电针足三里穴对肠缺血再灌注损伤大鼠小肠黏膜上皮紧密连接蛋白ZO-1的调节作用

目的探讨电针足三里穴对肠缺血再灌注损伤大鼠小肠黏膜上皮紧密连接蛋白闭锁小带蛋白(ZO)-1的调节作用。 方法按随机数字表法将30只SD大鼠分为模型组、电针足三里穴组、电针非经非穴组,每组10只。每组大鼠均于麻醉后沿腹正中线切口,分离肠系膜上动脉,用无损伤血管夹夹闭其起始部位,30 min后松夹恢复血流60 min,造成小肠缺血/再灌注损伤。电针足三里穴组于大鼠缺血后即刻行电针双侧足三里穴30 min,强度为2～3 mA,频率2～100 Hz;电针非经非穴组采用相同频率和强度于缺血后即刻刺激大鼠非经非穴(足三里穴外侧旁开0.5 cm)30 min;模型组不做任何治疗。于缺血再灌注损伤60 min时,以腹主动脉放血法处死各组大鼠,留取每只大鼠的血液和10 cm远端回肠组织。将留取的大鼠血液经10 000×g,4 ℃离心10 min后取上清得到血浆20 μL,全自动生化分析仪检测大鼠血浆脏器功能指标,包括谷丙转氨酶(GPT)、肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)、尿素氮、肌酐;免疫荧光染色及蛋白质印迹法检测各组大鼠小肠黏膜上皮紧密连接蛋白ZO-1分布情况与表达水平。数据比较采用单因素方差分析和LSD-t检验。 结果缺血再灌注损伤60 min时,模型组大鼠GPT、CK-MB、尿素氮和肌酐水平分别为(88.1±11.6) μ/L、(482.3±69.7) μ/L、(11.6±3.7) mmol/L、(52.3±13.2) μmol/L,电针足三里穴组大鼠分别为(37.3±6.4) μ/L、(213.7±44.3) μ/L、(5.2±1.4) mmol/L、(30.1±5.7) μmol/L,电针非经非穴组大鼠分别为(85.7±13.4) μ/L、(460.2±72.3) μ/L、(10.8±4.2) mmol/L、(53.4±12.1) μmol/L,3组大鼠各指标比较,差异均有统计学意义(F＝69.4063、55.3611、10.9582、14.6817,P<0.05)。与模型组比较,电针足三里穴组大鼠血浆中GPT、CK-MB、尿素氮和肌酐水平与均降低,2组比较差异均有统计学意义(t＝12.126、10.285、5.116、4.883, P<0.05),而电针非经非穴组大鼠血浆中GPT、CK-MB、尿素氮和肌酐水平与模型组相近,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);电针足三里穴组大鼠血浆中GPT、CK-MB、尿素氮和肌酐水平均低于电针非经非穴组,比较差异均有统计学意义(t＝－10.307、－9.193、－4.000、－5.509, P<0.05)。免疫荧光染色结果显示,缺血再灌注损伤60 min时,模型组大鼠小肠黏膜上皮紧密连接蛋白ZO-1分布异常,连续性破坏,表达减少;电针足三里穴组大鼠小肠黏膜上皮紧密连接蛋白ZO-1分布密度较大、完整、连续;电针非经非穴组大鼠小肠黏膜上皮紧密连接蛋白ZO-1断裂,部分缺失,肠黏膜上皮紧密连接蛋白ZO-1荧光较弱、连续性消失。蛋白质印迹法检测结果可得,缺血再灌注损伤60 min时,电针足三里穴组大鼠小肠黏膜上皮紧密连接蛋白ZO-1蛋白表达(1.67±0.43)显著高于模型组(0.86±0.31)和电针非经非穴组(0.89±0.29),比较差异均有统计学意义(t＝4.517、3.965,P<0.05);电针非经非穴组大鼠小肠黏膜上皮紧密连接蛋白ZO-1蛋白表达与模型组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。 结论电针足三里穴可有效调节肠黏膜上皮紧密连接蛋白ZO-1的正常分布与表达,能有效保护肠缺血再灌注损伤后肠黏膜屏障功能,减轻肠缺血再灌注后脏器功能损害。     

青藤碱调控CUMS抑郁大鼠突触可塑性及其对Notch和mTOR信号通路的影响

目的:探究青藤碱(Sin)对慢性不可预见性温和应激(CUMS)所致抑郁大鼠症状的影响及可能的机制.方法:120只雄性健康SD大鼠随机分为对照(Ctrl)组、CUMS组、氟西汀(Fluo)组和Sin组(n=30).建立CUMS抑郁大鼠模型,并分别给予Fluo(20 mg·kg-1·d-1)或Sin(30 mg·kg-1·...     

白松片对慢性应激抑郁模型大鼠行为学及血浆CORT、ACTH的影响

目的：观察白松片对慢性应激抑郁大鼠模型行为学和血浆CORT、ACTH含量的影响。方法：SD雄性大鼠28只随机分为空白对照组、模型对照组、氟西汀对照组及白松片试验组，选用慢性轻度不可预见性应激加孤养造模，观察各组大鼠敞箱实验和液体消耗等行为学指标变化，采用放射免疫方法检测大鼠血浆皮质醇(CORT)和促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)含量。结果：慢性应激抑郁大鼠体重增加缓慢，敞箱实验中的水平运动、垂直运动得分、清洁动作次数显著减少，中央格停留时间显著延长；糖水消耗明显下降，纯水消耗显著增多，而且其血浆皮质醇和促肾上腺皮质激素含量增加。氟西汀和白松片均显著改善慢性应激抑郁大鼠模型的行为学和神经内分泌变化。结论：慢性轻度不可预见性应激可使大鼠行为及神经内分泌发生异常改变，引起抑郁状态，白松片对此具有一定拮抗作用。     

N-棕榈酰乙醇胺对慢性束缚应激小鼠焦虑抑郁样行为的影响

目的:采用慢性束缚应激小鼠模型,研究N-棕榈酰乙醇胺(N-palmitoylethanolamide,PEA)对小鼠焦虑抑郁样行为的影响,进一步探讨PEA抗小鼠焦虑抑郁作用的可能机制。方法:小鼠分为正常对照组、模型组、氟西汀(10 mg/kg)组和PEA 2.5、5、10 mg/kg组,每天灌胃给药后30 min,将小鼠(除了正常对照组)放置于有机玻璃管内接受4 h的慢性束缚应激,持续21 d。第22天采用旷场实验和强迫应激实验观察PEA对慢性束缚应激小鼠抑郁样行为的影响;高架十字迷宫实验探讨PEA对慢性束缚应激小鼠焦虑样行为的影响;水迷宫方法分析PEA对慢性束缚应激小鼠学习、记忆、空间定向和认知功能等方面的作用;ELISA方法检测慢性束缚应激小鼠血清促肾上腺皮质激素(adrenocorticotropic hormone,ACTH)、皮质醇(cortisol,CORT)及海马5-羟色胺(5-hydroxytryptamine,5-HT)含量的变化;可见分光光度法检测海马乙酰胆碱酯酶(acetylcholinesterase,ACh E)活性的改变。结果:与模型组相比,在小鼠强迫应激实验中,PEA及氟西汀组小鼠不动时间明显减少;旷场试验中,PEA及氟西汀明显增加小鼠水平移动距离及运动总时间,但只有PEA 10 mg/kg及氟西汀组增加了小鼠直立次数;在高架十字迷宫实验中,PEA及氟西汀明显增加小鼠开臂进入次数、开臂停留时间百分比及在臂总移动距离;在水迷宫实验中,PEA 5、10mg/kg及氟西汀组明显缩短小鼠寻台潜伏期,PEA 10 mg/kg及氟西汀组明显缩短小鼠搜寻距离。与应激模型组比较,PEA 2.5~10 mg/kg及氟西汀显著降低小鼠血清中ACTH水平,PEA 5、10 mg/kg及氟西汀显著降低小鼠血清CORT水平及小鼠肾上腺指数,PEA 10 mg/kg及氟西汀显著增高海马5-HT含量,降低海马ACh E活性,但PEA 2.5和5 mg/kg组海马组织中5-HT含量及ACh E活性则无明显改变。结论:PEA对束缚应激模型小鼠的焦虑及抑郁样行为具有一定的拮抗作用,其具体作用机制可能与调节下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴功能、增加海马单胺类递质5-HT水平及参与中枢胆碱系统的调节有关。     

白桦脂醇对慢性应激抑郁模型大鼠行为及神经营养因子表达的影响*

目的：探讨白桦脂醇对慢性不可预知温和应激抑郁（ CUMS）模型大鼠的抗抑郁作用，为治疗抑郁症提供 基础理论依据。方法：大鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、氟西汀组和白桦脂醇组，采用氟西汀和白桦脂醇干预改进 CUMS模型大鼠，通过行为学观察抑郁行为，TUNEL法检测海马神经元凋亡，HPLC-ECD法检测5- 羟色胺（5-HT）、 去甲肾上腺素（ NE）和多巴胺（ DA）神经递质水平，免疫印迹检测脑源性神经营养因子（ BDNF）、神经营养 蛋白3（NT-3）和神经生长因子（ NGF）蛋白水平。结果：氟西汀组和白桦脂醇组较模型组大鼠的体质量在3、4 周增加，且在4 周时白桦脂醇组较氟西汀组的大鼠体质量增加；氟西汀组和白桦脂醇组较模型组大鼠悬尾静止时 间、强迫游泳不动时间均延长，且氟西汀组较白桦脂醇组明显延长；氟西汀组和白桦脂醇组较模型组海马凋亡细 胞数下降，且白桦脂醇组高于氟西汀组；氟西汀组和白桦脂醇组较模型组大鼠脑组织中5-HT、NE和DA含量均 减少，且氟西汀组较白桦脂醇组减少；氟西汀组较模型组大鼠脑组织BDNF、NT-3 和NGF 蛋白相对表达水平均 降低，氟西汀组较白桦脂醇组降低。结论：白桦脂醇能够改善CUMS模型大鼠的抑郁行为，且对其海马神经元具 有一定保护作用。     

氟西汀对抑郁大鼠治疗的作用机制

目的:观察氟西汀对抑郁大鼠治疗的作用机制。方法:选取30只成年雄性SD大鼠,按照随机数字表随机分为正常组、模型组、氟西汀组,每组10只。采用慢性温和不可预见性应激刺激(Chronic unpredictable mild stress,CUMS)合并孤养法建立大鼠抑郁模型,在CUMS刺激4W后氟西汀组灌胃给予氟西汀(10mg·kg-1)2W;正常组及模型组同时灌胃等体积的生理盐水。通过体重变化、蔗糖水消耗和旷场实验对大鼠进行行为学检测,HE染色观察海马神经元形态及数目改变;蛋白印迹和RT-PCR测定海马组织突触素(Synaptophysin,SYP)和突触后密致蛋白-95(Postsynaptic density-95protein,PSD-95)白及mRNA的表达水平。结果:与正常组相比,模型组4个时间点(7d,14d,21d,28d)行为学评分升高(P0.05)。与模型组比较,氟西汀组4个时间点行为学评分明显降低(P0.05)。HE结果显示,模型组海马神经元排列紊乱,细胞层变薄;Western blot结果显示,与正常组相比,模型组的SYP蛋白表达显著下降,PSD-95的蛋白水平显著升高;RT-PCR结果显示,模型组大鼠海马PSD-95mRNA表达显著升高,SYP mRNA表达较正常组显著降低(P0.05)。结论:氟西汀可明显促进CUMS大鼠神经元突触重塑,其机制可能与上调CUMS大鼠海马组织中SYP的表达,抑制PSD-95表达相关。     

慢性应激抑郁模型大鼠海马Trek-1、GFAP表达情况及氟西汀的干预作用

目的:研究慢性不可预知性应激(Chronic Unpredictable Stress,CUS)诱导的抑郁大鼠海马新型双孔钾离子通道亚单元Trek-1及胶质纤维酸性蛋白(Glial Fiber Acidic Protein,GFAP)的表达变化以及氟西汀的干预作用。方法:成年SD大鼠48只,随机选取12只为正常对照组,其余采用慢性不可预知性应激建立慢性应激抑郁模型。21d后随机分为CUS组、氟西汀低剂量组,氟西汀高剂量组;采用糖水偏爱实验、旷场试验评定大鼠抑郁水平;采用荧光实时定量聚合酶链反应测定大鼠海马Trek-1、GFAPm RNA表达,TUNEL染色观察海马神经元凋亡。结果:造模后,CUS组、氟西汀低、高剂量组糖水消耗、糖水偏爱、垂直运动次数和水平运动次数明显低于对照组;干预后,CUS组以上指标明显低于对照组,氟西汀低、高剂量组经治疗后以上指标高于CUS组及干预前,但仍低于对照组。CUS组细胞凋亡率、Trek-1m RNA表达显著升高,GFAPm RNA表达下降,较对照组相比有统计学意义;氟西汀低、高剂量组海马CA1区细胞凋亡率、Trek-1m RNA表达下降,GFAPm RNA表达升高,与CUS组相比有统计学意义。结论:氟西汀可能通过改变海马Trek-1、GFAP表达,抑制细胞凋亡改善CUS大鼠抑郁症状。     

毛蕊花糖苷通过调控BDNF-TrkB信号通路改善CUMS大鼠的抑郁样行为

目的:观察毛蕊花糖苷(acteoside)对慢性不可预见性温和应激(chronic unpredictable mild stress,CUMS)大鼠抑郁样行为的影响,并探讨脑源性神经营养因子-原肌球蛋白受体激酶B(brain-derived neurotrophic factor-tropomyosin receptor kinase B,BDNF-TrkB)信号通路在其中的作用机制。方法:采用CUMS结合孤养的方式制备抑郁模型大鼠,成模后随机分为模型组、盐酸氟西汀(20 mg/kg)组和毛蕊花糖苷(30 mg/kg、60 mg/kg和120 mg/kg)组,每组18只,另取18只正常大鼠作为对照组,连续灌胃给药3周。采用强迫游泳实验和糖水偏好实验检测大鼠抑郁样行为的变化;免疫荧光和Western blot法检测大鼠海马BDNF-TrkB信号通路相关蛋白的表达情况;ELISA法检测脑组织中单胺类神经递质5-羟色胺(5-HT)、多巴胺(DA)和去甲肾上腺素(NE)的含量。结果:与对照组比较,模型组大鼠强迫游泳不动时间明显延长,糖水偏好量明显下降,海马BDNF和TrkB的表达均明显降低,脑组织中5-HT、DA和NE含量均显著减少;与模型组比较,盐酸氟西汀组和毛蕊花糖苷各剂量组以上各检测指标均得到显著逆转(P0.05)。结论:毛蕊花糖苷可能通过上调海马BDNF-TrkB信号通路、增加脑内单胺类神经递质含量而改善CUMS大鼠的抑郁样行为。     

金雀异黄酮对创伤后应激障碍大鼠海马组织5-HT水平和神经元自噬的调节作用

目的:观察金雀异黄酮(Gen)对创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)大鼠海马组织5-羟色胺(5-HT)水平和神经元自噬的调节作用.方法:将SD大鼠随机分成5组,即对照组、PTSD模型组、低剂量(7 mg/kg)Gen组、高剂量(14 mg/kg)Gen组和氟西汀(阳性药物)组,每组20只.采用连续单一应激和足底电击相结合的方法建...     

复方刺蒺藜苷对慢性应激抑郁模型大鼠行为学及海马CNTF表达的影响

目的：观察刺蒺藜苷对慢性应激抑郁大鼠行为学及海马CNTF表达的影响.方法：将大鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、复方刺蒺藜苷组、氟西汀组,采用慢性轻度不可预见性应激配合孤养复制抑郁模型.通过敞箱实验观察抑郁模型大鼠行为学改变并运用免疫组化和原位杂交方法探讨复方刺蒺藜苷对抑郁模型大鼠海马神经元细胞CNTF、CNTFmRNA表达的影响.结果：慢性应激抑郁大鼠敞箱实验中水平穿越格数、竖立次数、理毛时间有减少,中央格停留时间、粪便粒数均有增加.刺蒺藜苷和氟西汀可改善大鼠行为学变化.与模型组相比,复方刺蒺藜苷组大鼠海马神经元CNTF免疫反应阳性颗粒数目增多,神经元平均灰度值降低.结论：刺蒺藜苷能明显改善抑郁动物的各项行为学指标,增加海马CNTF、CNTF mRNA的表达具有抗抑郁作用.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.