急性白血病患者医院感染危险因素的Meta分析

目的评价我国急性白血病(AL)住院患者发生医院感染的主要危险因素。方法系统检索PubMed、中国期刊全文数据库(CNKI)、中国生物医学文献数据库、万方数据库以及维普信息资源系统中建库至2017年4月发表的与AL患者发生医院感染危险因素有关的研究文献;2名研究员独立按照纳入与排除标准筛选文献、提取资料及质量评价后,采用RevMan5.3软件进行Meta分析。结果最终纳入文献14篇,累计AL患者5350例;Meta分析显示,住院天数、中性粒细胞计数、年龄、粒缺持续时间、糖皮质激素应用史、治疗阶段、住院季节与AL患者发生医院感染相关。结论住院天数、中性粒细胞计数、年龄、粒缺持续时间、糖皮质激素应用史、治疗阶段、住院季节是我国AL患者发生医院感染的主要危险因素。     

急性白血病患儿医院感染病原菌及危险因素分析

目的探索白血病患儿医院感染的主要部位、病原菌分布及危险因素,为其医院感染的预防和治疗提供依据。方法收集2011—2012年入住某院儿科的828例急性白血病(AL)化疗患儿的病历资料,分析医院感染病例的感染部位、病原菌分布及医院感染的高危因素。结果 828例AL患儿,发生医院感染184例,196例次,医院感染率为22.22%,例次率为23.67%。感染部位以呼吸系统居多,占52.56%。196例次感染中检出病原菌96株,其中革兰阴性菌56株,占58.33%,革兰阳性菌28株,占29.17%。单因素分析显示处于白血病诱导化疗期、住院时间≥30 d、外周白细胞计数≤3×109/L、粒细胞计数≤0.5×109/L、类型为急性非淋巴细胞白血病(ANNL)是感染发生的高危因素。多因素分析结果显示住院时间≥30 d是医院感染的独立危险因素。结论 AL患儿医院感染发病率较高,其中呼吸系统感染发病率较高,病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主。化疗诱导期、住院时间长、白细胞与中性粒细胞数量低及急性髓性白血病等因素是儿童白血病患者医院感染发生的高危因素。     

放疗加紫杉醇治疗晚期鼻咽癌患者医院感染的临床分析

目的调查分析晚期鼻咽癌患者常规放疗同时行紫杉醇化疗过程中并发医院感染及相关因素,探讨有效的防治措施。方法对我院26例行放疗同时紫杉醇化疗鼻咽癌住院患者发生医院感染及危险因素进行回顾性分析。结果26例住院患者发生医院感染20例,占76.9%;检出致病菌26株,其中以白色念珠菌为主,占46.2%,革兰阴性菌占38.5%,革兰阳性菌占11.5%;鼻咽癌放疗、化疗同步治疗并发医院感染与长期住院、口腔黏膜损伤、白细胞下降、不合理应用抗生素和糖皮质激素等因素有关。结论缩短平均住院日、加强口腔护理、预防白细胞下降、合理应用抗生素和糖皮质激素,以减少鼻咽癌同步放化疗患者医院感染的发生率。     

急性白血病化疗后医院感染及抗感染治疗分析

目的探讨急性白血病(AL)化疗后医院感染(HAI)的易感因素、防治方法及预防措施.方法对83例初治急性白血病住院化疗后的医院感染发生及治疗情况进行回顾性分析.结果中性粒细胞计数(ANC)减低、年龄＞60岁患者医院感染率增高;抗生素联合粒细胞集落刺激因子(G-CSF)治疗使化疗后AL患者发热及ANC恢复天数分别缩短为(7.0±1.8)d和(9.8±2.0)d.结论急性白血病患者化疗后ANC和患者年龄是医院感染主要易感因素,抗生素加用G-CSF能减少医院感染发生率及严重程度.     

急性白血病合并医院感染调查分析

目的 探讨急性白血病(AL)患者医院感染特点,分析引起医院感染的危险因素,为制定医院感染防治措施提供客观依据.方法 采用前瞻性与回顾性相结合的方法,对2008-2009年血液科612例AL患者监测资料进行统计分析.结果 血液科612例AL住院患者中发生医院感染207例、277例次,感染率为33.8％、例次感染率为45.3％;感染患者中以初治者、难治者及复发者为主,占64.3％;入院时住走廊及＞6例大房间者占66.7％;感染部位中呼吸道占首位,感染率为55.2％;病原菌中革兰阴性菌占35.2％、革兰阳性菌占25.9％、真菌占38.9％;感染时患者中性粒细胞计数≤2.0 × 109/L者占84.1％.结论 急性白血病患者中初治、难治及复发者是医院感染的主要人群;中性粒细胞数低下是主要危险因素;呼吸道是重点监控部位;控制加床数、缩短住院日、减少陪护与探视不可忽视,采取积极的全面综合性预防与针对性预防相结合的控制措施,对降低AL患者医院感染发病率、减轻经济负担、延长生存期有重要意义.     

恶性肿瘤术后化疗患儿医院感染危险因素的非条件Logistic回归分析

目的 探讨恶性肿瘤术后化疗患儿医院感染的危险因素,为有效控制医院感染提供可靠依据.方法 运用回顾性病例研究方法,调查医院儿科2004年12月-2008年12月恶性肿瘤术后化疗患儿312例,选择年龄、原发病、白细胞计数、医院感染情况等14个变量进行研究,对医院感染组和非感染组病例资料进行单因素X2检验后,建立非条件Logistic回归模型进行多元分析.结果 312例患儿中发生医院感染86例,医院感染发生率为27.56%,多因素分析筛选出住院天数、外周血白细胞计数、中性粒细胞计数、侵入性操作是恶性肿瘤术后化疗患儿医院感染的独立危险因素.结论 应尽量缩短住院时间、提高外周血白细胞和中性粒细胞计数、避免不必要的侵入性操作,以降低化疗患儿医院感染发病率.     

急性白血病继发败血症的临床研究

目的探讨急性白血病(AL)患者医院败血症的临床特点. 方法分析 310例住院治疗的AL患者临床资料. 结果 310例AL患者1 812次住院中共发生医院败血症50例,粒细胞缺乏组医院败血症发生率、败血症死亡率明显高于非粒细胞缺乏组(P<0.05);败血症感染部位以口腔、肺部及肛门为主,致病菌主要是革兰阴性杆菌、革兰阳性球菌和真菌,致病菌平均耐药率高. 结论粒细胞缺乏是AL合并医院败血症的高危因素及影响败血症预后的重要因素,应积极预防与处理;加强对肺部、口腔及肛门等易继发感染部位的护理与体查并及时处理感染灶;注意合理使用抗生素.     

急性白血病患者医院感染的临床特点分析

目的探讨急性白血病(AL)患者合并医院感染的临床特点。方法选择于2014年2月-2015年12月医院收治的80例AL患者的资料,其中急性淋巴细胞性白血病36例、非M3急性髓细胞性白血病44例。回顾性分析患者的年龄、性别、感染部位、住院时间、相关药物使用情况及治疗前后外周血中白细胞、粒细胞计数,并对患者的病程记录、体温、细菌学检查及相关影像学检查结果等进行详细分析。结果 80例患者中有54例患者发生了医院感染,医院感染发生率为67.5%;累计发生感染57例次,例次感染率为105.6%;感染患者病死率为6.3%,高于未发生感染的病死率为1.3%(P0.05);57例次感染中,主要以上呼吸道感染为主,其中上呼吸道感染住院时间最短,血液感染的住院时间最长(P0.05);检出病原菌48株,其中革兰阴性菌23株占47.9%、革兰阳性杆菌17株占35.4%、真菌8株占16.7%;单因素分析结果显示,年龄、住院时间、白细胞计数、化疗阶段及是否合并粒细胞缺乏是患者发生医院感染的相关因素(P0.05)。结论 AL患者医院感染相关因素较多,应采用相关预防对策及选择合理的抗菌药物、安排合理的住院时间及提高机体粒细胞恢复时间,从而降低AL患者医院感染发生率。     

374例血液科医院感染病例资料分析

目的探讨血液病患者医院感染特点及防治措施。方法采用前瞻性与回顾性相结合的方法对血液科374例医院感染病例监测资料进行分析。结果血液科2188例住院患者中发生医院感染374例、473例次,感染率为17.1%、例次感染率为21.6%;感染患者以恶性血液病者为主,占81.8%;感染部位中呼吸道占首位,为61.3%;病原菌中革兰阴性菌占41.0%、革兰阳性菌占19.3%、真菌占39.7%;中性粒细胞数与感染关系密切,感染时患者中性粒细胞计数≤2.0×109/L者占76.1%。结论血液病患者尤其是恶性血液病患者是医院感染的主要人群,中性粒细胞数低下是主要危险因素,呼吸道是重点监控部位,采取积极的全面综合性预防与针对性预防相结合的控制措施,对降低血液病患者医院感染发病率至关重要。     

呼吸衰竭患者医院感染病原菌耐药特征与相关危险因素分析

目的探讨呼吸衰竭患者医院感染病原菌耐药特征及危险因素,为降低医院感染提供依据。方法回顾性分析2010年1月-2014年12月医院收治的900例呼吸衰竭患者临床资料,记录患者医院感染率、感染部位及病原菌对抗菌药物耐药性;采用单因素和多因素回归分析引起医院感染的独立危险因素。结果 900例呼吸衰竭患者发生医院感染37例,感染率为4.1%;感染患者共分离出46株病原菌,其中革兰阴性菌36株占78.3%、革兰阳性菌7株占15.2%、真菌3株占6.5%;革兰阴性菌对头孢哌酮、头孢他啶、阿米卡星耐药率较低,均<20.0%,对环丙沙星耐药率较高,均>60.0%;革兰阳性菌对青霉素G、左氧氟沙星耐药率最高,为75.0%~100.0%;对替考拉宁、万古霉素敏感;logistic回归分析显示,年龄、合并基础疾病、住院时间、使用糖皮质激素是医院感染的独立危险因素,预防性使用抗菌药物是医院感染的保护因素。结论呼吸衰竭患者医院感染病原菌主要为革兰阴性性菌;应按医院感染的独立危险因素,预防控制医院感染。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.