微镜和内窥镜下,经眉弓眶上锁孔入路可较好的暴露第Ⅰ、Ⅱ间隙内部结构,内窥镜自第Ⅱ间隙进入基底池,可暴露基底动脉分叉部;此入路对第Ⅲ间隙暴露较差;对第Ⅳ间隙暴露直接,但操作空间较为受限。结论在显微镜和内窥镜下模拟手术入路,暴露鞍区四个间隙及相关结构,能得到与标准额下入路基本相同的显露范围。     

显微手术早期治疗破裂的前循环脑动脉瘤

目的旨在进一步提高早期手术治疗破裂的前循环脑动脉瘤的效果。方法回顾性分析早期显微手术治疗的112例破裂前循环脑动脉瘤患者的临床资料。结果112例病人,共125个脑动脉瘤,其中94个行动脉瘤颈夹闭,26个夹闭瘤颈后切除瘤体,另5个动脉瘤予以瘤壁包裹加固术。术后发生症状性脑血管痉挛16例,经积极治疗后,12例逐渐恢复,4例因大片的脑梗死而出现长时间昏迷。全部病例术后平均随访2年10个月,其中恢复良好92例,轻残16例,重残4例,无手术死亡。结论早期手术治疗破裂的脑动脉瘤,不仅可有效地防止再出血的危险,而且有利于脑血管痉挛的防治。术中一旦动脉瘤破裂,可采取暂时性阻断载瘤动脉和控制性低血压,但时间不宜过长。应用罂粟碱溶液冲洗脑池,扩充血容量,提升血压,高度扩张血管对防治脑血管痉挛具有相当好的疗效。     

内镜辅助眶上锁孔入路显微手术治疗前循环动脉瘤

目的探讨内镜辅助眶上锁孔入路显微手术治疗前循环动脉瘤的临床效果及可能存在的风险与对策。方法对28例前循环动脉瘤病人经眶上锁孔入路在显微镜引导下置入内镜观察动脉瘤颈与周围结构的局部解剖关系,辅助分离瘤颈与周边的粘连,夹闭瘤颈,此后再次用内镜观察了解夹闭情况。结果28例动脉瘤均成功准确夹闭,27例恢复良好,1例中残。结论内镜辅助眶上锁孔入路手术可明显增加动脉瘤及周围结构的可视范围,减少对脑组织的牵拉或无效脑暴露,创伤小,减少和避免了重要结构的损伤,并发症少,提高了动脉瘤的手术夹闭率,     

Surgical Experience of the Ruptured Distal Anterior Cerebral Artery Aneurysms

Objective

Distal anterior cerebral artery (DACA) aneurysms are fragile and known to have high risks for intraoperative premature rupture and a relatively high associated morbidity. To improve surgical outcomes of DACA aneurysms, we reviewed our surgical strategy and its results postoperatively.

Methods

A total of 845 patients with ruptured cerebral aneurysms were operated in our hospital from January 1991 to December 2005. Twenty-three of 845 patients had ruptured DACA aneurysms which were operated on according to our surgical strategy. Our surgical strategy was as follows; early surgery, appropriate releasing of CSF, appropriate surgical approach, using neuronavigating system, securing the bridging veins, using temporary clipping and/or tentative clipping, meticulous manipulation of aneurysm, and using micro-Doppler flow probe. Twenty of 23 patients who had complete medical records were studied retrospectively. We observed the postoperative radiographic findings and checked Glasgow Outcome Scale score sixth months after the operation.

Results

Nineteen DACA aneurysms were clipped through a unilateral interhemispheric approach and one DACA aneurysm was clipped through a pterional approach. Postoperative radiographic findings revealed complete clipping of aneurysmal neck without stenosis or occlusion of parent arteries. In two patients, a residual neck of aneurysm was visualized. Seventeen patients showed good recovery, one patient resulted in moderate disability, while 2 patients died.

Conclusion

With our surgical strategy it was possible to achieve acceptable surgical morbidity and mortality rates in patients with DACA aneurysms. Appropriate use of tentative clipping, temporary clipping and neuro-navigating systems can give great help for safe approach and clipping of DACA aneurysm.     

内镜辅助的眶上锁孔人路显微手术切除鞍区病变（附52例报告）

目的总结内镜辅助的眶上锁孔入路显微手术切除鞍区病变的经验、手术方法与技巧。方法对52例鞍区病变均采用内镜辅助的眶上锁孔入路显微手术切除。此52例鞍区病变中，垂体腺瘤22例，颅咽管瘤8例，脑膜瘤7例及前循环不同类型动脉瘤15例。结果37例鞍区肿瘤中，肿瘤全切除31例（83．8％，31／37），次全切除或部分切除6例（16．2％，6／37）。15例动脉瘤均准确完全夹闭瘤颈，预后优良者13例（86．7％13／15）和轻残2例（1313％，2／15）。全组病人无手术死亡及重残，且术前原有症状在术后均有明显不同程度的好转。结论内镜辅助的眶上锁孔入路显微手术能清楚显露鞍区病变与周围结构，创伤小，避免了重要结构的损伤，术后并发症少，效果好。     

翼点与纵裂联合入路手术治疗大脑前动脉-胼周动脉瘤

目的探讨翼点联合纵裂入路手术治疗大脑前动脉-胼周动脉瘤的临床效果。方法回顾性分析20例行翼点联合纵裂入路手术治疗的大脑前动脉-胼周动脉瘤患者的临床资料。结果20例患者均恢复良好,手术后平均住院时间18天。无术中动脉瘤破裂,无手术死亡,未发生神经系统并发症。出院时GOS预后评分均为良好。结论应用翼点联合纵裂入路手术治疗大脑前动脉-胼周动脉瘤,可获得满意的临床效果。     

经翼点入路显微手术治疗垂体腺瘤

目的：介绍４２３例垂体腺瘤经翼点入路显微手术治疗经验。方法：经翼点入路开颅，采用显微手术解剖鞍区各脑池，充分利用鞍区４个解剖间隙切除肿瘤。同时主张全部病例在术后短期内放疗。结果：３９７例达全切，占９４％。死亡１４例，占３．３％。１６例于术后３～５年复发，占４．８％。结论：垂体腺瘤经翼点入路采用显微手术治疗，是提高全切率，降低死亡及复发率的重要手段     

显微外科夹闭颅内前循环动脉瘤120例报告

目的探讨早期显微外科手术对颅内动脉瘤的治疗效果。方法回顾性分析手术治疗120例颅内前循环动脉瘤的临床表现、影像学资料和手术,所有患者均采用经翼点入路或前纵裂入路。早期手术68例,中晚期手术52例。结果术前CTA能清楚显示动脉瘤的大小、形状以及载瘤动脉的特征。68例早期手术患者出院时按GOS评分恢复良好者59例,中残5例,重残2例,死亡2例;52例中晚期手术患者按GOS评分恢复良好者30例,中残14例,重残2例,死亡6例;2组治疗效果比较有显著性差异。结论早期手术夹闭动脉瘤能有效防止动脉瘤再次破裂引起的直接死亡和病情恶化;熟练的显微外科手术技巧和术中正确处理动脉瘤的方法,对提高手术成功率和预后至关重要。     

翼点锁孔入路显微手术治疗颅内前循环动脉瘤

目的介绍一种颅内动脉瘤微创手术治疗的入路和方法。方法对34例颅内前循环动脉瘤均采用一侧翼点锁孔入路,以直径约2cm×2.5cm的骨窗行显微外科手术治疗。结果34例患者共36个动脉瘤均一次夹闭成功。根据GOS评估标准,恢复良好者29例,轻残4例,死亡1例。所有手术无术后感染、出血及脑脊液漏等手术并发症。结论采用翼点锁孔入路治疗颅内动脉瘤,手术损伤小,并发症少,患者恢复良好,是一种损伤小、安全而有效的手术治疗方法。     

显微手术治疗颅内动脉瘤168例疗效分析

目的通过对168例颅内动脉瘤的显微手术治疗,以探讨手术时机、手术技巧对术后疗效的影响.方法对来我科首诊的经CT、DSA确诊为颅内动脉瘤的患者,力争在72 h内(由外院转诊已错过急性期者均在两周后)经翼点入路开颅行显微手术夹闭动脉瘤.结果 168例中,治愈139例(82.7%)、好转11例(6.5%)、植物生存3例(1.8%)、死亡15例(8.9%).结论颅内动脉瘤破裂引起 SAH,经CT、DSA确诊后应争取早期手术.选择最佳手术时机、手术入路、熟练掌握显微操作技术及显微解剖知识是手术成功的关键.     

Feasibility and Efficacy of Olfactory Protection Using Gelfoam and Fibrin Glue during Anterior Communicating Artery Aneurysm Surgery

Objective

Patients treated with surgical clipping for anterior communicating artery (A-com) aneurysm often complain of anosmia, which can markedly impede their quality of life. We introduce a simple and useful technique to reduce postoperative olfactory dysfunction in A-com aneurysm surgery.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients who underwent surgical clipping for unruptured aneurysm from 2011-2013 by the same senior attending physician. Since March 2012, olfactory protection using gelfoam and fibrin glue was applied in A-com aneurysm surgery. Therefore we categorized patients in two groups from this time-protected group and unprotected group.

Results

Of the 63 enrolled patients, 16 patients showed postoperative olfactory dysfunction-including 8 anosmia patients (protected group : unprotected group=1 : 7) and 8 hyposmia patients (protected group : unprotected group=2 : 6). Thirty five patients who received olfactory protection during surgery showed a lower rate of anosmia (p=0.037, OR 10.516, 95% CI 1.159-95.449) and olfactory dysfunction (p=0.003, OR 8.693, 95% CI 2.138-35.356). Superior direction of the aneurysm was also associated with a risk of olfactory dysfunction (p=0.015, OR 5.535, 95% CI 1.390-22.039).

Conclusion

Superior direction of aneurysm appears associated with postoperative olfactory dysfunction. Olfactory protection using gelfoam and fibrin glue could be a simple, safe, and useful method to preserve olfactory function during A-com aneurysm surgery.     

Incidence and Risk Factors of Chronic Subdural Hematoma after Surgical Clipping for Unruptured Anterior Circulation Aneurysms

Objective

Chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) is a rare complication of unruptured aneurysm clipping surgery. The purpose of this study was to identify the incidence and risk factors of postoperative CSDH after surgical clipping for unruptured anterior circulation aneurysms.

Methods

This retrospective study included 518 patients from a single tertiary institute from January 2008 to December 2013. CSDH was defined as subdural hemorrhage which needed surgical treatment. The degree of brain atrophy was estimated using the bicaudate ratio (BCR) index. We used uni- and multivariate analyses to identify risk factors correlated with CSDH.

Results

Sixteen (3.1%) patients experienced postoperative CSDH that required burr hole drainage surgery. In univariate analyses, male gender (p<0.001), size of aneurysm (p=0.030), higher BCR index (p=0.004), and the use of antithrombotic medication (p=0.006) were associated with postoperative CSDH. In multivariate analyses using logistic regression test, male gender [odds ratio (OR) 4.037, range 1.287-12.688], high BCR index (OR 5.376, range 1.170-25.000), and the use of antithrombotic medication (OR 4.854, range 1.658-14.085) were associated with postoperative CSDH (p<0.05). Postoperative subdural fluid collection and arachnoid plasty were not showed statistically significant difference in this study.

Conclusion

The incidence of CSDH was 3.1% in unruptured anterior circulation aneurysm surgery. This study shows that male gender, degree of brain atrophy, and the use of antithrombotic medication were associated with postoperative CSDH.     

Superciliary Keyhole Approach for Unruptured Anterior Circulation Aneurysms: Surgical Technique,Indications, and Contraindications

Neurosurgeons have been trying to reduce surgical invasiveness by applying minimally invasive keyhole approaches. Therefore, this paper clarifies the detailed surgical technique, its limitations, proper indications, and contraindications for a superciliary keyhole approach as a minimally invasive modification of a pterional approach. Successful superciliary keyhole surgery for unruptured aneurysms requires an understanding of the limitations and the use of special surgical techniques. Essentially, this means the effective selection of surgical indications, usage of the appropriate surgical instruments with a tubular shaft, and refined surgical techniques, including straightforward access to the aneurysm, clean surgical dissection, and the application of clips with an appropriate configuration. A superciliary keyhole approach allows unruptured anterior circulation aneurysms to be clipped safely, rapidly, and less invasively on the basis of appropriate surgical indications.