单侧磨牙缺失对老年记忆减退大鼠海马结构的影响

为了探讨单侧缺牙对不同学习记忆能力老年大鼠海马结构的影响 ,本研究用 Morris水迷宫筛选出老年记忆减退鼠和老年记忆正常鼠 ,拔除单侧磨牙后 2个月 ,观察其海马结构神经元和胆碱能纤维密度的影响变化。结果显示 :(1)海马 CA1 区锥体细胞密度 :老年记忆减退鼠拔牙组较对照组 (未拔牙 )明显下降 (P<0 .0 1) ;(2 )海马 CA1 区 ACh E阳性纤维密度 :老年记忆减退鼠拔牙组和老年记忆正常鼠拔牙组均较对照组 (未拔牙 )明显下降 (P<0 .0 1)。结果提示 :单侧磨牙缺失可加速老年性学习记忆减退鼠海马结构的损害。     

树内侧隔核—斜角带复合体向腹侧海马的胆碱能和非胆碱能投射

本研究运用 WGA-HRP逆行追踪结合胆碱乙酰化酶免疫组织化学法研究了树鼠句内侧隔核 -斜角带复合体向腹侧海马的投射。结果表明 ,(1)树鼠句腹侧海马接受内侧隔核 -斜角带复合体的投射有三种形式 ,即来自内侧隔核 ,内侧隔核 -斜角带垂直部的外侧部和内侧隔核 -斜角带垂直部的后部。(2 )腹侧海马来自内侧隔核和斜角带垂直部的投射主要是非胆碱能的 ,其非胆碱能和胆碱能均主要来自内侧隔核。 (3 )腹侧海马各亚区 (CA1、CA2 /CA3和齿状回门区或 CA4)都主要接受内侧隔核的纤维传入 ,但胆碱能和非胆碱能比例不同 ,CA1、CA2 /CA3和 CA4来自内侧隔核 -斜角带垂直部的投射均主要是非胆碱能的 ,且主要来自内侧隔核 ,其胆碱能几乎等量来自内侧隔核和斜角带垂直部。内侧隔核 -斜角带复合体—腹侧海马亚区胆碱能和非胆碱能投射比例的不同 ,为认识内侧隔核 -斜角带复合体—海马通路对记忆环路中的海马调节机制 ,提供了新的形态学依据     

树鼩内侧隔核—斜角带复合体向腹侧海马的胆碱能和非胆碱能投射

本研究运用WGA-HRP逆行追踪结合胆碱乙酰化酶免疫组织化学法研究了树鼩内侧隔核-斜角带复合体向腹侧海马的投射。结果表明,⑴树鼩腹侧海马接受内侧隔核-斜角带复合体的投射有三种形式,即来自内侧隔核,内侧隔核-斜角带垂直部的外侧部和内侧隔核-斜角带垂直部的后部。⑵腹部海马来自内侧隔核和斜角带垂直部的投射主要是非胆碱能的,其非胆碱能和胆碱能均主要来自内侧隔核。⑶腹侧海马各亚区（CA1、CA2/CA3和齿状回门区或CA4）都主要接受内侧隔核的纤维传入,但胆碱能和非胆碱能比例不同,CA1、CA2/CA3和CA4来自内侧隔核-斜角不定期垂直部的投射均主要是非胆碱能的,且主要来自内侧隔核,其胆碱能几乎等量来自内侧隔核和斜角带垂直部。内侧隔核-斜角带复合体-腹侧海马亚区胆碱能和非胆碱能投射双例的不同,为认识内侧隔核-斜角带复合体-海马通路对记忆环路中的海马调节机制,提供了新的形态学依据。     

脑震荡大鼠大脑乙酰胆碱脂酶的变化

目的:观察脑震荡大鼠乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)的变化规律.方法:用自制单摆闭合性脑损伤机械打击装置复制脑震荡大鼠模型,随机分为伤后1、 2、 4、 8、 16、 24d和正常对照组.用免疫组织化学法和图像分析对大脑前额叶皮质(PFC)、尾壳核(CPu)、伏核,核心部(AcbC)、斜角带垂直臂核(VDB)、斜角带水平臂核(HDB)、梨形皮质(Pir)、顶叶皮质、海马CA1-3区(CA1-3)、丘脑背内侧核(MD)、丘脑背外侧核(LD)、下丘脑外侧区(LH)和杏仁核脑区AChE阳性表达物进行光密度测量.结果:与正常对照组相比,大鼠脑震荡后ACHE的阳性表达在上述脑区呈不同程度的下降.其中在VDB AChE表达于伤后第1天达低谷.在PFC、 CPu、 AcbC、 CA1、 CA3、杏仁核、顶叶皮质、Pir和HDB AChE表达于伤后第4天达低谷.在CA2、 MD、 LD部位ACHE表达于伤后第8天达低谷.在LH部位AChE表达于伤后第16天达低谷.各脑区ACHE变化恢复时间不相同,至24d均恢复接近正常或低于正常.结论:AChE可分布在大脑皮质各层神经元,海马、丘脑、尾壳核、基底前脑神经元;脑震荡鼠顶叶皮质、PFC、 CA1-3、 MD、 LD、 LH、 CPU、 VDB和HDB等多个功能脑区AChE伤后出现下调性病理变化;脑震荡鼠的认知行为障碍可能与相关脑区胆碱能神经的变化有一定联系.     

摘除松果体对大鼠学习记忆及基底前脑胆碱能系统的影响

目的　探讨松果体功能减退对大鼠学习记忆及基底前脑胆碱能系统的影响。方法　选用 3月龄SD大鼠 2 4只 ,随机分为对照组、去松果体组和褪黑素 (MT)组。手术摘除松果体。饲养 1个月后用Morris水迷宫测试学习记忆功能 ,同时用组织化学和免疫组化方法测定海马、前额叶皮质AchE纤维和内侧隔核、斜角带核的ChAT神经元的数量。结果　与对照组比较 ,去松果体组逃避潜伏期明显增加 ,海马、前额叶皮质AchE纤维数量明显减少 ,但内侧隔核、斜角带核的ChAT神经元数量变化不明显。结论　大鼠去松果体可引起大鼠学习记忆能力减弱 ,这可能与基底前脑胆碱能神经元的功能下降有关     

老年性记忆减退大鼠内侧隔核—斜角神经生长因子受体阳性神？…

为探讨神经生长因子受体在老年性记忆减退大鼠记忆相关区域表达的改变,选用雄性ＳＤ大鼠（青年组２０只,老年组４０只）进行Ｍｏｒｒｉｓ水迷宫行为学测定,老年组又分为老年记忆减退组（简称老年减退组）和老年记忆正常组（简称老年正常组）。分析内侧隔核－斜角带中神经生长因子受体表达的改变。老年减退鼠内侧隔核－斜角带垂直支和余角带水平支三个核团神经生长因子受体阳性神经元的数量较老年正常组分别下降了３７．８９％、３     

植物雌激素对去卵巢大鼠基底前脑胆碱能神经元的影响

目的：观察植物雌激素对去卵巢大鼠基底前脑胆碱能神经元表达的影响，探讨植物雌激素在中枢神经系统的保护作用及机制。方法：采用乙酰胆碱转移酶(ChAT)免疫组织化学ABC法，观察去卵巢大鼠5w后各组基底前脑内侧隔核(MS)，斜角带垂直支(VDB)胆碱能神经元的数目。结果：与去卵巢对照组相比，植物雌激素用药组、雌激素用药组的内侧隔核，斜角带垂直支胆碱能神经元数目明显升高(P＜0．05)，与假手术组差别不明显。结论：本研究提示植物雌激素能明显增加去卵巢大鼠基底前脑胆碱能神经元的表达，从而对中枢神经系统退行性病变起保护作用，并有望预防和治疗老年性痴呆。     

神经生长因子（NGF）对基底前脑NGF－受体阳性神经元损伤后的保护作用

切断老年鼠（２４月龄）左侧穹窿海马伞，造成隔海马胆碱能系统损伤模型。用免疫组化方法分析脑室注射ＮＧＦ对基底前脑神经生长因子受体（ＮＧＦ－Ｒ）阳性神经元损伤的影响、实验证明损伤一个月后，损伤对照组损伤例内侧隔核和斜角带核垂直支ＮＧＦ－Ｒ阳性神经元数量分别减少了５９．４％和３７．２４％，残存的神经元发生萎缩及表面受体含量增加。ＮＧＦ治疗组，损伤侧的内侧隔核和斜角带核垂直支的ＮＧＦ－Ｒ阳性神经元数量只减少４．４７％和２．３６％，细胞形态学参数及受体灰度值都类似于正常。提示ＮＧＦ对基底前脑ＮＧＦ－Ｒ阳性神经元损伤后有较好的保护作用。     

银杏叶提取物改善AD模型鼠学习记忆功能的作用

目的 :研究银杏叶提取物 (EGb)对早老性痴呆 (AD)模型鼠学习记忆等认知功能的影响和对基底前脑隔区胆碱能神经元的保护作用。方法 :大鼠随机分成预防组、治疗组和对照组。各组切割右侧海马伞后分别用EGb(预防组及治疗组 )和蒸馏水 (对照组 )灌胃连续 6周。其中预防组在手术前先用EGb灌胃 2周。各组在术后次日及灌胃 6周后进行行为学检测。脑切片经Nissl、NOS组织化学和ChAT免疫组织化学染色 ,观察损伤侧内侧隔核和斜角带垂直支中NOS和ChAT阳性神经元的变化 ,并对ChAT阳性神经元作图像分析。数据分别用方差分析、SNK检验及 χ2 检验作统计学处理。结果 :行为学检测证实 ,EGb用药组AD模式鼠的学习记忆等认知功能较对照组明显改善 ,其中预防组效果又较治疗组为好 ;形态学检测证实 ,EGb用药组AD模式鼠损伤侧内侧隔核和斜角带垂直支中NOS、ChAT阳性神经元数目及ChAT阳性神经元的面积和周径等均优于对照组 ,预防组结果又优于治疗组。结论 :EGb对AD模型鼠学习记忆等认知功能障碍有一定的改善作用 ,这一作用是通过保护基底前脑隔区胆碱能神经元而实现的 ,其中预防效果比治疗效果更优     

神经细胞黏附分子在学习记忆减退大鼠海马中的表达

目的探讨神经黏附分子(NCAM)细胞在学习记忆减退对大鼠脑海马组织中的表达。方法20只雄性SD大鼠随机分成模型组和对照组。建立学习记忆减退模型鼠,4周后行Y迷宫检测和基底前脑胆碱能神经元免疫组织化学染色验证模型成立;并对海马CA1和CA3区进行免疫组织化学染色,观察NCAM含量的变化。结果Y迷宫检测显示模型组大鼠学习记忆能力较正常组明显下降,免疫组织化学染色表明模型组胆碱能神经元数和NCAM阳性数明显低于正常组(P<0.05)。结论学习记忆减退可降低大鼠脑海马组织NCAM表达。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.