海绵窦外侧壁的冠状断层解剖及临床意义

目的通过对海绵窦外侧壁冠状断层观察,了解海绵窦外侧壁的毗邻关系。方法选择30个成人尸颅,采用火棉胶包埋技术制作海绵窦冠状薄层切片,利用数码相机获取数字资料,观察其内部结构和毗邻结构。结果①海绵窦外侧壁为两层结构,外层是硬脑膜,内层是动眼神经、滑车神经和三叉神经分支的神经鞘膜;②56%海绵窦外侧壁的内层不完整,发生在Parkinson三角后部或Mullan三角前部。结论冠状断面能清晰显示海绵窦外侧壁的毗邻结构,对该区域的神经外科手术和影像诊断具有重要意义。     

海绵窦的断层解剖及其临床意义

目的：为海绵窦的影像学诊断和外科学治疗提供解剖学依据。方法：利用颅脑连续断层标本,观察海绵窦在各断面上的位置、大小、形态、结构和毗邻。结果：海绵窦平均长21．1±3．2mm,宽87±0．7mm,外侧壁高14．7±3．3mm,内侧壁高16．4±1.3mm。颈内动脉和展神经位于海绵窦内,第Ⅲ～Ⅳ对脑神经位于海绵窦外侧壁内,这些神经与颈内动脉之间有恒定的位置关系。在颈内动脉的内侧、下方及外下方可出现静脉间隙,出现率分别为69％、43％和100％。海绵窦外侧壁硬脑膜可分为浅、深两层;浅层为形成颅中窝内侧壁的硬脑膜,深层构成脑神经Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ1和Ⅴ2的鞘及鞘之间的网状膜。结论：海绵窦静脉间隙和外侧壁脑膜结构的了解有助于影像学和显微外科学对海绵窦病变作出评价和手术切除。     

海绵窦的断层解剖及其临床意义

目的：为海绵窦的影像学诊断和外科学治疗提供解剖学依据。方法：利用头颅连续断层标本,观察海绵窦在各断面上的位置、大小、形态、内部结构和毗邻。结果：海绵窦平均长２１．１±３．２ｍｍ,宽８．７±０．７ｍｍ,外侧壁高１４．７±３．３ｍｍ,内侧壁高１６．４±１．３ｍｍ。颈内动脉和展神经位于海绵窦壁内,脑神经Ⅲ～Ⅴ位于海绵窦外侧壁内,这些神经与颈内动脉之间有恒定的位置关系。在颈内动脉的内侧、下方及外下方可出现静脉间隙,出现率分别为６９％、４３％和１００％。海绵窦外侧壁硬脑膜可分为浅、深两层;浅层为形成颅中窝内侧壁的硬脑膜,深层构成脑神经Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ１和Ⅶ２的鞘及鞘之间的网状膜。结论：海绵窦静脉间隙和外侧壁脑膜结构的了解有助于影像学和显微外科学对海绵窦病变的评价和手术切除     

海绵窦内侧壁的应用解剖

目的：研究海绵窦内侧壁的解剖学特点，探讨垂体腺瘤侵犯海绵窦的解剖学机制及其相关临床意义。方法：对成人尸头海绵窦周壁进行显微解剖和HE染色组织学观察。结果：海绵窦内侧壁明显较外侧壁和上壁薄弱，且有3例存在自然缺损。结论：海绵窦内侧壁薄弱甚至缺损是垂体腺瘤侵犯海绵窦的解剖学基础，经海绵窦内侧壁途经可以较安全切除甚至全切除窦内肿瘤组织。     

最后筛房的影像解剖学研究

目的 :为临床开展鞍区手术提供一组最后筛房的影像解剖学资料。方法 :取 5 0具成人头颅标本 ,行鼻窦冠状位及水平位薄层CT扫描 ,重点观测后筛窦最后筛房的影像解剖形态及其毗邻关系。结果 :测得其矢状径位于 5 .8～ 2 1.5mm之间 ;垂直径位于 9.4～ 2 6 .0mm之间 ;左右径位于 5 .9～ 2 3 .6mm之间。其中 ,最后筛房大于或等于同侧蝶窦腔的有 2 3 % ( 2 3侧 )。结论 :最后筛房与蝶窦、视神经管之间的解剖关系可形成蝶上筛房、蝶旁筛房或Onodi窦。冠状位及水平位鼻窦CT扫描在后筛窦最后筛房的影像解剖研究及临床手术中具有实际的指导作用     

垂体冠状断层的巨微解剖学

目的:为垂体的影像诊断和垂体疾病的外科治疗提供解剖学资料。方法:火棉胶包埋后作脑垂体冠状薄层切片并进行观察和测量。结果:(1)垂体大多呈椭圆形。正常垂体的高度为(4．5±2．0)mm,宽度为(13．9±3．8)mm。垂体的上缘以凹陷型居多,平坦型次之。两侧海绵窦的大小、形态变化较大。鞍底以凹陷型和隆起型为多。(2)断面情况:垂体常出现在交叉前沟后一个层面,消失于鞍背层面,上以鞍膈与鞍上池和视交叉相邻,下邻蝶窦,两侧为海绵窦。在垂体前叶层面可见垂体柄长(8．8±1．7)mm,在视交叉处其横径为(3．1±0．6)mm,插入垂体处的横径为(2．0±0．2)mm。结论:垂体巨微断面可清晰显示垂体周围的重要结构,为影像检查和垂体手术入路提供解剖学资料。     

筛窦的影像解剖学研究

目的 :为临床开展筛窦外科手术提供影像解剖资料。方法 :对 5 0具成人头部标本采用高分辨CT进行冠状位、矢状位以及水平位薄层扫描 ,观测了筛窦的各主要径线。结果 :筛窦的左右径 :前端 :左 9.4± 1.5mm ;右 9.7± 2 .1mm ;后端 :左 15 .5± 4.2mm ;右 15 .1± 4.1mm ;上下径 :外侧前端 :左 2 9.1± 6 .8mm ;右 2 7.3± 6 .9mm ;外侧后端 :左 2 1.2± 8.2mm ;右 2 1.6± 6 .8mm ;内侧前端 :左 18.6± 7.5mm ;右 17.8± 6 .9mm ;内侧后端 :左 15 .9± 4.3mm ;右 16 .1± 5 .1mm。前后径 :上部 3 3 .0± 5 .2mm ;下部 3 2 .3± 5 .4mm。结论 :三种不同层面的薄层扫描可给筛窦影像解剖研究者提供更多更详细的解剖数据 ,为筛窦的三维立体成像提供了方便。     

海绵窦和硬膜AVM的解剖学

<正> 海绵窦的解剖学甚至在解剖学的标准教科书和神经外科都成问题。海绵窦位于复杂的颅底,很难详尽地评价其解剖学。然而,方法学上的不同导致有关海绵窦的不同效应。如果弄清楚此窦确切的正常变化,海绵窦周围硬膜AVM的病因学,就有把握怎样治疗此病。从尸体标本取材,用10%福尔马林溶液固定包括两侧海绵窦的     

窦口鼻道复合体的解剖变异与鼻息肉

目的：为了探讨鼻息肉与窦口鼻道复合体的变异的相关性。方法：对１５４例鼻息肉患者采用鼻窦薄层（２ｍｍ）连续冠状扫描，显示鼻腔侧壁，尤其是窦口鼻道复合体的结构，并行鼻内窥镜检查及手术与３３例正常人对照。结果：窦口鼻道复合体畸形组鼻息肉发生率高。结论：鼻息肉的发生与窦口鼻道复合体变异有相关性。     

蝶鞍区薄层横断面解剖与MRI对照研究

目的 研究蝶鞍区的薄层断层解剖与对应的MRI图像,探讨该区域结构在薄层断层解剖上的变化规律.为影像学诊断及临床开展该区手术提供详细的形态学资料.方法取2例成人头部标本,用1.5T MRI以眦耳线为基线进行扫描获取薄层MRI图像,经冷冻包埋后采用铣削精度为0.001mm的SKC500型数控机床由下往上铣削层厚为0.1mm的薄层标本,其中蝶鞍区层厚为0.05mm.从标本中选取典型断面,与相应的MRI图像相对照,观察蝶鞍区的重要解剖结构. 结果 共获得MRI图像T1加权40幅和41幅,T2加权40幅和41幅,薄层断层图像304张和310张.在薄层断层标本上进行连续追踪,并与相应的MRI图像对照,总结其规律.在垂体层面能清楚地显示海绵窦内结构及其相互关系:1.颈内动脉弯曲走行于海绵窦内,且与海绵窦之间形成几个间隙;2.第Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅵ脑神经以及三叉神经的眼神经支、上颌神经支在海绵窦外侧壁由前向后依次排列.在视交叉层面能够清楚地看到垂体柄穿过鞍膈与垂体相连.结论冷冻数控铣削技术获得的超薄断面与MRI图像对照能精确显示蝶鞍区的微细解剖结构,为该区病变的断层影像诊断和临床治疗提供实用的亚毫米断层解剖学依据.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.